Dr. Grunberg is a Professor of Medical and Clinical Psychology and Professor of Neuroscience at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences in Bethesda, Maryland. Dr. Grunberg earned baccalaureate degrees in medical microbiology and psychology at Stanford University. He earned master's and doctoral degrees in physiological psychology, social psychology, and pharmacology at Columbia University. Dr. Grunberg was a Scientific Editor of the 1988 U.S. Surgeon General's Report: Nicotine Addiction and the 1990 U.S. Surgeon General's Report: The Health Benefits of Smoking Cessation. He is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association, the Society of Behavioral Medicine, and the Academy of Behavioral Medicine Research. He serves as an Associate Editor of several scientific journals and as Editor-in-Chief of the Cambridge University Press book series on psychopharmacology. He is also Scientific Director of The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's Youth Tobacco Prevention Initiative. Dr. Grunberg has published more than 100 scientific papers that include animal and human investigations of nicotine, cigarette smoking, substance abuse, and stress.

Dr. Hall's research focuses on the treatment of drug abuse, including licit (nicotine) and illicit drugs, with emphasis on the interaction between drug abuse and other psychiatric disorders, especially depression. Current studies include a clinical trial of efficacy and effectiveness of antidepressants in treating cigarette smoking in different service contexts and the interaction of depression diagnosis with treatment. Her group is also investigating the efficacy and effectiveness of long-term treatment for cigarette smoking versus usual care and how extended support interacts with psychiatric diagnosis. Dr. Hall directs a National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded center grant. She is studying the effects of different psychosocial and pharmacological modalities for cocaine and opiate abuse treatment, developing strategies to decrease anger and violence in drug treatment patients, and analyzing the methodological and statistical issues that affect clinical trials research. The grant includes a postdoctoral research training program in drug abuse.

Dr. Hatsukami is a Professor, Department of Psychiatry, and an Adjunct Professor, Department of Psychology, at the University of Minnesota. She is also Director of the Tobacco Research Program and the Minnesota Consortium for Addiction Studies. Dr. Hatsukami has spent her career examining the characteristics of physical dependence on nicotine, the patterns of tobacco use, and the treatment of tobacco dependence. She has also focused her research on different populations of tobacco users, including smokeless tobacco users, women, adolescents, and recovering alcoholics. She currently has a NIDA-funded center grant aimed at medications development for drugs of abuse. She is a corecipient of the Ove Ferno award.

Dr. Heishman is a Research Psychologist in the Clinical Pharmacology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, and an Assistant Professor of Behavioral Biology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Dr. Heishman earned a baccalaureate degree in psychology at Vanderbilt University and master's and doctoral degrees in experimental (physiological) psychology at the University of Louisville. He completed a postdoctoral fellowship in human behavioral pharmacology at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and served on the faculty of the Department of Psychology, Saint Anselm College, Manchester, New Hampshire. Dr. Heishman was a consultant on the Working Group on Smoking and Performance in Airline Cockpits for the Federal Aviation Administration and is the NIDA representative for the revision of the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research Smoking Cessation Guideline. He serves on the Board of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco and as a member of the American Psychological Association, College on Problems of Drug Dependence, and the Society of Forensic Toxicologists. He has published numerous scientific papers in the areas of behavioral pharmacology, drug addiction, and performance effects of abused drugs, including an extensive review of the effects of nicotine and smoking on human performance.

Dr. Henningfield is an Associate Professor of Behavioral Biology at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore and Vice President for Research and Health Policy at Pinney Associates in Bethesda, Maryland. Until August 1996 he was Chief of the Clinical Pharmacology Branch of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). During his tenure at NIDA, Dr. Henningfield conducted research on the effects of a variety of psychoactive and dependence-producing drugs in human studies aimed at further understanding of the addictive process, its etiology, and treatment. He served as a Scientific Editor of the 1988 Surgeon General's Report: Nicotine Addiction and contributed to several other reports of the Surgeon General and NIDA on the topic of nicotine dependence. Dr. Henningfield has published more than 200 articles, book chapters, and reviews on the addictive effects of alcohol, morphine, marijuana, barbiturates, cocaine, and nicotine. In addition, he has received awards for his work on nicotine dependence from various organizations, including the World Health Organization, the Office of the Surgeon General, the American Society of Addiction Medicine, and the Alton Ochsner Foundation.

Dr. Hughes completed his medical degree and internship in internal medicine at the University of Mississippi and his psychiatry residency at the University of Pittsburgh. He completed an NIH postdoctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota School of Public Health. Dr. Hughes has published more than 200 documents on nicotine and other drug dependence. He has been a contributor to many of the U.S. Surgeon General's Reports on Smoking and Health and the American Psychiatric Associations DSM editions. Dr. Hughes was awarded the first Ove Ferno Award for Research in Nicotine Dependence and is Co-Founder and past President of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. He is listed in Best Doctors in America and was the principal author of the APA's Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Nicotine Dependence. Dr. Hughes has appeared on national television and in national newspapers for his work.

Dr. Hurt is the Director of the Mayo Nicotine Dependence Center and a Professor of Medicine at the Mayo Medical School in Rochester, Minnesota. Dr. Hurt and his colleagues at Mayo have developed a clinical treatment program for nicotine dependence using the philosophical pillars of behavioral treatment, addiction treatment, pharmacologic treatment, and relapse prevention.

Since its inception in April 1988, the Mayo Nicotine Dependence Center staff has treated more than 16,000 patients with services including individual counseling, group programs, and an intensive residential treatment program. The Center also provides educational services for medical students, residents, trainees, and fellows and has developed a training program for health care providers who want to provide clinical services to patients with nicotine dependence. The research activities of the Center are also under the direction of Dr. Hurt. The staff has performed a wide range of randomized clinical trials with pharmacologic agents in addition to outcomes research, epidemiologic studies, and basic science research. The Mayo Nicotine Dependence Center pledge is to enhance the quality of life for patients with nicotine dependence by providing the best treatment possible through a program that fully integrates practice, education, and research.

Ms. Kaufman serves as a Vice President of The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the Nation's largest health foundation. In this position, she develops and oversees grant programs in the areas of substance abuse (including tobacco control), primary care, health care reform, and public health. She holds a graduate degree in administrative and preventive medicine from the University of Wisconsin Medical School and a bachelor of science degree in nursing from the University of Wisconsin. As a registered nurse specializing in public health and preventive medicine, Ms. Kaufman has more than 25 years experience in the health care field. She was previously Deputy Director of Public Health in the State of Wisconsin, where she was responsible for maternal and child health, chronic disease, environmental health, primary care, communicable disease programs, preventive health, primary care, and occupational health and emergency response programs. Prior to that position, she was Director of NIDA's National Prevention Evaluation Resource Network and Director of Prevention and Training for Wisconsin's state agency on substance abuse. Ms. Kaufman is a member of the National Advisory Council of the National Institute on Drug Abuse, the Interagency Committee on Smoking and Health, and the Board of Scientific Counselors for CDC's National Center for Infectious Diseases. She recently completed a term as a member of the National Advisory of the Agency for Health Care Policy Research. Ms. Kaufman is immediate past Chair of the American Public Health Association's Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drugs Section. She served as Chair of the Substance Abuse Prevention's Pregnant and Postpartum Women and their Infants Grant Review Committee. She coauthored a chapter on the advertising and promotion of tobacco products to women in a forthcoming U.S. Surgeon General's Report on women and tobacco.

Dr. Kellar is a Professor of Pharmacology at the Georgetown University School of Medicine and has studied neuronal nicotinic cholinergic receptors for more than 15 years. These receptors are targets for nicotine's actions in both the central nervous system and the autonomic nervous system and are directly relevant to nicotine's reinforcing actions and addictive effects. The main focus of Dr. Kellar's research is on the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of these receptors and how they are affected by chronic exposure to nicotine. He and his laboratory colleagues study the physiological roles of brain nicotinic receptors, which are found in circuits and pathways involved in functions such as cognition, movement, and the regulation of certain pituitary hormones, as well as in the reward pathways thought to be related to nicotine's reinforcing effects. One outgrowth of this work has been the examination of the possibility that these receptors could represent targets for therapeutic drugs for certain diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease.

Dr. Kendler received his medical and psychiatric training at Stanford and Yale universities. Since 1983 he has studied genetic, psychiatric, and substance use disorders, including schizophrenia, major depression, alcoholism, and smoking and nicotine dependence. His methods range from family studies, to large-sample, population-based twin studies, to molecular genetic studiesÑall of which aim at identifying the genomic location of specific genes that influence vulnerability to schizophrenia, alcoholism, and nicotine dependence.

Dr. Kendler has published more than 230 articles in peer-reviewed journals and serves on the editorial boards of the Archives of General Psychiatry, Psychological Medicine, and the American Journal of Psychiatry. Since 1996 he has served as Director of the Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics.

Dr. Kilbey teaches psychopharmacology and conducts research on nicotine dependence at Wayne State University. She has published more than 50 referred journal articles on behavioral pharmacology. Until 1989 Dr. Kilbey concentrated on the psychomotor stimulant effects in animal models of drug addiction and mental disorders. In 1989 she began research into smoking and nicotine dependence, concentrating on epidemiological studies in young adults. This work identified the prevalence of nicotine dependence in young adults and the associated psychiatric comorbidities and other risk factors. Currently, Dr. Kilbey is conducting research into how the memory of smoking-related words varies in smokers with different degrees of nicotine dependence to determine whether ready access to these words in the memory promotes dependence. Dr. Kilbey is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association and immediate past President of its Division of Psychopharmacology and Substance Abuse.

Dr. McMahon is Professor and Director of the Child Clinical Psychology Program in the Department of Psychology at the University of Washington. He received his Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology from the University of Georgia in 1979. He is a member of the Planning Group for the Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS) developed by the Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP), a member of The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Research Network on the Etiology of Tobacco Dependence, and a member of the National Program Advisory Committee for the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention's Strengthening America's Families Technical Assistance and Training Project. Dr. McMahon's primary research concerns the assessment, treatment, and prevention of antisocial behavior in children, especially in the context of the family. He is principal investigator of the Fast Track project, a large, multisite collaborative study on the prevention of antisocial behavior in school-age children. Dr. McMahon is also examining the development of children of adolescent mothers from infancy to elementary school.