References
Abdulla EM, Calaminici M, Campbell IC. 1995. Comparison of neurite outgrowth with neurofilament protein subunit levels in neuroblastoma cells following mercuric oxide exposure. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 22: 362–363.
Ackley BD, Jin Y. 2004. Genetic analysis of synaptic target recognition and assembly. Trends Neurosci 27: 540–547.
Ba F, Pang PK, Benishin CG. 2003. The establishment of a reliable cytotoxic system with SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cell culture. J Neurosci Meth 123:11–22.
Baier H. 2000. Zebrafish on the move: towards a behavior-genetic analysis of vertebrate vision. Curr Opin Neurobiol 10:451–455.
Bal-Price A, Brown GC. 2001. Inflammatory neurodegeneration mediated by nitric oxide from activated glia-inhibiting neuronal respiration, causing glutamate release and excitotoxicity. J Neurosci 21:6480–6491.
Beattie CE, Granato M, Kuwada JY. 2002. Cellular, genetic and molecular mechanisms of axonal guidance in the zebrafish. Results Probl Cell Differ 40:252–269.
Benninger F, Beck H, Wernig M, Tucker KL, Brustle O, Scheffler B. 2003. Functional integration of embryonic stem cell-derived neurons in hippocampal slice cultures. J Neurosci 23:7075–7083.
Bertrand N, Castro DS, Guillemot F. 2002. Proneural genes and the specification of neural cell types. Nat Rev Neurosci 3:517–530.
Braissant O, Henry H, Villard A-M, Zurich M-G, Loup M, Eilers B, et al. 2002. Ammonium-induced impairment of axonal growth is prevented through glial creatine. J Neurosci 22:9810–9820.
Braun H, Buhnemann C, Neumann J, Reymann KG. 2006. Preparation of a tissue-like cortical primary culture from embryonic rats using Matrigel and serum free Start V Medium. J Neurosci Methods 15:32–38.
Brosamle C, Halpern ME. 2002. Characterization of myelination in the developing zebrafish. Glia 39:47–57.
Brüstle O, Jones KN, Learish RD, Karram K, Choudhary K, Wiestler OD. 1999. Embryonic stem cell-derived glial precursors: a source of myelinating transplants. Science 285:754–756.
Buzanska L, Habich A, Jurga M, Sypecka J, Domanska-Janik K. 2005. Human cord blood-derived neural stem cell line-possible implementation in studying neurotoxicity. Toxicol In Vitro 19:991–999.
Buznikov GA, Lambert HW, Lauder JM. 2001. Serotonin and serotonin-like substances as regulators of early embryogenesis and morphogenesis. Cell Tissue Res 305: 177–186.
Cameron RA, Davidson EH. 1991. Cell type specification during sea urchin development. Trends Genet 7(7): 212–218.
Candal E, Anadon R, Bourrat F, Rodriguez-Moldes I. 2005. Cell proliferation in the developing and adult hindbrain and midbrain of trout and medaka (teleosts): a segmental approach. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 160: 157–175.
Carpenter MK, Inokuma MS, Denham J, Mujtaba T, Chiu CP, Rao MS. 2001. Enrichment of neurons and neural precursors from human embryonic stem cells. Exp Neurol 172:383–397.
Chalisova NI, Penniyainen VA, Komashnya AV, Nozdrachev AD. 2006. Stimulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis in the presence of amino acids in organotypic culture of tissues of different degree of maturity. Dokl Biol Sci 406: 7–10.
Chen S, Hirata K, Ren Y, Sugimori M, Llinas R, Hillman DE. 2005. Robust axonal sprouting and synaptogenesis in organotypic slice cultures of rat cerebellum exposed to increased potassium chloride. Brain Res 1057: 88–97.
Chisholm AD, Jin Y. 2005. Neuronal differentiation in C. elegans. Curr Opin Cell Biol 17:682–689.
Coecke S, Ahr H, Blaauboer B, Bremer S, Casati S, Castell J. 2006. Metabolism: a bottleneck in in vitro toxicological test development. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 54. ATLA 34:49–84.
Colamarino SA, Tessier-Lavinge M. 1995. The role of the floor plate in axon guidance. Annu Rev Neurosci 18:497–529.
Colborn T. 2004. Neurodevelopment and endocrine disruption. Environ Health Perspect 112: 944–949.
Cole LK, Ross LS. 2001. Apoptosis in the developing zebrafish embryo. Dev Biol 240(1):123–142.
Cooper HM. 2002. Axon guidance receptors direct growth cone pathfinding: rivalry at the leading edge. Int J Dev Biol 46:621–631.
Copi A, Jüngling K, Gottmann K. 2005. Activity- and BDNF-induced plasticity of miniature synaptic currents in ES cell-derived neurons integrated in a neocortical network. J Neurophysiol 94:4538–4543.
Cummings BJ, Uchida N, Tamaki SJ, Salazar DL, Hooshmand M, Summers R, et al. 2005. Human neural stem cells differentiate and promote locomotor recovery in spinal cord-injured mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102: 14069–14074.
Damstra T. 2002. Potential effects of certain persistent organic pollutants and endocrine disrupting chemicals on the health of children. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 40: 457–465.
Demerens C, Stankoff B, Logak M, Anglade P, Allinquant B, Couraud F. 1996. Induction of myelination in the central nervous system by electrical activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:9887–9892.
Dessi F, Pollard H, Moreau J, Ben-Ari Y, Charriaut-Marlangue C. 1995. Cytosine arabinoside induces apoptosis in cerebellar neurons in culture. J Neurochem 64: 1980–1987.
Emerich DF, Skinner SJ, Borlongan CV, Vasconcellos AV, Thanos CG. 2005. The choroid plexus in the rise, fall and repair of the brain. Bioessays 27:262–274.
Eskes C, Honegger P, Jones-Lepp T, Varner K, Matthieu J-M, Monnet-Tschudi F. 1999. Neurotoxicity of dibutyltin in aggregating brain cell cultures. Toxicol In Vitro 13: 555–560.
Eskes C, Honegger P, Juillerat-Jeanneret L, Monnet-Tschudi F. 2002. Microglial reaction induced by noncytotoxic methylmercury treatments lead to neuroprotection via interaction with astrocytes and IL-6 release. Glia 37: 43–52.
Eskes C, Zuang V. 2005. Alternative (non-animal) methods for cosmetics testing: Current status and future prospects, A report prepared in the context of the 7th amendment to the cosmetics directive for establishing the timetable for phasing out animal testing. ATLA 33:1–217.
European Commission. 2003. Proposal Concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restrictions of Chemicals REACH, COM2003 644 Final 29 Oct. 2003. Brussels:European Commission.
Evangelista de Duffard AM, Duffard R. 1996. Behavioral toxicology, risk assessment, and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Environ Health Perspect 104:353–360.
Fritsche E, Cline JE, Nguyen NH, Scanlan TS, Abel J. 2005. Polychlorinated biphenyls disturb differentiation of normal human neural progenitor cells: clue for involvement of thyroid hormone receptors. Environ Health Perspect 113:871–876.
Garcia SJ, Seidler FJ, Crumpton TL, Slotkin TA. 2001. Does the developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos involve glial targets? Macromolecular synthesis, adenylyl cyclise signalling, nuclear transcription factors, and formation of reactive oxygen in C6 glioma cells. Brain Res 891: 54–68.
Genschow E, Spielmann H, Scholz G, Seiler A, Brown N, Piersma A. 2002. The ECVAM international validation study on in vitro embryotoxicity tests: results of the definitive phase and evaluation of prediction models. ATLA 30: 151–176.
Ghoumari AM, Baulieu EE, Schumacher M. 2005. Progesterone increases oligodendroglial cell proliferation in rat cerebellar slice cultures. Neuroscience 135:47–58.
Gilmour DT, Maischein HM, Nusslein-Volhard C. 2002. Migration and function of a glial subtype in the vertebrate peripheral nervous system. Neuron 34:577–588.
Godinho L, Mumm JS, Williams PR, Schroeter EH, Koerber A, Park SW, et al. 2005. Targeting of amacrine cell neurites to appropriate synaptic laminae in the developing zebrafish retina. Development 132:5069–5079.
Goldin M, Segal M, Avignone E. 2001. Functional plasticity triggers formation and pruning of dendritic spines in cultured hippocampal networks. J Neurosci 21:186–193.
Greene LA. 1978. Nerve growth factor prevents the death and stimulates the neuronal differentiation of clonal PC12 pheochromocytoma cells in serum-free medium. J Cell Biol 78:747–755.
Grueber WB, Jan YN. 2004. Dendritic development: lessons from Drosophila and related branches. Curr Opin Neurobiol 14:74–82.
Guentert-Lauber B, Honegger P. 1985. Responsiveness of astrocytes in serum-free aggregate cultures to epidermal growth factor: dependence on the cell cycle and the epidermal growth factor concentration. Dev Neurosci 7: 286–295.
Hamm JT, Wilson BW, Hinton DE. 2001. Increasing uptake and bioactivation with development positively modulate diazinon toxicity in early life stage medaka (Oryzias latipes). Toxicol Sci 61:304–313.
Hareng L, Pellizzer C, Bremer S, Schwarz M, Hartung T. 2005. The integrated project ReProTect: a novel approach in reproductive toxicity hazard assessment. Reprod Toxicol 20:441–452.
Harper JM, Krishnan C, Darman JS, Deshpande DM, Peck S, Shats I, et al. 2004. Axonal growth of embryonic stem cell-derived motoneurons in vitro and in motoneuron-injured adult rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 7123–7128.
Harry GJ, Billingsley ML, Bruinink A, Campbell IL, Classen W, Dorman DC. 1998. In vitro techniques for the assessment of neurotoxicity. Environ Health Perspect 106:131–158.
Hatten ME. 2002. New directions in neuronal migration. Science 297:1660–1663.
Hechler D, Nitsch R, Hendrix S. 2006. Green-fluorescence-protein-expressing mice as models for the study of axonal growth and regeneration in vitro. Brain Res Rev 52:160–169.
Heck N, Kilb W, Reiprich P, Kubota H, Furukawa T, Fukuda A, et al. 2006. GABA-A receptors regulate neocortical neuronal migration in vitro and in vivo. Cereb Cortex 1: 25–35.
Higashijima S, Hotta Y, Okamoto H. 2000. Visualization of cranial motor neurons in live transgenic zebrafish expressing green fluorescent protein under the control of the islet-1 promoter/enhancer. J Neurosci 20: 206–218.
Higashijima S, Mandel G, Fetcho JR. 2004. Distribution of prospective glutamatergic, glycinergic, and GABAergic neurons in embryonic and larval zebrafish. J Comp Neurol 480:1–18.
Hirose Y, Varga ZM, Kondoh H, Furutani-Seiki M. 2004. Single cell lineage and regionalization of cell populations during Medaka neurulation. Development 131: 2553–2563.
Honegger P. 1985. Biochemical differentiation in serum-free aggregating brain cell cultures. In: Cell Culture in the Neurosciences (Bottenstein JE, Sato G, eds). New York:Plenum Press, 223–243.
Honegger P, Matthieu JM. 1985. Aggregating brain cell cultures: a model to study meylination and demeylination. In: Cellular and Molecular Biology of Meylination (Jeserich G, Althaus HH, Waehneldt TV, eds). Berlin: Springer Verlag, 155–170.
Honegger P, Monnet-Tschudi F. 2001. Aggregating neural cell cultures. In: Protocols for Neural Cell Culture. (Fedoroff S, Richardson A, eds). 3rd ed. Ottawa:Humana Press, 199–218.
Honegger P, Richelson E. 1979. Neurotransmitter synthesis, storage and release by aggregating cell cultures of rat brain. Brain Res 162:89–101.
Hong MS, Hong SJ, Barhoumi R, Burghardt RC, Donnelly KC, Wild JR, et al. 2003. Neurotoxicity induced in differentiated SK-N-SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells by organophosphorus compounds. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 186: 110–118.
Howard AS, Bucelli R, Jett DA, Bruun D, Yang D, Lein PJ. 2005. Chlorpyrifos exerts opposing effects on axonal and dendritic growth in primary neuronal cultures. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 207:112–124.
Hutson LD, Chien CB. 2002. Wiring the zebrafish: axon guidance and synaptogenesis. Curr Opin Neurobiol 12:87–92.
Imitola J, Raddassi K, Park KL, Mueller FJ, Nieto M, Teng YD, et al. 2004. Directed migration of neural stem cells to sites of CNS injury by the stromal cell-derived factor 1alpha/CXC chemokine receptor 4 pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:18117–18122.
International Programme on Chemical Safety. 1996. OECD Screening Information DataSet (SIDS) High Production Volume Chemicals (Processed by UNEP Chemicals). Available: http://www.inchem.org/pages/sids.html [accessed 5 May 2006].
Ishikawa Y, Kage T, Yamamoto N, Yoshimoto M, Yasuda T, Matsumoto A, et al. 2004. Axonogenesis in the medaka embryonic brain. J Comp Neurol 476:240–253.
Jeram S, Riego Sintes JM, Halder M, Baraibar Fentanes J, Sokull-Klüttgen B, Hutchinson TH. 2005. A strategy to reduce the use of fish in acute ecotoxicity testing of new chemical substances notified in the European Union. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 42:218–224.
Jin Y. 2002. Synaptogenesis: insights from worm and fly. Curr Opin Neurobiol 12:71–79.
Jones C, Reifegerste R, Moses K. 2006. Characterization of Drosophila mini-me, a gene required for cell proliferation and survival. Genetics 173:793–808.
Kinsner A, Pilotto V, Deininger S, Brown GC, Coecke S, Hartung T, et al. 2005. Inflammatory neurodegeneration induced by lipoteichoic acid from Staphylococcus aureus is mediated by glia activation, nitrosative and oxidative stress, and caspase activation. J Neurochem 95: 1132–1143.
Komuniecki RW, Hobson RJ, Rex EB, Hapiak VM, Komuniecki. 2004. PRBiogenic amine receptors in parasitic nematodes: what can be learned from Caenorhabditis elegans? Mol Biochem Parasitol 137:1–11.
Krause G, Lehmann S, Lehmann M, Freund I, Schreiber E, Baumann W. 2006. Measurement of electrical activity of long-term mammalian neuronal networks on semiconductor neurosensor chips and comparison with conventional microelectrode arrays. Biosens Bioelectron 21: 1272–1282.
Lambert DG, Nahorski SR. 1990. Second-messenger responses associated with stimulation of neuronal muscarinic receptors expressed by human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y. Prog Brain Res 84:31–42.
Lein P, Johnson M, Guo X, Rueger D, Higgins D. 1995. Osteogenic protein-1 induces dendritic growth in rat sympathetic neurons. Neuron 15:597–605.
Leitner Y, Goez H, Gull I, Mesterman R, Weiner E, Jaffa A, et al. 2004. Antenatal diagnosis of central nervous system anomalies: can we predict prognosis? J Child Neurol 19:435–438.
Lettre G, Hengartner MO. 2006. Developmental apoptosis in C. elegans: a complex CEDnario. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 7: 97–108.
Levitt P, Moore RY, Garber B. 1976. Selective cell association of catecholamine neurons in brain aggregates in vitro. Brain Res 111: 311–320.
Li J, Spletter ML, Johnson DA, Wright LS, Svendsen CN, Johnson JA. 2005. Rotenone-induced caspase 9/3-independent and -dependent cell death in undifferentiated and differentiated human neural stem cells. J Neurochem 92: 462–476.
Liu MY, Hsieh WC, Yang BC. 2000. In vitro aberrant gene expression as the indicator of lead-induced neurotoxicity in U-373MG cells. Toxicology 147:59–64.
Ma W, Fitzgerald W, Liu QY, O'Shaughnessy TJ, Maric D, Lin HJ, et al. 2004. CNS stem and progenitor cell differentiation into functional neuronal circuits in three-dimensional collagen gels. Exp Neurol 190: 276–288.
Margioris AN, Venihaki M, Stournaras C, Gravanis A. 1995. PC12 cells as a model to study the effects of opiods on normal and tumoral adrenal chromaffin cells. Ann NY Acad Sci 771:166–172.
Martinez-Contreras A, Huerta M, Lopez-Perez S, Garcia-Estrada J, Luquin S, Beas Zarate C. 2002. Astrocytic and microglia cells reactivity induced by neonatal administration of glutamate in cerebral cortex of the adult rats. J Neurosci Res 67:200–210.
Milosevic J, Schwarz SC, Krohn K, Poppe M, Storch A, Schwarz J. 2005. Low atmospheric oxygen avoids maturation, senescence and cell death of murine mesencephalic neural precursors. J Neurochem 92:718–729.
Monnet-Tschudi F. 1998. Induction of apoptosis by mercury compounds depends on maturation and is not associated with microglial activation. J Neurosc Res 53: 361–367.
Monnet-Tschudi F, Zurich MG, Honegger P. 1997. Aggregate cell cultures for neurotoxicity testing: the importance of cell-cell interactions. Dev Animal Vet Sciences 27:641–649.
Monnet-Tschudi F, Zurich MG, Pithon E, Van Melle G, Honegger P. 1995a. Microglial responsiveness as a sensitive marker for trimethyltin (TMT) neurotoxicity. Brain Res 690:8–14.
Monnet-Tschudi F, Zurich MG, Riederer BM, Honegger P. 1995b. Effects of trimethyltin (TMT) on glial and neuronal cells in aggregate cultures: dependence on the developmental stage. Neurotoxicology 16:97–104.
Monnet-Tschudi F, Zurich MG, Schilter B, Costa LG, Honegger P. 2000. Maturation-dependent effects of chlorpyrifos and parathion and their oxygen analogs on acetylcholinesterase and neuronal and gial markers in aggregating brain cell cultures. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 165: 175–183.
Neumann H, Boucraut J, Hahnel C, Misgeld T, Wekerle H. 1996. Neuronal control of MHC class II inducibility in rat astrocytes and microglia. Eur J Neurosci 8: 2582–2590.
OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2006. OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals. Draft Proposal for a New Guideline 426. Developmental Neurotoxicity Study. Available: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/20/52/37622194.pdf [accessed 1 October 2006].
Olney JW. 2002. New insights and new issues in developmental neurotoxicology. Neurotoxicology 23(6): 659–668.
Orger MB, Gahtan E, Muto A, Page-McCaw P, Smear MC, Baier H. 2004. Behavioral screening assays in zebrafish. Methods Cell Biol 77:53–68.
Overstreet LS, Pasternak JF, Colley PA, Slater NT, Trommer BL. 1997. Metabotropic glutamate receptor mediated long-term depression in developing hippocampus. Neuropharmicology 36:831–844.
Pahlman S, Mamaeva S, Meyerson G, Mattsson ME, Bjelfman C, Hammerling U. 1990. Human neuroblastoma cells in culture: a model for neuronal cell differentiation and function. Acta Physiol Scan Suppl 592:25–37.
Park HC, Kim CH, Bae YK, Yeo SY, Kim SH, Hong SK. 2000. Analysis of upstream elements in the HuC promoter leads to the establishment of transgenic zebrafish with fluorescent neurons. Dev Biol 227: 279–293.
Parmar D, Yadav S, Dayal M, Johri A, Dhawan A, Seth PK. 2003. Effect of lindane on hepatic and brain cytochrome P450s and influence of P450 modulation in lindane induced neurotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 41:1077–1087.
Parran DK, Mundy WR, Barone S Jr. 2001. Effects of methylmercury and mercuric chloride on differentiation and cell viability in PC12 cells. Toxicol Sci 59:278–290.
Peden KW, Rutkowski JL, Gilbert M, Tennekoon GI. 1990. Production of Schwann cell lines using a reulated oncogene. Ann NY Acad Sci 605:286–293.
Peterson RT, Link BA, Dowling JE, Schreiber SL. 2000. Small molecule developmental screens reveal the logic and timing of vertebrate development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:12965–12969.
Pinzon-Duarte G, Arango-Gonzalez B, Guenther E, Kohler K. 2004. Effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor on cell survival, differentiation and patterning of neuronal connections and Muller glia cells in the developing retina. Eur J Neurosci 19:1475–1484.
Pittman RN, Wang S, DiBenedetto AJ, Mills JC. 1993. A system for chracterizing cellular and molecular events in programmed neuronal cell death. J Neurosci 13: 3669–3680.
Prieto P, Blaauboer B, de Boer AG, Boveri M, Cecchelli R, Price A, et al. 2004. Blood–brain barrier in vitro models and their application in toxicology. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 49. ATLA 32: 37–50.
Ray DE. 1999. Toxic cell damage. In: Neurotoxicology In Vitro (Pentreath VD, ed). Philadelphia:Taylor & Francis, 77–104.
Reichel A, Begley DJ, Abbott NJ. 2003. An overview of in vitro techniques for blood-brain barrier studies. Methods Mol Med 89:307–324.
Rodier PM. 1995. Developing brain as a target for neurotoxicity. Environ Health Perspect 103: 73–76.
Sachana M, Flaskos J, Alexaki E, Hargreaves AJ. 2001. Inhibition of neurite outgrowth in N2a cells by leptophos and carbaryl: effects on neurofilament heavy chain, GAP-43 and HSP-70. Toxicol In Vitro 15:115–120.
Sah DW, Matsumoto SG. 1987. Evidence for serotonin synthesis, uptake, and release in dissociated rat sympathetic neurons in culture. J Neurosci 7(2):391–399.
Sales KM, Kingston ST, Doyle KM, Purcell WM. 2004. Preliminary chracterization of an in vitro paradigm for the study of the delayed effects of organophosphorous compounds: hen embryo brain spheroids. Toxicology 195: 187–202.
Sass JB, Haselow DT, Silbergeld EK. 2001. Methylmercury-induced decrement in neuronal migration may involve cytokine-dependent mechanisms: a novel method to assess neuronal movement in vitro. Toxicol Sci 63(1):74–81.
Seeds NW, Vater AE. 1971. Synaptogenesis in reaggregating brain cell culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 68: 3219–3222.
Seidman KJ, Teng AL, Rosenkopf R, Spilotro P, Weyhenmeyer JA. 1997. Isolation, cloning and characterization of a putative type-1 astrocyte cell line. Brain Res 753(1):18–26.
Shastry P, Basu A, Rajadhyaksha MS. 2001. Neuroblastoma cell lines—a versatile in vitro model in neurobiology. Int J Neurosci 108(1–2):109–126.
Stokes EA, Lonergan W, Weber LP, Janz DM, Poznanski AA, Balch GC, et al. 2004. Decreased apoptosis in the forebrain of adult male medaka (Oryzias latipes) after aqueous exposure to ethinylestradiol. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 138(2):163–167.
Stoppini L, Buchs PA, Muller D. 1991. A simple method for organotypic cultures of nervous tissue. J Neurosci Methods 37(2):173–182.
Strasser U, Fischer G. 1995. Quantitative measurement of neuronal degeneration in organotypic hippocampal cultures after combined oxygen/glucose deprivation. J Neurosci Methods 57(2):177–186.
Takahashi J, Palmer TD, Gage FH. 1999. Retinoic acid and neurotrophins collaborate to regulate neurogenesis in adult-derived neural stem cell cultures. J Neurobiol 38(1):65–81.
Tiffany-Castiglioni E. 2004. In vitro neurotoxicology: introduction to concepts. In: In Vitro Neurotoxicology: Principles and Challenges (Methods in Pharmacology and Toxicology) (Tiffany-Castiglioni E, Hollinger, Mannfred A, eds). Totowa, NJ:Humana Press, 1–29.
Toda H, Takahashi J, Mizoguchi A, Koyano K, Hashimoto N. 2000. Neurons generated from adult rat hippocampal stem cells form functional glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses in vitro. Exp Neurol 165(1):66–76.
Turka LA, Goodman RE, Rutkowski JL, Sima AA, Merry A, Mitra RS. 1995. Interleukin 12: a potential link between nerve cells and the immune response in inflammatory disorders. Mol Med 1(6):690–699.
U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 1998. High Production Volume Challenge Program (HPV). Available: http://www.epa.gov/hpv/ [accessed 7 May 2007].
van den Heuvel S. 2005. The C. elegans cell cycle: overview of molecules and mechanisms. Methods Mol Biol 296:51–67.
van Pelt J, Vajda I, Wolters PS, Corner MA, Ramakers GJ. 2005. Dynamics and plasticity in developing neuronal networks in vitro. Prog Brain Res 147:173–188.
Veronesi B. 1992. In vitro screening batteries for neurotoxicants. Neurotoxicology 13(1): 185–195.
Volovitch M, le Roux I, Joliot AH, Bloch-Gallego E, Prochiantz A. 1993. Control of neuronal morphogenesis by homeoproteins: consequences for the making of neuronal networks. Perspect Dev Neurobiol 1(3):133–138.
Whiting PJ, Schoepfer R, Swanson LW, Simmons DM, Lindstrom JM. 1987. Functional acetylcholine receptor in PC12 cells reacts with a monoclonal antibody to brain nicotinic receptors. Nature 327:515–518.
Wiggin GR, Fawcett JP, Pawson T. 2005. Polarity proteins in axon specification and synaptogenesis. Dev Cell 8(6):803–816.
Windrem MS, Nunes MC, Rashbaum WK, Schwartz TH, Goodman RA, McKhann G II, et al. 2004. Fetal and adult human oligodendrocyte progenitor cell isolates myelinate the congenitally dysmyelinated brain. Nat Med 10:93–97
Wittbrodt J, Shima A, Schartl M. 2002. Medaka: a model organism from the Far East. Nat Rev Genet 3(1): 53–64.
Wullimann MF, Knipp S. 2000. Proliferation pattern changes in the zebrafish brain from embryonic through early postembryonic stages. Anat Embryol 202(5):385–400.
Yamamoto M, Urakubo T, Tominaga-Yoshino K, Ogura A. 2005. Long-lasting synapse formation in cultured rat hippocampal neurons after repeated PKA activation. Brain Res 1042(1):6–16.
Yoon MS, Yon C, Park SY, Oh DY, Han AH, Kim DS, et al. 2005. Role of phospholipase D1 in neurite outgrowth of neural stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 329(3):804–811.
Zhang SC, Wernig M, Duncan ID, Brustle O, Thomson JA. 2001. In vitro differentiation of transplantable neural precursors from human embryonic stem cells. Nat Biotechnol 19: 1129–1133.
Zimmer J, Kristensen BW, Jakobsen B, Noraberg. 2000. Excitatory amino acid neurotoxicity and modulation of glutamate receptor expression in organotypic brain slice cultures. Amino Acids 19(1):7–21.
Zurich MG, Eskes C, Honegger P, Berode M, Monnet-Tschudi F. 2002. Maturation-dependent neurotoxicity of lead acetate in vitro: implication of glial reactions. J Neurosci Res 70:108–116.
Zurich MG, Honegger P, Schilter B, Costa LG, Monnet-Tschudi F. 2004. Involvement of glial cells in the neurotoxicity of parathion and chlorpyrifos. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 201:97–100.
Last Updated: May 17, 2007