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Jingbo Pi,^1,2 Hiroshi Yamauchi,³ Yoshito Kumagai,⁴ Guifan Sun,² Takahiko Yoshida,⁵ Hiroyuki Aikawa,⁶ Claudia Hopenhayn-Rich,⁷ and Nobuhiro Shimojo⁴

¹Graduate School Doctoral Program in Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; ²Department of Labor Hygiene and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; ³Department of Preventive Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Japan; ⁴Department of Environmental Medicine, Institute of Community Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; ⁵Department of Hygiene, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan; ⁶Department of Environmental Health, Tokai University School of Medicine, Boseidai, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan; ⁷Department of Preventive Medicine & Environmental Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA

Abstract

Exposure of experimental animals or cultured cells to arsenic induces oxidative stress, but, to date, no examination of this phenomenon in humans has been reported. In this study we conducted a cross-sectional study in Wuyuan, Inner Mongolia, China, to explore the relationship between chronic arsenic exposure from drinking water and oxidative stress in humans. Thirty-three inhabitants who had been drinking tube-well water with high concentrations of inorganic arsenic (mean value = 0.41 mg/L) for about 18 years constituted the high-exposure group, and 10 residents who lived nearby but were exposed to much lower concentrations of arsenic in their drinking water (mean value = 0.02 mg/L) were selected as the low-exposure comparison group. Results of the present study indicated that although the activity for superoxide dismutase (SOD) in blood did not differ significantly between the two groups, the mean serum level of lipid peroxides (LPO) was significantly higher among the high-exposed compared with the low-exposed group. Elevated serum LPO concentrations were correlated with blood levels of inorganic arsenic and its methylated metabolites. In addition, they showed an inverse correlation with nonprotein sulfhydryl (NPSH) levels in whole blood. The subjects in the high-arsenic-exposure group had mean blood NPSH levels 57.6% lower than those in the low-exposure group. Blood NPSH levels were inversely correlated with the concentrations of inorganic arsenic and its methylated metabolites in blood and with the ratio of monomethylarsenic to inorganic arsenic. These results provide evidence that chronic exposure to arsenic from drinking water in humans results in induction of oxidative stress, as indicated by the reduction in NPSH and the increase in LPO. Some possible mechanisms for the arsenic-induced oxidative stress are discussed. Key words: arsenic, chronic arsenic poisoning, drinking water, glutathione, human, lipid peroxidation, methylation, nonprotein sulfhydryl, oxidative stress. Environ Health Perspect 110:331-336 (2002) . [Online 28 February 2002]

http://ehpnet1.niehs.nih.gov/docs/2002/110p331-336pi/ abstract.html

Address correspondence to Y. Kumagai, Department of Environmental Medicine, Institute of Community Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan. Telephone: +81-298-53-3297. Fax: +81-298-53-3039. E-mail: yk-em-tu@md.tsukuba.ac.jp

We thank H.X. Gao, Chifeng Epidemic Prevention Station, Inner Mongolia, China ; G.J. Dai, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University ; and H.Z. Ma, Endemic Diseases Prevention Institute of Inner Mongolia, China, for their excellent contribution to this work.

This work was supported in part by funding from the Japan-China Medical Association and Grant-in-Aid 1357029 (to Y. Kumagai) for scientific research from the Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture of Japan.

Received 23 April 2001 ; accepted 10 September 2001.