Pesticide Urinary Metabolite Levels of Children in Eastern North Carolina Farmworker Households Thomas A. Arcury,1 Joseph G. Grzywacz,1 Dana B. Barr,2 Janeth Tapia,3 Haiying Chen,4 and Sara A. Quandt5 1Department of Family and Community Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; 2National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; 3North Carolina Farmworkers Project, Benson, North Carolina, USA; 4Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, and 5Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA Abstract Background: In this investigation we documented the pesticide urinary metabolite levels of farmworker children in North Carolina, determined the number of different metabolites detected for each child, and delineated risk factors associated with the number of metabolites. Methods: Urine samples were collected from 60 Latino farmworker children 1–6 years of age (34 female, 26 male) . Interviews were completed by their mothers in Spanish. We analyzed urine samples for 14 pesticide metabolites, including the organophosphate pesticides chlorpyrifos, coumaphos, diazinon, isazaphos, malathion, pirimiphos, and parathion and its methyl counterpart ; a common metabolite of at least 18 pyrethroid insecticides ; the repellent DEET ; and the herbicides 2,4,5-trichlorphenoxyacetic acid, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, acetochlor, atrazine, and metolachlor. Predictors included measures of paraoccupational, residential, and environmental exposure, child characteristics, and mother characteristics. Results: Thirteen metabolites were present in the urine samples. Organophosphate pesticide metabolites were detected in a substantial proportion of children, particularly metabolites of parathion/methyl parathion (90.0% ; geometric mean 1.00 µg/L) , chlorpyrifos/chlorpyrifos methyl (83.3% ; geometric mean 1.92 µg/L) , and diazinon (55.0% ; geometric mean 10.56 µg/L) . The number of metabolites detected ranged from 0 to 7, with a mode of 4 detected (28.3%) . Boys, children living in rented housing, and children with mothers working part-time had more metabolites detected. Conclusions: Children in farmworker homes experience multiple sources of pesticide exposure. Pesticides may remain in their environments for long periods. Environmental and occupational health changes are needed to address these exposures. Research is needed with more precise measures of exposure and on the health effects of concurrent exposure to multiple pesticides. Key words: agriculture, biomonitoring, child health, farmworker, health disparities, Latino/Hispanic, occupational health, pesticide exposure, pesticide metabolites. Environ Health Perspect 115:1254–1260 (2007) . doi:10.1289/ehp.9975 available via http://dx.doi.org/ [Online 28 March 2007] Address correspondence to T.A. Arcury, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1084 USA. Telephone: (336) 716-9438. Fax: (336) 716-3206. E-mail: tarcury@wfubmc.edu The research reported in this paper was supported by grant R25 OH07611 from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. T.A.A. has received funding for the development of pesticide safety educational materials from Syngenta Crop Protection, Inc. The other authors declare they have no competing financial interests. Received 12 December 2006 ; accepted 28 March 2007. The full version of this article is available for free in HTML or PDF formats. |