| An Alternative Approach for Investigating the Carcinogenicity of Indoor Air Pollution: Pets as Sentinels of Environmental Cancer Risk John A. Bukowski
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Daniel Wartenberg UMDNJ Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Department of Environmental and Community Medicine, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA Abstract
Traditionally, the cancer risks associated with radon, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) , and similar indoor residential exposures have been evaluated through either laboratory experiments in rodents or epidemiology studies in people. Laboratory studies have the advantage of being controlled experiments, but their utility as estimators of human risk is limited by the uncertainties of extrapolating from rodents to people and from high doses to those typically experienced in the home. These experiments also subject animals to noxious exposures, causing suffering that may be considered cruel. Traditional epidemiology studies evaluate human risk directly, at the exposure levels present in residences ; however, these studies are limited by their potential for misclassification, biased recall, and uncontrolled confounding. The long time intervals involved between exposure and disease (often 30 years or more) make accurate recall particularly problematic. In this paper we discuss the limitations of these traditional approaches, especially as they relate to residential studies of radon and ETS. The problems associated with the maximum tolerated dose in rodent bioassays and exposure misclassification in traditional epidemiology are particularly examined. A third approach that supplements the traditional approaches and overcomes some of their limitations is suggested. This approach, dubbed pet epidemiology, estimates residential cancer risk by examining the exposure experience of pet dogs with naturally occurring cancers. The history of pet epidemiology is reviewed and its strengths and limitations are examined. Key words : animal sentinel, cancer, epidemiology, indoor air, pets, pollution. Environ Health Perspect 105:1312-1319 (1997) .
Address correspondence to J.A. Bukowski, National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. The authors would like to thank John Reif for his review and comments. This research was supported by a grant from the Ena Zucchi Trust to J.B. Received 21 April 1997 ; accepted 11 September 1997.
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