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Buzz Aldrin | Neil
Armstrong | Michael Collins | Other
Apollo Astronauts
Buzz AldrinEdwin
E. "Buzz" Aldrin, Jr. (1930- ) was born in Montclair, New Jersey,
on 20 January 1930. He attended the U.S. Military Academy at West Point,
entered the United States Air Force, and received pilot training in 1951.
Aldrin flew 66 combat missions in F-86s in Korea, destroying two MIG-15
aircraft. Known to all by his nickname, "Buzz," Aldrin was also one of
the most important figures in the accomplishment of Project Apollo in
successfully landing an American on the Moon in the 1960s.
Aldrin became an astronaut during the selection of the third group
by NASA in October 1963. On 11 November 1966, he orbited aboard the Gemini
XII spacecraft, a 4-day, 59-revolution flight that successfully ended
the Gemini program. It proved to be a fortuitous selection, for during
Project Gemini, Aldrin became one of the key figures working on the problem
of rendezvous of spacecraft in Earth or lunar orbit and docking them together
for spaceflight. Without these skills, Apollo could not have been successfully
completed. Aldrin, with a Ph.D. in astronautics from the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, was ideally qualified for this work, and his
intellectual inclinations ensured that he carried out these tasks with
enthusiasm. Systematically and laboriously, Aldrin worked to develop the
necessary procedures and tools for accomplishing space rendezvous and
docking. He was also a central figure in devising the methods necessary
for carrying out the astronauts' extravehicular activities (EVAs). That,
too, was critical to the successful accomplishment of Apollo.
Aldrin was chosen as a member of the three-person Apollo 11 crew that
landed on the Moon on 20 July 1969, fulfilling the mandate of President
John F. Kennedy to send Americans to the Moon before the end of the decade.
Aldrin was the second American to set foot on the lunar surface. He and
Apollo 11 commander Neil A. Armstrong spent about 20 hours on the Moon
before returning to the orbiting Apollo Command Module. The spacecraft
and the lunar explorers returned to Earth on 24 July 1969.
In 1971, Aldrin returned to the Air Force and retired a year later. He
wrote two important books about his activities in the U.S. space program.
In Return to Earth (1970), Aldrin recounted the flight of Apollo
11. In the more broadly constructed Men from Earth (1989), Aldrin
discussed the entire space race between the United States and the Soviet
Union. He has been an important analyst of the space program since the
1960s. He lives near Los Angeles, California.
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Neil ArmstrongNeil
Alden Armstrong (1930- ) was born on 5 August 1930 on his grandparents'
farm near Wapakoneta, Ohio, to Stephen and Viola Armstrong. Because Armstrong's
father was an auditor for the state of Ohio, Armstrong grew up in several
communities, including Warren, Jefferson, Ravenna, St. Marys, and Upper
Sandusky, before the family settled in Wapakoneta.
Armstrong developed an interest in flying at age two, when his father
took him to the National Air Races in Cleveland, Ohio. His interest intensified
when he went for his first airplane ride in a Ford Tri-Motor, a "Tin Goose,"
in Warren, Ohio, at age six. From that time on, he claimed an intense
fascination with aviation.
At age 15, Armstrong began taking flying lessons at an airport north of
Wapakoneta, working at various jobs in town and at the airport to earn
the money for lessons in an Aeronca Champion airplane. By age 16, he had
his student pilot's license—before he even passed his automobile
driver's test and received that license and before he graduated from Blume
High School in Wapakoneta in 1947.
Immediately after high school, Armstong received a scholarship from the
U.S. Navy. He enrolled at Purdue University and began his studies of aeronautical
engineering. In 1949, the Navy called him to active duty, where he became
an aviator, and in 1950, he was sent to Korea. There he flew 78 combat
missions from the aircraft carrier USS Essex.
After mustering out of the Navy in 1952, Armstrong joined the National
Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). His first assignment was at
the NACA’s Lewis Reserch Center, near Cleveland, Ohio. For the next 17
years, he was an engineer, test pilot, astronaut, and administrator for
NACA and its successor agency, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA).
In the mid-1950s, Armstrong transferred to NASA's Flight Research Center
in Edwards, California, where he became a research pilot on many pioneering
high-speed aircraft, including the well-known, 4,000 mile-per-hour X-15.
He flew over 200 different models of aircraft, including jets, rockets,
helicopters, and gliders. While there, he also pursued graduate studies
and received a master of science degree in aerospace engineering from
the University of Southern California.
Armstrong transferred to astronaut status in 1962, one of nine NASA astronauts
in the second class to be chosen. He moved to El Lago, Texas, near Houston's
Manned Spacecraft Center, to begin his astronaut training. There he underwent
four years of intensive training for the Apollo program to land an American
on the Moon before the end of the decade.
On 16 March 1966, Armstrong flew his first space mission as command pilot
of Gemini VIII with David Scott. During that mission, Armstrong piloted
the Gemini VIII spacecraft to a successful docking with an Agena target
spacecraft already in orbit. Although the docking went smoothly and the
two craft orbited together, they began to pitch and roll wildly. Armstrong
was able to undock the Gemini and used the retro rockets to regain control
of his craft, but the astronauts had to make an emergency landing in the
Pacific Ocean.
As spacecraft commander for Apollo 11, the first piloted lunar landing
mission, Armstrong gained the distinction of being the first person to
step onto the surface of the Moon. On 16 July 1969, Armstrong, Michael
Collins, and Edwin E. "Buzz" Aldrin began their trip to the Moon. Collins
was the Command Module pilot and navigator for the mission. Aldrin, a
systems expert, was the Lunar Module pilot and became the second person
to walk on the Moon. As commander of Apollo 11, Armstrong piloted the
Lunar Module to a safe landing on the Moon's surface. On 20 July 1969,
at 10:56 p.m. EDT, Neil Armstrong stepped down onto the Moon and made
his famous statement, "That's one small step for a man, one giant leap
for mankind." Armstrong and Aldrin spent about 2.5 hours walking on the
Moon, collecting samples, doing experiments, and taking photgraphs. On
24 July 1969, the three men splashed down in the Pacific Ocean. They were
picked up by the aircraft carrier USS Hornet.
The three Apollo 11 astronauts were honored with a ticker tape parade
in New York City soon after returning to Earth. Armstrong received the
Medal of Freedom, the highest award offered to a U.S. civilian. Armstrong's
other awards coming in the wake of the Apollo 11 mission included the
NASA Distinguished Service Medal, the NASA Exceptional Service Medal,
17 medals from other countries, and the Congressional Space Medal of Honor.
Armstrong subsequently held the position of Deputy Associate Administrator
for Aeronautics, NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC, in the early 1970s.
In that position, he was responsible for the coordination and management
of overall NASA research and technology work related to aeronautics.
After resigning from NASA in 1971, he became a professor of aerospace
engineering at the University of Cincinnati and served from 1971 to 1979.
During the years 1982 to 1992, Armstrong served as chairman of Computing
Technologies for Aviation, Inc., in Charlottesville, Virginia. He then
became chairman of the board of AIL Systems, Inc., an electronics systems
company is in Deer Park, New York. At the present time, Armstrong lives
on his farm in Lebanon, Ohio.
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Michael CollinsMichael
Collins (1930- ) was born on 30 October, 1930 in Rome, Italy. He later
moved to Washington, DC, where he graduated from St. Albans School. In
1952, he attended the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York, and
received his bachelor of science degree.
Prior to joining NASA, Collins served as a fighter pilot and an experimental
test pilot at the Air Force Flight Center at Edwards Air Force Base, California.
From 1959 to 1963, he logged more than 4,200 hours of flying time.
In October 1963, Michael Collins became one of the third group of astronauts
named by NASA. He served as a pilot on the three-day Gemini X mission
launched on 18 July, 1966. During this mission, he set a world altitude
record and became the nation’s third spacewalker while completing two
EVAs.
His second flight was as Command Module pilot of the historic Apollo 11
mission in July 1969. He remained in lunar orbit while Neil Armstrong
and Buzz Aldrin became the first people to walk on the Moon. His role
in the Apollo mission earned him many awards and accolades, including
the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1969.
In January 1970, Collins left NASA to become the Assistant Secretary of
State for Public Affairs. A year later, he joined the Smithsonian Institution
as the Director of the National Air and Space Museum, where he remained
for seven years. While in this position, he was responsible for the construction
of the new museum building, which opened to the public in July 1976, ahead
of schedule and below its budgeted cost. In April 1978, Collins became
Under Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
In 1980, he became the vice president of the LTV Aerospace and Defense
Company, resigning in 1985 to start his own firm.
Collins has completed two spaceflights, logging 266 hours in space, of
which 1 hour and 27 minutes were spent in EVAs. He has written about his
experiences in the space program in several books, including Carrying
the Fire and Flying to the Moon and Other Strange Places. In
1988, he wrote Liftoff: The Story of America’s Adventure in Space.
Today he is an aerospace consultant and writer.
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Bill AndersANDERS, William
A., Major General, U.S. Air Force Reserve (Retired)
Born 17 October , 1933 in Hong Kong.
Bachelor of science in nuclear engineering from U.S. Naval Academy, master
of science in nuclear engineering from Air Force Institute of Technology.
Flew on Apollo 8.
Cumulative hours of spaceflight are more than 147.
Alan BeanBEAN, Alan L.,
Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)
Born 15 March, 1932 in Wheeler, Texas.
Bachelor of science in aeronautical engineering from the University of
Texas.
Flew on Apollo 12 and Skylab 3.
Cumulative hours of spaceflight are more than 1,671.
Cumulative EVA time is more than 10 hours.
Frank BormanBORMAN, Frank,
Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)
Born 14 March, 1928 in Gary, Indiana.
Bachelor of science from U.S. Military Academy, master of science in aeronautical
engineering from The California Institute of Technology.
Flew on Gemini VII and Apollo 8.
Cumulative hours of spaceflight are more than 477.
Roger ChafeeCHAFFEE, Roger
B., Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy
Born 15 February, 1935 in Grand Rapids, Michigan.
Bachelor of science in aeronautical engineering from Purdue University.
Died 27 January, 1967 at NASA John F. Kennedy Space
Center, Florida, in the Apollo 1 spacecraft fire.
Gene CernanCERNAN, Eugene A.,
Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)
Born 14 March, 1934 in Chicago, Illinois.
Bachelor of science in electrical engineering from Purdue University,
master of science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Navy Postgraduate
School.
Flew on Gemini IX, Apollo 10, and Apollo 17.
Cumulative hours of spaceflight are more than 566.
Cumulative EVA time is more than 73 hours.
Pete ConradCONRAD, Charles,
Jr., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)
Born 2 June, 1930 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Bachelor of science in aeronautical engineering from Princeton University.
Flew on Gemini V, Gemini XI, Apollo 12, and Skylab 2.
Cumulative hours of spaceflight are more than 1,179.
Cumulative EVA time is more than 14 hours.
Walter CunninghamCUNNINGHAM,
Walter, Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps Reserve (Retired)
Born 16 March, 1932 in Creston, Iowa.
Bachelor and master of arts in physics from the University of California
at Los Angeles; Advanced Management Program, Harvard Graduate School of
Business.
Flew on Apollo 7.
Cumulative hours of spaceflight are more than 263.
Charlie DukeDUKE, Charles M.,
Jr., Brigadier General, U.S. Air Force (Retired)
Born 3 October, 1935 in Charlotte, North Carolina.
Bachelor of science in naval sciences from the U.S. Naval Academy, master
of science in aeronautics from Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Flew on Apollo 16.
Cumulative hours of spaceflight are more than 265.
Cumulative EVA time is more than 20 hours.
Donn EiseleEISELE, Donn F.,
Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)
Born 23 June, 1930 in Columbus, Ohio.
Bachelor of science in astronautics from the U.S. Naval Academy, master
of science in astronautics from the U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology.
Flew on Apollo 7.
Cumulative hours of spaceflight are more than 260.
Died 2 December, 1987 in Tokyo, Japan, of a heart
attack.
Ron EvansEVANS, Ronald E.,
Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)
Born 10 November, 1933 in St. Francis, Kansas.
Bachelor of science in electrical engineering from the University of Kansas,
master of science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate
School.
Flew on Apollo 17.
Cumulative hours of spaceflight are more than 301.
Cumulative EVA time is more than 1 hour.
Died 6 April, 1990 in Scottsdale, Arizona, of a heart attack.
Richard GordonGORDON, Richard
F., Jr., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)
Born 5 October, 1929 in Seattle, Washington.
Bachelor of science in chemistry from the University of Washington, honorary
doctorate of science from Niagara University.
Flew on Gemini XI and Apollo 12.
Cumulative hours of spaceflight are more than 315.
Cumulative EVA time is more than 1 hour.
Gus GrissomVirgil I. (Gus)
Grissom (1927-1967) was chosen with the first group of astronauts in 1959.
He was the pilot for the 1961 Mercury-Redstone 4 (Liberty Bell 7)
mission, a suborbital flight; command pilot for Gemini 3; and backup command
pilot for Gemini VI. He had been selected as commander of the first Apollo
flight at the time of his death in the Apollo 1 fire on 27 January 1967.
Cumulative hours of spaceflight are more than 5.
Fred HaiseHAISE, Fred W., Jr.,
civilian
Born 14 November, 1933 in Biloxi, Mississippi.
Bachelor of science in aeronautical engineering from the University of
Oklahoma.
Flew on Apollo 13 and Space Shuttle approach and landing tests 1, 3, and
5.
Cumulative hours of spaceflight are more than 142.
Jim IrwinIRWIN, James B.,
Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)
Born 17 March, 1930 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Bachelor of science in naval science from the U.S. Naval Academy, master
of science in aeronautical engineering and instrumentation engineering
from the University of Michigan.
Flew on Apollo 15.
Cumulative hours of spaceflight are more than 295.
Cumulative EVA time is more than 18 hours.
Died 8 August, 1991 of a heart attack.
Jim LovellLOVELL, James A.,
Jr., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)
Born 25 March, 1928 in Cleveland, Ohio.
Bachelor of science from the U.S. Naval Academy; Advanced Management Program,
Harvard Graduate School of Business.
Flew on Gemini VII, Gemini XII, Apollo 8, and Apollo 13.
Cumulative hours of spaceflight are more than 715.
T. K. MattinglyMATTINGLY, Thomas
K., II, Rear Admiral, U.S. Navy
Born 17 March, 1936 in Chicago, Illinois.
Bachelor of science in aeronautical engineering from Auburn University.
Flew on Apollo 16, STS-4, and STS 51-C.
Cumulative hours of spaceflight are more than 508.
Cumulative EVA time is more than 1 hour.
Jim McDivittMcDIVITT, James
A., Brigadier General, U.S. Air Force (Retired)
Born 10 June, 1929 in Chicago, Illinois.
Bachelor of science in aeronautical engineering from the University of
Michigan.
Flew on Gemini IV and Apollo 9; and was the Apollo Spacecraft Program
Manager.
Cumulative hours of spaceflight are more than 338.
Edgar MitchellMITCHELL, Edgar
D., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)
Born 17 September, 1930 in Hereford, Texas.
Bachelor of science in industrial management from Carnegie Institute of
Technology (now Carnegie-Mellon University), bachelor of science in aeronautical
engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, doctorate of science
in aeronautics and astronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Flew on Apollo 14.
Cumulative hours of spaceflight are more than 216.
Cumulative EVA time is more than 9 hours.
Stuart RoosaROOSA, Stuart A.,
Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)
Born 16 August, 1933 in Durango, Colorado.
Bachelor of science in aeronautical engineering from the University of
Colorado.
Flew on Apollo 14.
Cumulative hours of spaceflight are more than 216.
Died 12 December, 1994.
Wally SchirraSCHIRRA, Walter
M., Jr., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)
Born 12 March, 1923 in Hackensack, New Jersey.
Bachelor of science from the U.S. Naval Academy; graduate of U.S. Naval
Test Pilot School.
Flew on Mercury 8, Gemini VI, and Apollo 7.
Cumulative hours of spaceflight are more than 295.
Harrison SchmittSCHMITT, Harrison
H., Civilian
Born 3 July, 1935 in Santa Rita, New Mexico.
Bachelor of science in geology from the California Institute of Technology,
doctorate of philosophy in geology from Harvard University.
Flew on Apollo 17.
Cumulative hours of spaceflight are more than 301.
Cumulative EVA time is more than 22 hours.
Russell SchweikartSCHWEICKART,
Russell L., civilian
Born 25 October, 1935 in Neptune, New Jersey.
Bachelor of science in aeronautical engineering from the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, master of science in aeronautics and astronautics
from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Flew on Apollo 9.
Cumulative hours of spaceflight are more than 241.
Cumulative EVA time is more than 1 hour.
Dave ScottSCOTT, David R.,
Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)
Born 6 June, 1932 in San Antonio, Texas.
Bachelor of science from the U.S. Military Academy, master of science
in aeronautics and astronautics and engineer in aeronautics and astronautics
from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Flew on Gemini VIII, Apollo 9, and Apollo 15.
Cumulative hours of spaceflight are more than 546.
Cumulative EVA time is more than 20 hours.
Alan ShepardSHEPARD, Alan B.,
Jr. (1923-1998) Born 18 November, 1923 in East Derry, New Hampshire. He
received a bachelor of science degree from the U.S. Naval Academy. Shepard
was a member of the first group of seven astronauts in 1959 chosen to
participate in Project Mercury. He became the first American in space,
with a suborbital flight aboard his Freedom 7 Mercury spacecraft
on 5 May 1961. He also commanded Apollo 14 in 1971, when he landed on
the Moon. His cumulative hours of spaceflight are more than 216 and cumulative
EVA time is more than 9 hours.
Tom StaffordSTAFFORD, Thomas
P., Lieutenant General, U.S. Air Force (Retired)
Born 17 September, 1930 in Weatherford, Oklahoma.
Bachelor of science from the U.S. Naval Academy.
Flew on Gemini VI, Gemini IX, Apollo 10, and Apollo-Soyuz Test Project.
Cumulative hours of spaceflight are more than 507.
Jack SwigertSWIGERT, John L.,
Jr., civilian
Born 30 August, 1931 in Denver, Colorado.
Bachelor of science in mechanical engineering from the University of Colorado,
master of science in aerospace science from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute,
master of business administration from Hartford College.
Flew on Apollo 13.
Cumulative hours of spaceflight are more than 142.
Died 27 December, 1982.
Ed WhiteWHITE, Edward H., II,
Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force
Born 14 November, 1930 in San Antonio, Texas.
Bachelor of science from the U.S. Military Academy, master of science
in aeronautical engineering from University of Michigan.
Flew on Gemini IV.
Cumulative hours of spaceflight are more than 97.
Cumulative EVA time is more than 23 minutes.
Died 27 January, 1967 at NASA John F. Kennedy Space Center, Florida, in
the Apollo spacecraft fire.
Al WordenWORDEN, Alfred M.,
Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)
Born 7 February, 1932 in Jackson, Michigan.
Bachelor of science in military science from the U.S. Military Academy,
master of science in astronautical and aeronautical engineering and instrumentation
engineering from the University of Michigan.
Flew on Apollo 15.
Cumulative hours of spaceflight are more than 295.
Cumulative EVA time is more than 39 minutes.
John YoungYOUNG, John W.,
Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired) Pilot
Born 24 September, 1930 in San Francisco, California.
Bachelor of science in aeronautical engineering from the Georgia Institute
of Technology.
Flew on Gemini 3, Gemini X, Apollo 10, Apollo 16, STS-1, and STS-9.
Cumulative hours of spaceflight are more than 835.
Cumulative EVA time is more than 20 hours (on the
Moon).
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