Equally important, the CIPM approach has come into use in a significant number of areas at NIST and is also becoming accepted in U.S. industry. For example, the National Conference of Standards Laboratories (NCSL) is using it to develop a Recommended Practice on measurement uncertainty for NCSL member laboratories.
The CIPM approach is based on Recommendation INC-1 (1980) of the Working Group on the Statement of Uncertainties [3]. This group was convened in 1980 by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) in response to a request by the CIPM. More recently, at the request of the CIPM, a joint BIPM/IEC/ISO/OIML working group developed a comprehensive reference document on the general application of the CIPM approach titled Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement [4] (IEC: International Electrotechnical Commission; ISO: International Organization for Standardization; OIML: International Organization of Legal Metrology). The development of the Guide is providing further impetus to the worldwide adoption of the CIPM approach.
Commonly, uc is used for reporting results of determinations of fundamental constants, fundamental metrological research, and international comparisons of realizations of SI units.
Use expanded uncertainty U to report the results of all NIST measurements other than those for which uc has traditionally been employed. To be consistent with current international practice, the value of k to be used at NIST for calculating U is, by convention, k = 2. Values of k other than 2 are only to be used for specific applications dictated by established and documented requirements.
When reporting a measurement result and its uncertainty, include the following
information in the report itself or by referring to a published document:
- - A list of all components of standard uncertainty, together with their degrees of freedom where appropriate, and the resulting value of uc. The components should be identified according to the method used to estimate their numerical values:
- A. those which are evaluated by statistical methods,
- B. those which are evaluated by other means.
- - A detailed description of how each component of standard uncertainty was evaluated.
- - A description of how k was chosen when k is not taken equal to 2.
Additional guidance on the use of the CIPM approach at NIST may be found in Guidelines for Evaluating and Expressing the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Results [5]. A more detailed discussion of the CIPM approach is given in the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement [4]. Classic expositions of the statistical evaluation of measurement processes are given in references [6-8].
b. The Statistical Engineering Division, Computing and Applied Mathematics Laboratory, is responsible for providing technical advice on statistical methods for evaluating and expressing the uncertainty of NIST measurement results.
c. NIST Editorial Review Boards are responsible for ensuring that statements of measurement uncertainty are included in NIST publications and other technical outputs under their jurisdiction which report measurement results and that such statements are in conformity with this policy.
d. The Calibrations Advisory Group is responsible for ensuring that calibration and test reports and other technical outputs under its jurisdiction are in compliance with this policy.
e. The Standard Reference Materials and Standard Reference Data programs are responsible for ensuring that technical outputs under their jurisdiction are in compliance with this policy.
f. Authors, as part of the process of preparing manuscripts and other technical outputs, are responsible for formulating measurement uncertainty statements consistent with this policy. These statements must be present in drafts submitted for NIST review and approval.
[2] CIPM, BIPM Proc.-Verb. Com. Int. Poids et Mesures 54, 14, 35 (1986) (in French); P. Giacomo, "News from the BIPM," Metrologia 24, 45-51 (1987).
[3] R. Kaarls, "Rapport du Groupe de Travail sur l'Expression des Incertitudes au Comité International des Poids et Mesures," Proc.-Verb. Com. Int. Poids et Mesures 49, A1-A12 (1981) (in French); P. Giacomo, "News from the BIPM," Metrologia 17, 69-74 (1981). (Note that the final English-language version of Recommendation INC-1 (1980), published in an internal BIPM report, differs slightly from that given in the latter reference but is consistent with the authoritative French-language version given in the former reference.)
[4] ISO, Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement, prepared by ISO Technical Advisory Group 4 (TAG 4), Working Group 3 (WG 3), October 1993. ISO/TAG 4 has as its sponsors the BIPM, IEC, IFCC (International Federation of Clinical Chemistry), ISO, IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry), IUPAP (International Union of Pure and Applied Physics), and OIML. Although the individual members of WG 3 were nominated by the BIPM, IEC, ISO, or OIML, the Guide is published by ISO in the name of all seven organizations. NIST staff members may obtain a single copy of the Guide from the NIST Calibration Program.
[5] B.N. Taylor and C.E. Kuyatt, Guidelines for Evaluating and Expressing the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Results, NIST Technical Note 1297, prepared under the auspices of the NIST Ad Hoc Committee on Uncertainty Statements (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1993).
[6] C. Eisenhart, "Realistic Evaluation of the Precision and Accuracy of Instrument Calibration Systems," J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) 67C, 161-187 (1963). Reprinted, with corrections, in Precision Measurement and Calibration: Statistical Concepts and Procedures, NBS Special Publication 300, Vol. I, H.H. Ku, Editor (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1969), pp. 21-48.
[7] J. Mandel, The Statistical Analysis of Experimental Data, (Interscience-Wiley Publishers, New York, NY, 1964, out of print; corrected and reprinted, Dover Publishers, New York, NY, 1984).
[8] M.G. Natrella, Experimental Statistics, NBS
Handbook 91 (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1963;
reprinted October 1966 with corrections).