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PANEL STUDY OF INCOME DYNAMICS CHILD DEVELOPMENT SUPPLEMENT (PSID-CDS)
Purpose
The Child Development Supplement (CDS) to the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) provides researchers with a comprehensive, nationally representative, and longitudinal database of children and their families with which to study the dynamic process of early human capital formation.
In 1999, the Child Development Supplement was added as a supplement to the PSID, which is an ongoing longitudinal survey of a representative sample of U.S. men, women, and children and the families in which they reside. Since 1968, the PSID has collected data on employment, wealth, income, housing, food expenditures, transfer income, and marital and fertility behavior.
Agencies/Institutions
Funding for the Child Development Supplement was provided primarily by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD). Additional funding was provided by the William T. Grant Foundation, the Annie E. Casey Foundation, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the U.S. Department of Education. The National Science Foundation, along with the Department of Health and Human Services and the National Institute on Aging, also provided financial support. The Survey Research Center at the University of Michigan Institute for Social Research completed the data collection.
Research/Survey Design
The PSID Child Development Supplement (PSID-CDS) is a nonexperimental longitudinal study specifically designed to investigate how parental psychological characteristics, time, money, and parenting and teaching styles (at the family, school, and neighborhood levels) are linked to the cognitive and behavioral development of children. The study measures four basic categories: “(1) school progress, academic achievement and cognitive ability, including grade failure/progression, highest grade completed, verbal and math ability and literacy; (2) social well-being; (3) emotional well-being; and (4) health” (Hofferth et al., 1997).
The majority of respondents are from long-time PSID respondent families. Eligibility for the Child Development Supplement is based on the ages of the PSID family’s children. If the family has a child age 12 or younger, the entire PSID Household Unit is eligible for the Child Development Supplement. Adult respondents are selected persons who have influence over the child’s development. One or two children age 12 and younger per family unit are eligible for study inclusion. All eligible children must be members of the PSID sample.
The 1997 PSID sample comprised a combination of sampled groups. The first sample was a nationally representative core sample designed by the University of Michigan Survey Research Center (SRC). Predominantly black, low-income families make up the second portion of the PSID sample. These families were sampled from the Survey of Economic Opportunity. Also, to refresh the PSID sample, more than 2,000 families of Mexican, Cuban, and Puerto Rican descent were interviewed from 1990 to 1995. This oversampling collected data from new U.S. residents who came to the country after the initial 1968 PSID sampling.
The 1997 PSID sample was originally stratified according to the distance from interviewing staff. The sample and budget used the following strata definitions:
- Stratum 1: Living in 1980 SRC primary area
- Stratum 2: Living in 1960/1970 SRC primary area (major concentration of 10 to 15+ households)
- Stratum 3: Clustered households: At least 1 day travel from the nearest SRC interviewer and 3+ households in the area
- Stratum 4: Remote households: At least 1 day travel from the nearest SRC interviewer and <3 households in the area
Households outside the continental United States were excluded from interviews and were coded as nonsample. All other households were included in the sample. The response rates were expected to be slightly lower in Strata 3 and 4 because it was easier for reluctant households to refuse to participate as a result of a telephone invitation.
The English PSID-CDS instrumentation comprised the following questionnaires:
- Primary Care Giver – Child Booklet
- Primary Care Giver – Household Booklet
- Child Questionnaires
- Time Diary
- Other Care Giver – Child Booklet
- Other Care Giver – Household Booklet
- Fathers Outside of the Home – Child Booklet
- Fathers Outside of the Home – Household Booklet
- Elementary/Middle School – Teacher Booklet
- Preschool/Daycare – Teacher Booklet
- Elementary/Middle School – Administrator Booklet
- Preschool/Daycare – Administrator Booklet
- Home-Based Care
Date(s)/Periodicity
Data collection for the PSID Child Development Supplement began in January 1997 and was completed in the field in November 1997. Production halted during July and August because the majority of schools were closed for the summer and resumed in September. This study is ongoing. Data from 2001 interviews of a younger subset of children are not yet available.
Population/Sample
The PSID now has more than 10,000 families, including more than 2,000 families of Cuban, Puerto Rican, and Mexican descent (Hofferth, Davis-Keane, Davis, & Finkelstein, 1997).
The number of PSID-CDS eligible households was 2,705 (2,458 from the core sample and 247 from the New Immigrant sample). From the eligible households, a total of 3,586 children from ages 0 to 12 were interviewed for the PSID-CDS from 2,394 households. The response rate was 88.2% (University of Michigan, n.d.). Because of initial PSID oversampling of low-income families and the addition of a recent sample of immigrant families, the unweighted PSID sample has a substantial number of black and other minority families. The Child Development Supplement targeted 2,390 eligible families: 1,140 (46%) white families, 997 (41%) black families, 158 (7%) non-white, non-black Hispanic families, 46 (2%) Asian families, 12 (less than 1%) Native American families, and 29 (3%) families of other nationalities. Primary caregivers of 3,586 children were interviewed. The numbers of boys and girls were approximately equal. The PSID-CDS sample is stratified and the individual strata are weighted to be nationally representative (Hofferth et al., 1997).
Content Covered
The PSID is a survey of a representative sample of U.S. men, women, children, and their families. Data on employment, income, wealth, income transfers, food expenditures, housing, marriage, and children have been collected annually since 1968.
The PSID Child Development Supplement aims to obtain information on the following: “(i) reliable, age graded assessments of the cognitive, behavioral, and health status of 3,600 children (including about 250 immigrant children) obtained from the mother, a second parent or parent-figure, the teacher or child care provider, and the child; (ii) a comprehensive accounting of parental and caregiver time inputs to children as well as other aspects of the way children and adolescents spend their time through the use of detailed time diaries; (iii) teacher-reported time use in elementary and preschool programs; and (iv) other-than-time use measures of other resources for example, the learning environment in the home, teacher and administrator reports of school resources, and parent-reported measures of neighborhood resources” (Hofferth et al., 1997).
Availability of Data for Public Use
The main website for the PSID-CDS is http://www.isr.umich.edu/src/child-development/home.html.
Downloadable data is continually being added to the following website:
http://www.isr.umich.edu/src/child-development/Data.html.
Reference List for Users’ Guide, Codebooks, Methodology Report(s)
Hofferth, S., Davis-Kean, P., Davis J., & Finkelstein, J. (1997). Child Development Supplement to the Panel Study of Income Dynamics: 1997 user guide. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research. Retrieved June 6, 2003, from http://www.isr.umich.edu/src/child-development/usergd.html
University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Survey Research Center. (1997). English questionnaires. Ann Arbor: Author. Retrieved June 30, 1999, from
http://www.isr.umich.edu/src/child-development/english.html
University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Survey Research Center. (1999). Description of the 1997 PSID Child Development Supplement weights. Ann Arbor: Author. Retrieved June 30, 1999, from http://www.isr.umich.edu/src/child-development/weightsdoc.html
University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Survey Research Center. (n.d.). Child Development Supplement to the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Ann Arbor: Author. Retrieved from http://www.isr.umich.edu/src/child-development/home.html
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