Infant formulas have been designed to try to lower the chances of developing
allergy or food intolerance. These include hydrolysed cow's and soy milk
formulas. Hydrolysed formulas break down the milk proteins into smaller,
potentially less allergy producing proteins. The review of trials found
that there is no evidence to support feeding with a hydrolysed formula
to prevent allergy in preference to exclusive breastfeeding. In infants
at high risk for allergy who are unable to be completely breastfed, there
is limited evidence that feeding with a hydrolysed formula compared to
a cow's milk formula reduces allergies in babies and children, including
cow's milk allergy. Concerns regarding quality of the evidence and consistency
of the results indicates further studies are needed.
Ten eligible studies compared prolonged feeding with hydrolysed formula versus cow's milk formula in high risk infants. Meta-analysis found a significant reduction in infant allergy (seven studies, 2514 infants; typical RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.66, 0.94), but not in the incidence of childhood allergy (two studies, 950 infants; typical RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.69, 1.05). There was no significant difference in infant eczema (eight studies, 2558 infants, typical RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.68, 1.04), childhood eczema incidence (two studies, 950 infants, typical RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.63, 1.10), childhood eczema prevalence (one study, 872 infants; RR 0.66, 95% CI 0.43, 1.02), or infant or childhood asthma, rhinitis and food allergy. One study reported a significant reduction in infants with CMA with confirmed atopy (RR 0.36, 95% CI 0.15, 0.89). Subgroup analysis of trials blinded to formula found no significant difference in infant allergy (four studies, 2156 infants; typical RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.69, 1.08) or childhood allergy incidence (one study, 872 infants; RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.73, 1.14). No eligible trial examined the effect of prolonged hydrolysed formula feeding on allergy beyond early childhood. There is evidence that preterm or low birthweight infants fed a hydrolysed preterm formula have significantly reduced weight gain, but not in other growth parameters (head circumference or length). Studies in term infants report no adverse effects on growth.
Subgroup analysis of trials of partially hydrolysed versus cow's milk
formula found a significant reduction in infant allergy (six studies, 1391
infants; typical RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.65, 0.97) but not childhood allergy,
or infant or childhood asthma, eczema or rhinitis. Methodological concerns
were the same as for the overall analysis. Analysis of trials of extensively
hydrolysed formula versus cow's milk formula found no significant differences
in allergy or food intolerance. Infants fed extensively hydrolysed formula
compared with partially hydrolysed formula had a significant reduction
in food allergy (two studies, 341 infants; typical RR 0.43, 95% CI 0.19,
0.99), but there was no significant difference in all allergy or any other
specific allergy incidence. Comparing extensively hydrolysed casein containing
formula with cow's milk formula, one study (431 infants) reported a significant
reduction in childhood allergy incidence (RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.53, 0.97).
Meta-analysis found a significant reduction in infant eczema (three studies,
1237 infants; typical RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.51, 0.97). One study reported a
significant reduction in childhood eczema incidence (RR 0.66, 95% CI 0.44,
0.98) and prevalence (RR 0.50, 95% CI 0.27, 0.92).
Many infants with atopy do not have a family history of atopy (Bergmann 1994; Sears 1996; Tariq 1998). However, the risk of atopy is increased to about one in three if one first-degree relative (parent or sibling) is atopic, and 70% if both parents are atopic (Bergmann 1994; Bergmann 1998; Ronmark 2001; Sears 1996; Tariq 1998). The predictive value of family history is increased with the addition of cord blood IgE antibody testing, although its accuracy may not be adequate for population screening (Bergmann 1997; Bergmann 1998; Tariq 1998). An increased duration of exclusive breast feeding has been associated with a reduced incidence of childhood allergy (Gruskay 1982; Oddy 1999; Saarinen 1995; Saarinen 2000), although not all studies support this association particularly with adult allergy (Sears 2002; Wright 2001). However, many infants are not exclusively breast fed (UNICEF). As a result, infants may receive either short or long term supplementary or sole feeding with an infant formula (usually adapted cow's milk or soy milk), or be weaned from the breast to formula.
The term 'food intolerance' does not imply a specific mechanism but is defined as a reproducible adverse reaction to a specific food or food ingredient. Mechanisms for food intolerance may comprise enzyme defects, pharmacological effects, irritant effects, and toxic reactions (David 2000; Host 1994; Host 1995). Food intolerance is diagnosed by resolution of typical symptoms with elimination from the diet, with confirmation by blinded challenge. Around 2 - 3% of babies develop an intolerance to a particular food. The principle symptoms in infants with proven cow's milk protein intolerance (CMPI) are gastrointestinal (~ 50%), dermatological (~ 31%) and respiratory (~ 19%) (Host 1994; Host 1995; Schrander 1993). Two in every three infants with CMPI have a family history of atopy (Schrander 1993). CMPI is strongly associated with feeding an adapted cow's milk formula to infants in the first month of life (Host 1991). Many infants with CMPI become tolerant over time with approximately 30% at one year, 50% at two years and 70% at three years tolerant to cow's milk challenge. The risk of persisting intolerance is increased with evidence of atopy (Host 1995; Carroccio 2000b).
A diagnosis of allergy may be made either by questionnaire, clinician assessment and confirmed by specific skin or serological testing, or by allergen challenge. The diagnostic criteria for different atopic conditions are not uniform and the mode of ascertainment of atopy is variable. Although tests of bronchial hyperresponsiveness, challenge tests and classical tests of IgE mediated hypersensitivity have an imperfect correlation with allergy symptoms and clinical signs (Darsow 2000; Peat 2000), they are associated with an increased likelihood of allergy and significant disease (Ronmark 2001; Sears 1998; Sly 1999; Strachan 1996). In addition, there is some evidence that questionnaires, although compromised by selection and recall bias (Peat 2001), are suitable for allergy screening (Kilpelainen 2001; Ravault 2001). This review includes trials that diagnose allergy either by questionnaire or clinician assessment, with or without confirmation by laboratory testing.
Measures to prevent allergy and food intolerance have included maternal
allergen avoidance during pregnancy (Custovic
2000; Kramer 2001; Zeiger
1989) and/or lactation (Custovic 2000;
Zeiger 1989), periods of exclusive breast feeding
(Custovic 2000; Gruskay
1982; Oddy 1999; Saarinen
1995; Saarinen 2000), and avoidance of
potential allergens including food and environment antigens in the first
year of life and beyond (Custovic 2000). Formulas
prescribed to infants with the intention of preventing allergy and food
intolerance include hydrolysed cow's milk, elemental formulas, and adapted
soy or hydrolysed soy formulas. Hydrolysed formulas are designed to change
the allergenic milk protein with the aim of preventing sensitisation or
intolerance. They may be produced from cow's milk or soy milk, be derived
from predominately whey or casein proteins and be partially or extensively
hydrolysed. The aim of this review is to determine the evidence for the
use of hydrolysed infant formulas for prevention of allergy and food intolerance.
This review does not include treatment of infants with clinically recognised
allergy or food intolerance.
Hydrolysed formulas may be used for either:
The control group may include infants who receive:
The following comparisons were prespecified:
1. Early short term hydrolysed formula versus human milk.
2. Prolonged use of a hydrolysed formula versus human milk.
3. Early short term hydrolysed formula versus cow's milk formula.
4. Prolonged use of a hydrolysed formula versus cow's milk formula.
Subgroup analyses included (see methods for definitions):
1. According to infant risk of allergy or food intolerance:
2. According to extent of protein hydrolysis:
3. According to indication for use:
4. According to method of ascertainment of allergy:
5. According to type of protein hydrolysate used:
Studies that included other allergy prevention interventions (e.g.
maternal dietary avoidance measures, environmental allergy reduction measures)
in the treatment and not the control group were excluded. Studies that
had other allergy prevention interventions in both treatment and control
groups were eligible.
Secondary outcomes:
Potential harms:
A specific allergy or food intolerance may be diagnosed on the basis
of:
The following definitions of age of allergy were used:
The standard search strategy of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group was used. This included electronic searches of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2003), MEDLINE (1966 - January 2003), EMBASE (1980 - January 2003) and CINAHL (1982 - January 2003) and previous reviews including cross references (all articles referenced), previous reviews including cross references, abstracts, conferences (Pediatric Academic Societies 1998-2002 and Perinatal Society of Australia and New Zealand 1998-2003), and journal hand searching mainly in the English language.
The search was updated March 2006 with additional searches of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2006), MEDLINE (1966 - March 2006), EMBASE (1980 - March 2006) and CINAHL (1982 - March 2006) and previous reviews including cross references (all articles referenced), previous reviews including cross references, abstracts, conferences (Pediatric Academic Societies 2003 - 2005 and Perinatal Society of Australia and New Zealand 2004 - 2005).
The search strategy included the following keywords, using the search
fields of abstract, MeSH subject headings, exploded subject heading, publication
type, subject heading word, text word, and title: A search on all fields
for [infant* OR newborn* OR neonat* OR pediatric* OR paediatric*] AND [feed*
OR food OR formula* OR hydrolysed* OR allergies OR diet* OR protein OR
milk*] was conducted. The search was limited to: [random* OR trial* OR
comparative study OR controlled study].
Eligibility of studies for inclusion were assessed independently by each review author. Only studies with > = 80% reporting of randomised infants were included. The criteria and standard methods of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group were used to assess the methodological quality of the included trials. Quality of the trials included was evaluated regarding adequacy of randomisation and allocation concealment, blinding of parents or carers and assessors to intervention, and completeness of assessment in all randomised individuals. A data collection form was used to aid extraction of relevant information and data from each included study. Each review author extracted the data separately. Data were compared and differences resolved by consensus. The standard methods of the Neonatal Review Group were used to synthesise the data. Effects are expressed as relative risk (RR), risk difference (RD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for categorical data, and weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% CI for continuous data. Data were examined for heterogeneity using the chi-square test for heterogeneity. Heterogeneity was quantified using the I2 statistic. The fixed effect model was used for meta-analysis where enrolled infants and interventions were similar and no significant heterogeneity was found. Sources of heterogeneity were explored in subgroup analysis.
Where the term 'hydrolysed formula' is used without a reference to type, this refers to both extensively and partially hydrolysed formulas. Studies that used hydrolysed formula for early (first few days of life) supplemental or sole infant feeding were not pooled with studies that used hydrolysed formula for prolonged feeding. All comparisons were performed including only studies with no different co-interventions prescribed for the prevention of allergy in either study arm (e.g. in treatment and not control group). Allergy preventing co-interventions included modifications to mothers diet when pregnant or breast feeding, or environmental modifications such as avoidance of pet hair and host dust mite reduction measures. Restricting analyses to studies with no differential co-interventions was not originally prespecified in the protocol.
Subgroup analyses were performed according to:
1. Infant risk of allergy or food intolerance: low risk infants (no
family history allergy or food intolerance in 1st degree relatives); high
risk infants (family history allergy or food intolerance in 1st degree
relatives or high cord blood IgE level).
2. Extent of protein hydrolysis: extensively hydrolysed formula versus cow's milk formula; partially hydrolysed formula versus cow's milk formula; extensively hydrolysed formula versus partially hydrolysed formula. An extensively hydrolysed formula should meet the definition provided by the AAP Committee on Nutrition (AAP 2000) - the extensively hydrolysed proteins derived from cow's milk in which most of the nitrogen is in the form of free amino acids and peptides ≤ 1500 kDaltons, and should, at a minimum, ensure with 95% confidence that 90% of infants with documented CMA will not react with defined symptoms to the formula under double-blind, placebo-controlled conditions.
3. Indication for use: prolonged sole formula feeding; supplemental formula feeding or weaning from the breast using infant formula.
4. Method of ascertainment of allergy or food intolerance: Clinical allergy confirmed by challenge testing or testing for atopy (e.g. skin testing or serological testing for specific IgE, asthma confirmed by testing for presence of bronchial hyperresponsiveness and food intolerance confirmed by elimination/challenge). Included in this definition is clinical allergy in a patient where atopy has been confirmed by testing (e.g. asthma where atopy has been confirmed by skin prick testing or RAST for specific IgE); blinded measurement for allergy or food intolerance - where measurement of outcome blinded to treatment allocation (this analysis was not prespecified).
5. Type of protein hydrolysate used: partially hydrolysed whey formula versus cow's milk formula; partially hydrolysed casein formula versus cow's milk formula; extensively hydrolysed whey formula versus cow's milk formula; extensively hydrolysed casein formula versus cow's milk formula; hydrolysed soy formula versus cow's milk formula.
Sensitivity analysis was performed for studies of adequate methodology
defined as adequate randomisation and allocation concealment, and <
10% losses to follow up.
Types of infants enrolled:
Types of interventions:
See 'Table of Included Studies' for types of formula used in each study.
1. EARLY SHORT TERM FEEDING OF HYDROLYSED FORMULA VERSUS HUMAN MILK
FEEDING
Two studies (Juvonen 1996; Saarinen
1999) compared a hydrolysed formula with pasteurised donor human milk
used for early infant feeding. Juvonen 1996
gave sole bottle feeds for three days then all infants were exclusively
breast fed. Saarinen 1999 gave supplemental
feeds when required while infants were in hospital (average four days).
Mothers were then encouraged to breast feed.
2. PROLONGED FEEDING OF HYDROLYSED FORMULA VERSUS HUMAN MILK FEEDING
No study was found that compared prolonged hydrolysed formula feeding
with human milk feeding (either breast or expressed).
3. EARLY SHORT TERM FEEDING OF HYDROLYSED FORMULA VERSUS COW'S MILK
FORMULA
Two studies (Juvonen 1996; Saarinen
1999) compared a hydrolysed formula with an adapted cow's milk formula.
Juvonen 1996 gave sole bottle feeds for three
days then all infants were exclusively breast fed. Saarinen
1999 gave supplemental feeds when required while infants were in hospital
(average four days). Mothers were then encouraged to breast feed.
4 PROLONGED FEEDING OF HYDROLYSED FORMULA VERSUS COW'S MILK FORMULA
Prolonged supplemental or sole feeding with a hydrolysed formula versus
an adapted cow's milk formula without differential co-interventions was
reported by 14 studies (Chirico 1997; de
Seta 1994; Lam 1992; Maggio
2005; Mallet 1992; Marini
1996; Oldaeus 1997; Picaud
2001; Szajewska 2001; Tsai
1991; Vandenplas 1992; Vandenplas
1993; von Berg 2003; Willems
1993). Three studies (Chirico 1997; Marini
1996; Oldaeus 1997) reported additional
allergy avoidance measures in both the hydrolysed formula and adapted cow's
milk formula groups.
5. PROLONGED FEEDING OF HYDROLYSED FORMULA VERSUS COW'S MILK FORMULA
- LOW RISK INFANTS
One study (Vandenplas 1993) compared
prolonged feeding with a hydrolysed formula with cow's milk formula in
low risk infants but only reported infant growth.
6. PROLONGED FEEDING OF HYDROLYSED FORMULA VERSUS COW'S MILK FORMULA
- HIGH RISK INFANTS
Ten studies (Chirico 1997; de
Seta 1994; Lam 1992; Mallet
1992; Marini 1996; Oldaeus
1997; Tsai 1991; Vandenplas
1992; von Berg 2003; Willems
1993) compared prolonged feeding with a hydrolysed formula and a cow's
milk formula in high risk infants.
7. PROLONGED FEEDING OF EXTENSIVELY HYDROLYSED FORMULA VERSUS COW'S
MILK FORMULA
Three studies ( Mallet 1992; Oldaeus
1997; Szajewska 2001) compared prolonged
feeding with an extensively hydrolysed formula with an adapted cow's milk
formula.
8. PROLONGED FEEDING OF PARTIALLY HYDROLYSED FORMULA VERSUS COW'S
MILK FORMULA
Twelve studies (Chirico 1997; de
Seta 1994; Lam 1992; Marini
1996; Oldaeus 1997; Picaud
2001; Szajewska 2001; Tsai
1991; Vandenplas 1992; Vandenplas
1993; von Berg 2003; Willems
1993) compared prolonged feeding with a partially hydrolysed formula
with an adapted cow's milk formula.
9. PROLONGED FEEDING OF EXTENSIVELY HYDROLYSED FORMULA VERSUS PARTIALLY
HYDROLYSED FORMULA
Four studies (Halken 2000; Nentwich
2001; Oldaeus 1997; Szajewska
2001) compared prolonged feeding with extensively hydrolysed formula
with a partially hydrolysed formula.
10. PROLONGED SOLE FORMULA FEEDING OF HYDROLYSED FORMULA VERSUS COW'S
MILK FORMULA
Prolonged sole formula feeding was reported by 10 studies (Chirico
1997; de Seta 1994; Lam
1992; Maggio 2005; Marini
1996; Picaud 2001; Szajewska
2001; Vandenplas 1992; Vandenplas
1993; Willems 1993) with six studies reporting
allergy (Chirico 1997; de
Seta 1994; Lam 1992; Marini
1996; Vandenplas 1993; Willems
1993).
11. PROLONGED FEEDING OF HYDROLYSED FORMULA VERSUS COW'S MILK FORMULA
- ALLERGY / FOOD INTOLERANCE CONFIRMED BY TEST
Three studies confirmed atopy or food intolerance in patients with
clinical allergy by testing (Chirico 1997;
Oldaeus 1997; Vandenplas
1992).
12. PROLONGED FEEDING OF HYDROLYSED FORMULA VERSUS COW'S MILK FORMULA
- BLINDED MEASUREMENT
Assessment for allergy without knowledge of patient allocation was
reported by 11 studies (Halken 2000; Nentwich
2001; Oldaeus 1997; Saarinen
1999; Vandenplas 1992; Vandenplas
1993; von Berg 2003; Willems
1993).
13. PROLONGED FEEDING OF HYDROLYSED FORMULA VERSUS COW'S MILK FORMULA
- STUDIES OF ADEQUATE METHODOLOGY
Maggio 2005; Oldaeus
1997; Szajewska 2001 and Tsai
1991 studied prolonged feeding of a hydrolysed formula compared to
an adapted cow's milk formula with no co-interventions and are included
in the sensitivity analysis of studies of adequate methodology (adequate
randomisation and allocation concealment and < 10% losses to follow
up).
14. PROLONGED FEEDING OF PARTIALLY HYDROLYSED WHEY FORMULA VERSUS
COW'S MILK FORMULA
Ten studies (Chirico 1997; de
Seta 1994; Lam 1992; Maggio
2005; Marini 1996; Picaud
2001; Tsai 1991; Vandenplas
1992; Vandenplas 1993; von
Berg 2003) compared a partially hydrolysed whey formula to an adapted
cow's milk formula.
15. PROLONGED FEEDING OF PARTIALLY HYDROLYSED CASEIN FORMULA CONTAINING
FORMULA VERSUS COW'S MILK FORMULA
Two studies (Oldaeus 1997; Szajewska
2001) compared a partially hydrolysed formula containing casein to
an adapted cow's milk formula.
16. PROLONGED FEEDING OF EXTENSIVELY HYDROLYSED WHEY FORMULA VERSUS
COW'S MILK FORMULA
One study (von Berg 2003) compared an
extensively hydrolysed whey formula to an adapted cow's milk formula.
17. PROLONGED FEEDING OF EXTENSIVELY HYDROLYSED CASEIN FORMULA CONTAINING
FORMULA VERSUS COW'S MILK FORMULA
Four studies (Mallet 1992; Oldaeus
1997; Szajewska 2001; von
Berg 2003) compared a extensively hydrolysed formula containing casein
to an adapted cow's milk formula.
No study compared a hydrolysed soy formula to an adapted cow's milk formula.
No study compared a hydrolysed soy formula to a hydrolysed cow's milk formula.
Types of outcomes:
Most studies reported clinical allergy, atopy (specific IgE or skin
prick tests) and challenge test results separately (i.e. atopy and challenge
test results were not reported in infants with allergic symptoms as prespecified
by this review). Therefore, the majority of outcomes reported in this review
are for clinical allergy that was ascertained by questionnaire and / or
physician assessment. Blinded (to study formula) clinician assessment for
allergy was reported by Chirico 1997 at 6 months;
Halken 2000 at six, 12 and 18 months; Nentwich
2001 at six and 12 months; Oldaeus 1997
at nine, 12 and 18 months; Saarinen 1999 to
mean age 27 months; Vandenplas 1992 at 12
months; and von Berg 2003 at one and three
years.
Studies that performed confirmatory testing for atopy included Chirico
1997 (RAST 6 months), Halken 2000 (unblinded
food elimination / challenge ), Juvonen 1996
(skin prick tests one and two years, total IgE), Mallet
1992 (RAST four and 12 months), Marini 1996
(RAST in first year and skin prick tests in second and third years), Nentwich
2001(specific IgE six and 12 months), Oldaeus
1997 (DBPCFC, skin prick tests, specific IgE at 18 months), Saarinen
1999 (unblinded cow's milk elimination / challenge), Tsai
1991 (specific IgE at two, six and 12 months, skin prick tests for
infants with suspected CMA), Vandenplas 1992
(specific IgE, skin prick tests, unblinded food elimination / challenge
to 12 months). In only three studies were allergy test results reported
according to the presence of clinical symptoms of allergy or food intolerance
(Chirico 1997; Oldaeus
1997; Vandenplas 1992). Definitions
for allergy varied between studies but usually required persistent or recurring
symptoms and signs in the absence of another obvious clinical explanation.
For definitions of 'any allergy' and individual allergies for each study,
see 'Characteristics of included studies'. Several studies did not report
allergy but are included as they reported measures of growth in low allergy
risk low birthweight infants (Maggio 2005; Picaud
2001; Szajewska 2001) and healthy low
risk term infants (Vandenplas 1993) on a
hydrolysed formula.
Allocation concealment was probable for 10 studies (Chirico 1997; Maggio 2005; Marini 1996; Oldaeus 1997; Picaud 2001; Szajewska 2001; Tsai 1991; Vandenplas 1992; Vandenplas 1993; von Berg 2003). Allocation concealment was unclear for four studies including de Seta 1994 (method of allocation not reported), Halken 2000 (used quasi-random allocation method but blinded intervention), Mallet 1992 (method of allocation not reported) and Saarinen 1999 (quasi-random allocation method but blinded intervention). Studies with inadequate allocation concealment included Juvonen 1996 (quasi-random allocation, unblinded study), Lam 1992 (method not reported), Nentwich 2001 (quasi-random allocation, unblinded prescribing) and Willems 1993 (quasi-random allocation and unblinded study).
Blinding of treatment was reported by Chirico 1997; Halken 2000; Oldaeus 1997; Picaud 2001; Saarinen 1999; Szajewska 2001; Vandenplas 1992; Vandenplas 1993; von Berg 2003.
Blinding of measurement: physician assessment without knowledge of patient allocation was reported by eight studies (Halken 2000; Nentwich 2001; Oldaeus 1997; Saarinen 1999; Szajewska 2001; Vandenplas 1992; Vandenplas 1993; von Berg 2003). Blinding of measurement of allergy was reported by six studies (Halken 2000; Nentwich 2001; Oldaeus 1997; Saarinen 1999; Vandenplas 1992; von Berg 2003). Blinding of measurement of clinical allergy was not reported by eight studies (Chirico 1997; de Seta 1994; Juvonen 1996; Lam 1992; Maggio 2005; Picaud 2001; Tsai 1991; Willems 1993). Unblinded measurements were performed by Mallet 1992 and Marini 1996.
Losses to follow up: only studies with < 20% losses to follow up are included in this review. Studies with < 10% losses to follow up included de Seta 1994 (none reported), Lam 1992 (8%), Maggio 2005 (none), Mallet 1992 (7% at four months), Oldaeus 1997 (9%), Szajewska 2001 (none) and Vandenplas 1993 (9% but all in hydrolysed group). Saarinen 1999 followed up infants by mother self reporting and well baby clinic reporting. Infants with CMA maintained on a national register. Compliance rates are not reported.
Studies of adequate methodology as prespecified (adequate randomisation
and allocation concealment and < 10% losses to follow up) included Maggio
2005, Oldaeus 1997, Szajewska
2001, Tsai 1991 and Vandenplas
1993 .
The following subgroup analyses were considered, but as no significant
benefits were reported, the results are not duplicated:
1. Both studies enrolled infants irrespective of family history allergy
or food intolerance in 1st degree relatives.
2. Extent of protein hydrolysis: Juvonen 1996
and Saarinen 1999 compared an extensively
hydrolysed formula versus pasteurised donor human milk.
3. Indication for use: both studies used formula for early short term
infant formula feeding.
4. Method of ascertainment of allergy: Saarinen
1999 reported outcomes of an unblinded elimination / challenge for
CMA. Juvonen 1996 did not report criteria for
diagnosis of allergy.
5. Type of protein hydrolysate used: Juvonen
1996 compared an extensively hydrolysed casein formula versus pasteurised
donor human milk. Saarinen 1999 compared an
extensively hydrolysed whey formula versus pasteurised donor human milk.
Sensitivity analysis: neither study was considered to be of adequate methodology.
COMPARISON 02: PROLONGED FEEDING: HYDROLYSED FORMULA VERSUS HUMAN
MILK FEEDING
No studies were eligible that compared these interventions.
COMPARISON 03: EARLY SHORT TERM FEEDING: HYDROLYSED FORMULA VERSUS
COW'S MILK FORMULA
Two studies (Juvonen 1996; Saarinen
1999) compared a short period of early supplemental or sole feeding
with a hydrolysed formula with an adapted cow's milk formula. All mothers
were subsequently encouraged to breast feed in both trials. Juvonen
1996 (77 infants) reported no significant difference in childhood allergy
incidence (RR 1.37, 95% CI 0.33, 5.71), childhood asthma incidence (RR
3.08, 95% CI 0.13, 73.26), childhood eczema incidence (RR 0.34, 95% CI
0.04, 3.15), childhood food allergy (RR 1.37, 95% CI 0.33, 5.71) and childhood
CMA (5.13, 95% CI 0.25, 103.43). Saarinen 1999
(3478 infants) reported a reduction in infant CMA of borderline significance
(RR 0.62, 95% CI 0.38, 1.00; RD -0.01, 95% CI -0.02, 0.00).
The following subgroup analyses were considered, but as no significant
benefits were reported, the results are not duplicated:
1. Both studies enrolled infants irrespective of family history allergy
or food intolerance in 1st degree relatives.
2. Extent of protein hydrolysis: Juvonen 1996
and Saarinen 1999 compared an extensively
hydrolysed formula versus cow's milk formula.
3. Indication for use: both studies used formula for early short term
infant formula feeding.
4. Method of ascertainment of allergy: Saarinen
1999 reported outcomes of an unblinded elimination / challenge for
CMA. Juvonen 1996 did not report criteria for
diagnosis of allergy.
5. Type of protein hydrolysate used: Juvonen
1996 compared an extensively hydrolysed casein formula versus cow's
milk formula. Saarinen 1999 compared an extensively
hydrolysed whey formula versus cow's milk formula.
Sensitivity analysis: neither study was considered to be of adequate methodology.
COMPARISON 04: PROLONGED FEEDING: HYDROLYSED FORMULA VERSUS COW'S
MILK FORMULA
Ten studies compared prolonged hydrolysed formula to adapted cow's
milk formula feeding without any other differential (in one group only)
allergy preventative co-interventions. Seven studies reported all allergy,
with two studies (Lam 1992; Vandenplas
1993) reporting a significant reduction in infant allergy and one (Marini
1996) reporting a significant reduction in childhood allergy incidence.
Meta-analysis (seven studies, 2514 infants) found a significant reduction
in infant allergy (typical RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.66, 0.94; RD -0.04, 95% CI
-0.08, -0.01), and meta-analysis (two studies, 950 infants) found no significant
difference in childhood allergy incidence (typical RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.69,
1.05).
Five studies reported asthma, with meta-analysis (four studies, 318 infants) finding no significant difference in infant asthma (typical RR 0.57, 95% CI 0.31, 1.04). Marini 1996 (78 infants) reported no significant difference in childhood asthma incidence (RR 0.38, 95% CI 0.08, 1.84). von Berg 2003 (872 infants) reported no significant difference in childhood asthma prevalence (RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.70, 1.61).
Eight studies reported eczema with no individual study reporting a significant reduction in eczema at any time. Meta-analysis (eight studies, 2558 infants) found no significant difference in infant eczema infancy (typical RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.68, 1.04). Meta-analysis (two studies, 950 infants) found no significant difference in childhood eczema incidence (typical RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.63, 1.10). von Berg 2003 (872 infants) reported no significant difference in childhood eczema prevalence (RR 0.66, 95% CI 0.43, 1.02).
Two studies reported rhinitis, with meta-analysis (256 infants) finding no significant difference in infant rhinitis (RR 0.52, 95% CI 0.14, 1.85). Marini 1996 (78 infants) reported no significant difference in childhood rhinitis incidence (RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.04, 5.03).
Oldaeus 1997 (141 infants) reported no significant difference in infant food allergy (RR 1.82, 95% CI 0.64, 5.16). Vandenplas 1992 (67 infants) reported a significant reduction in infant CMA (RR 0.36, 95% CI 0.15, 0.89).
The following subgroup analyses were performed:
COMPARISON 05: PROLONGED FEEDING: HYDROLYSED FORMULA VERSUS COW'S
MILK FORMULA - LOW RISK INFANTS
No eligible study reported allergy outcomes in infants at low risk
of allergy. Outcomes for growth in preterm or low birthweight infants fed
a preterm hydrolysed or preterm cow's milk formula are as for Comparison
04. All subsequent analyses for allergy outcomes are in high risk infants.
COMPARISON 06: PROLONGED FEEDING: HYDROLYSED FORMULA VERSUS COW'S
MILK FORMULA - HIGH RISK INFANTS
All seven studies comparing prolonged hydrolysed formula feeding to
adapted cow's milk formula feeding without any other allergy preventative
co-interventions enrolled infants at high risk of allergy. See Comparison
05 for outcomes.
COMPARISON 07: PROLONGED FEEDING: EXTENSIVELY HYDROLYSED FORMULA
VERSUS COW'S MILK FORMULA
Four studies (Mallet 1992; Oldaeus
1997; Szajewska 2001; von
Berg 2003) compared an extensively hydrolysed formula with a cow's
milk formula. No individual study reported a significant reduction in all
allergy or any specific allergy or food intolerance. Meta-analysis (two
studies, 1561 infants) found no significant difference in infant allergy
(typical RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.68, 1.13). von Berg
2003 (651 infants) reported no significant difference in childhood
allergy incidence (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.71, 1.13). Oldaeus
1997 (96 infants) reported no significant difference in infant asthma
(RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.18, 2.04). von Berg 2003
(661 infants) reported no significant difference in childhood asthma prevalence
(RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.65, 1.59). Meta-analysis (three studies, 1726 infants)
found no significant difference in infant eczema (typical RR 0.83, 95%
CI 0.63, 1.08). von Berg 2003 (661 infants)
reported no significant difference in childhood eczema incidence (RR 0.86,
95% CI 0.63, 1.17) or prevalence (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.40, 1.02). Oldaeus
1997 (96 infants) reported no significant difference in infant rhinitis
incidence (RR 2.76, 95% CI 0.12, 66.22) and food allergy (RR 1.15, 95%
CI 0.33, 4.02). Szajewska 2001, in 30 low
birth weight infants at low risk of allergy, reported no significant difference
in weight gain over the first 12 weeks (MD weight gain -2.02 g/day, 95%
CI -5.76, 1.72).
COMPARISON 08: PROLONGED FEEDING: PARTIALLY HYDROLYSED VERSUS COW'S
MILK FORMULA
Two studies (Lam 1992; Vandenplas
1992) independently reported a significant reduction in any infant
allergy. Meta-analysis (seven studies, 1482 infants) found a significant
reduction in any infant allergy (typical RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.65, 0.97). Meta-analysis
of two studies (Marini 1996; von
Berg 2003) found no significant difference in childhood allergy incidence
(typical RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.67, 1.10). There was significant (p = 0.04)
and substantial (I2 = 75.2%) heterogeneity between studies,
with Marini 1996 reporting a significant reduction
(RR 0.42, 95% CI 0.19, 0.90) and von Berg 2003
no significant difference (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.73, 1.25).
Meta-analysis (four studies, 268 infants) found no significant difference in infant asthma (typical RR 0.54, 95% CI 0.28, 1.04). Marini 1996 (78 infants) reported no significant difference in childhood asthma incidence (RR 0.38, 95% CI 0.08, 1.84) and von Berg 2003 (432 infants) reported no significant difference in childhood asthma prevalence (RR 1.15, 95% CI 0.70, 1.88). Meta-analysis (seven studies, 1361 infants) found no significant difference in infant eczema (typical RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.69, 1.13). Meta-analysis (two studies, 500 infants) found no significant difference in childhood eczema incidence (typical RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.61, 1.19) and von Berg 2003 reported no significant difference in childhood eczema prevalence (RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.41, 1.22). Meta-analysis (three studies, 206 infants) found no significant difference in infant rhinitis (typical RR 0.40, 95% CI 0.09, 1.70). Marini 1996 (78 infants) reported no significant difference in childhood rhinitis incidence (RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.04, 5.03). Oldaeus 1997 (91 infants) reported no significant difference in infant food allergy (RR 2.56, 95% CI 0.86, 7.56). Vandenplas 1992 reported a significant reduction in CMA in infancy (RR 0.36, 95% CI 0.15, 0.89).
Meta-analysis (two studies, 46 infants) in low birth weight or preterm infants fed a partially hydrolysed preterm infant formula versus a preterm infant cow's milk formula found no significant difference in weight gain (WMD -1.15 g/kg/day, 95% CI -2.90, 0.60).
COMPARISON 09: PROLONGED FEEDING: EXTENSIVELY HYDROLYSED FORMULA
VERSUS PARTIALLY HYDROLYSED FORMULA
Four studies (Halken 2000; Nentwich
2001; Oldaeus 1997; von
Berg 2003) compared prolonged feeding with an extensively hydrolysed
formula to a partially hydrolysed formula in infants at high risk of allergy.
No individual study reported any significant differences in allergy or
food intolerance incidence. Meta-analysis (three studies, 1806 infants)
found no significant difference in infant allergy (typical RR 0.93, 95%
CI 0.75, 1.16). von Berg 2003 (661 infants)
reported no significant difference in childhood allergy incidence (RR 0.93,
95% CI 0.74, 1.18).
Meta-analysis (two studies, 341 infants) found no significant difference in infant asthma incidence (typical RR 1.72, 95% CI 0.74, 3.96). von Berg 2003 (661 infants) reported no significant difference in childhood asthma prevalence (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.58, 1.35). Meta-analysis (four studies, 1865 infants) found no significant difference in infant eczema (typical RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.73, 1.10). von Berg 2003 (661 infants) reported no significant difference in childhood eczema incidence (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.69, 1.26) and prevalence (RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.54, 1.52). Meta-analysis of (two studies, 341 infants) found no significant difference in infant rhinitis (typical RR 1.25, 95% CI 0.36, 4.29). Meta-analysis of the same two studies (Halken 2000; Oldaeus 1997) found a significant reduction in infant food allergy (typical RR 0.43, 95% CI 0.19, 0.99). Halken 2000 (246 infants) reported no significant difference in infant CMA (RR 0.13, 95% CI 0.01, 1.16).
One study compared use of an extensively hydrolysed preterm formula with a partially hydrolysed preterm formula (Szajewska 2001) in 30 low birth weight infants at low risk of allergy, and reported no significant difference in weight gain over the first 12 weeks (MD weight gain -0.70 g/day, 95% CI -4.57, 3.17).
COMPARISON 10: PROLONGED SOLE FORMULA FEEDING: HYDROLYSED FORMULA
VERSUS COW'S MILK FORMULA
Six studies enrolled infants on sole formula feeds. Vandenplas
1992 reported a significant reduction in any infant allergy (RR 0.45,
95% CI 0.22 0.94). Meta-analysis (five studies, 425 infants) found a significant
reduction in infant allergy (typical RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.46, 0.80). Marini
1996 reported a significant reduction in childhood allergy incidence
(RR 0.42, 95% CI 0.19, 0.90).
Meta-analysis (two studies, 144 infants) found no significant difference in infant asthma (typical RR 0.57, 95% CI 0.25, 1.31). Marini 1996 reported no significant difference in childhood asthma incidence (RR 0.38, 95% CI 0.08, 1.84).
Meta-analysis (four studies, 271 infants) found no significant difference in infant eczema (typical RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.45, 1.21). Marini 1996 (78 infants) reported no significant difference in childhood asthma incidence (RR 0.42, 95% CI 0.14, 1,26) and childhood rhinitis incidence (RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.04, 5.03). Vandenplas 1992 reported a significant reduction in infant CMA (RR 0.36, 95% CI 0.15, 0.89).
COMPARISON 11: PROLONGED FEEDING: HYDROLYSED FORMULA VERSUS COW'S
MILK FORMULA - ALLERGY / FOOD INTOLERANCE CONFIRMED BY TEST
Most studies documented clinical allergy and results of confirmatory
testing for allergy or atopy separately. Of studies that confirmed atopy
in patients with clinical allergy, Vandenplas
1992 reported a significant reduction in infant atopy confirmed by
specific IgE (RR 0.45, 95% CI 0.22, 0.94). There were no infants with atopic
rhinitis in one study (Oldaeus 1997) or atopic
eczema in another (Chirico 1997). Oldaeus
1997 (141 infants) reported no significant difference in infant food
allergy confirmed by specific IgE (RR 1.82, 95% CI 0.64, 5.16). Vandenplas
1992 reported a significant reduction in infant CMA confirmed by specific
IgE (RR 0.36, 95% CI 0.15, 0.89). Oldaeus 1997
reported no significant difference in infant food intolerance confirmed
by DBPCFC (RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.07, 3.33).
COMPARISON 12: PROLONGED FEEDING: HYDROLYSED FORMULA VERSUS COW'S
MILK FORMULA - BLINDED MEASUREMENT
Assessment for allergy without knowledge of patient allocation was
reported by 5 studies (Halken 2000; Nentwich
2001; Oldaeus 1997; Vandenplas
1992; von Berg 2003). Meta-analysis (three
studies, 2156 infants) found no significant difference in infant allergy
(typical RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.69, 1.08). von Berg
2003 (872 infants) reported no significant difference in childhood
allergy incidence (RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.73, 1.14). Oldaeus
1997 (141 infants) reported no significant difference in infant asthma
(RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.17, 1.42) and von Berg 2003
(872 infants) reported no significant difference in childhood asthma prevalence
(RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.70, 1.61). Meta-analysis of three studies (2124 infants)
found no significant difference in infant eczema (typical RR 0.88, 95%
CI 0.69, 1.14). von Berg 2003 (872 infants)
reported no significant difference in childhood eczema incidence (RR 0.88,
95% CI 0.66, 1.18) or prevalence (RR 0.66, 95% CI 0.43, 1.02). Oldaeus
1997 (141 infants) reported no significant difference in infant rhinitis
(RR 1.47, 95% CI 0.06, 35.37) or infant food allergy (RR 1.82, 95% CI 0.64,
5.16). Vandenplas 1992 (67 infants) reported
a significant reduction in infant CMA (RR 0.36, 95% CI 0.15, 0.89).
COMPARISON 13: PROLONGED FEEDING: HYDROLYSED FORMULA VERSUS COW'S
MILK FORMULA - STUDIES OF ADEQUATE METHODOLOGY
Maggio 2005; Oldaeus
1997; Szajewska 2001 and Tsai
1991 studied prolonged feeding of a hydrolysed formula compared to
an adapted cow's milk formula with no co-interventions and are included
in the sensitivity analysis of studies of adequate methodology (adequate
randomisation and allocation concealment and < 10% losses to follow
up). Oldaeus 1997 (141 infants) reported no
significant difference in infant allergy (RR 1.13, 95% CI 0.69, 1.85).
Meta-analysis of two studies (Oldaeus 1997;
Tsai 1991) with 174 infants found no significant
difference in infant asthma (typical RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.23, 1,38), infant
eczema (typical RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.68, 1.65) or infant rhinitis (typical
RR 0.40, 95% CI 0.09, 1.70). Oldaeus 1997 reported
no significant difference in infant food allergy (RR 1.82, 95% CI 0.64,
5.16).
Meta-analysis of two studies (Maggio 2005; Szajewska 2001) comparing preterm infant formulas found a significant reduction in weight gain (WMD weight gain -2.43 g/kg/day, 95% CI -4.53, -0.34) for infants on hydrolysed preterm infant formula.
COMPARISON 14: PROLONGED FEEDING: PARTIALLY HYDROLYSED WHEY FORMULA
VERSUS COW'S MILK FORMULA
Meta-analysis (six studies, 1391 infants) found a significant reduction
in infant allergy (typical RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.59, 0.90). Meta-analysis (two
studies, 510 infants) found no significant difference in childhood allergy
incidence (typical RR 0.68, 95% CI 0.31, 1.52). Significant (p = 0.04)
and substantial (I2 = 75.2%) heterogeneity was found. Meta-analysis
(three studies, 177 infants) found no significant difference in infant
asthma (typical RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.29, 1.28). Marini
1996 (78 infants) reported no significant difference in childhood asthma
incidence (typical RR 0.38, 95% CI 0.08, 1.84). von
Berg 2003 (432 infants) reported no significant difference in childhood
allergy prevalence (typical RR 1.15, 95% CI 0.70, 1.88). Meta-analysis
(six studies, 1270 infants) found no significant difference in infant eczema
(typical RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.65, 1.09). Meta-analysis (two studies, 510 infants)
found no significant difference in childhood eczema incidence (typical
RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.61, 1.19). von Berg 2003
(432 infants) reported no significant difference in childhood allergy incidence
(typical RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.41, 1.22). Meta-analysis (2 studies 115 infants)
found no significant difference in infant rhinitis (typical RR 0.4, 95%
CI 0.09,1.70) and Marini 1996 reported no significant
difference in childhood rhinitis incidence (typical RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.04,5.03).
Vandenplas 1992 reported a significant reduction
in infant CMA (RR 0.36, 95% CI 0.15, 0.89). Meta-analysis of two studies,
46 infants (Picaud 2001, Szajewska
2001) comparing preterm infant formulas found no significant difference
in weight gain (WMD weight gain -1.15 g/kg/day, 95% CI -2.9, 0.60) for
infants on hydrolysed preterm infant formula.
COMPARISON 15: PROLONGED FEEDING: PARTIALLY HYDROLYSED CASEIN CONTAINING
FORMULA VERSUS COW'S MILK FORMULA
Oldaeus 1997 (91 infants) reported no significant
difference in infant allergy (RR 1.36, 95% CI 0.80, 2.31), infant asthma
(RR 0.34, 95% CI 0.07, 1.60), infant eczema (RR 1.30, 95% CI 0.66, 2.55)
and infant food allergy (RR 2.56, 95% CI 0.86, 7.56). No infant was reported
with rhinitis. Szajewska 2001 (30 infants)
reported no significant difference in weight gain (MD weight gain -1.32
g/kg/day, 95% CI -4.83, 2.19) for infants on a partially hydrolysed casein
containing preterm infant formula.
COMPARISON 16: PROLONGED FEEDING: EXTENSIVELY HYDROLYSED WHEY FORMULA
VERSUS COW'S MILK FORMULA
von Berg 2003 (972 infants) reported no
significant difference in infant allergy (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.71, 1.34) and
(431 infants) childhood allergy incidence (RR 1.07, 95% CI 0.82, 1.38).
von Berg 2003 (431 infants) reported no significant
difference in childhood asthma prevalence (RR 1.19, 95% CI 0.73, 1.94),
infant eczema (972 infants, RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.72, 1.40), childhood eczema
incidence (431 infants, RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.75, 1.49) and childhood eczema
prevalence (431 infants, RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.46, 1.33).
COMPARISON 17: PROLONGED FEEDING: EXTENSIVELY HYDROLYSED CASEIN CONTAINING
FORMULA VERSUS COW'S MILK FORMULA
Meta-analysis (two studies, 1072 infants) found no significant difference
in infant allergy (typical RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.58, 1.06). von
Berg 2003 (431 infants) reported a significant reduction in childhood
allergy incidence (RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.53, 0.97). Oldaeus
1997 (96 infants) reported no significant difference in infant asthma
(RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.18, 2.04) and von Berg 2003
(431 infants) reported no significant difference in childhood asthma prevalence
(RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.49, 1.45). Meta-analysis (three studies, 1237 infants)
found a significant reduction in infant eczema (typical RR 0.71, 95% CI
0.51, 0.97). von Berg 2003 reported a significant
reduction in childhood eczema incidence (RR 0.66, 95% CI 0.44, 0.98) and
prevalence (RR 0.50, 95% CI 0.27, 0.92). Oldaeus
1997 (96 infants) reported no significant difference in infant rhinitis
(RR 2.76, 95% CI 0.12, 66.22) and infant food allergy (RR 1.15, 95% CI
0,33, 4.02). Szajewska 2001 (30 infants)
reported no significant difference in weight gain (MD weight gain -2.02
g/kg/day, 95% CI -5.76, -1.72) for infants on an extensively hydrolysed
casein containing preterm infant formula.
ADVERSE EFFECTS OF HYDROLYSED FORMULAS
No study reported mortality or serious adverse events. No study reported
neurodevelopment outcomes. All studies provided the infant formulas used
in the study so data for the effect of infant formula cost on compliance
is not available. No study reported a cost analysis of using a hydrolysed
infant formula. Growth was reported by seven studies with four studies
reporting growth in high risk infants (Mallet 1992;
Marini 1996; Nentwich
2001; Tsai 1991) and five studies reporting
growth in low risk infants (Maggio 2005; Picaud
2001; Szajewska 2001; Vandenplas
1993), with three of these studies (Maggio 2005;
Picaud 2001; Szajewska
2001) enrolling low birthweight or preterm infants. Reports of growth
and infant refusal of hydrolysed formula are summarised below.
Mallet 1992 reported a significantly reduced mean weight gain at four months but not 12 months in infants receiving an extensively hydrolysed formula compared to an adapted cow's milk formula (4 months: hydrolysed formula group 3060 g; adapted cow's milk formula 3290 g, p < 0.05). No difference in head circumference or length was found (data not given).
Marini 1996 reported no significant differences in weights or lengths at six months, one and three years or head circumferences at six months and one year for infants fed sole or supplemental partially hydrolysed formula versus adapted cow's milk formula.
Nentwich 2001 reported no significant difference in weights of infants (data not given) up to 12 months in infants fed a partially or extensively hydrolysed formula.
Picaud 2001 reported preterm infants fed a partially hydrolysed whey cow's milk formula were significantly lighter than infants fed an isocaloric adapted whey cow's milk formula (3193 +/- 384 g versus 3559 +/- 362 g, p = 0.04). The partially hydrolysed cow's milk formula had slightly lower nitrogen content.
Szajewska 2001 studied low birth weight infants at low risk of allergy and reported no significant difference in weight gain over the first 12 weeks comparing infants on a partially hydrolysed formula versus an adapted cow's milk formula (MD weight gain -2.02 g/day, 95% CI -5.76, 1.72), infants on an extensively hydrolysed formula compared to an adapted cow's milk formula (MD weight gain -0.70 g/day, 95% CI -4.57, 3.17) or infants on an extensively hydrolysed formula compared to a partially hydrolysed formula (MD weight gain -0.70 g/day, 95% CI -4.57, 3.17).
Tsai 1991 reported no significant difference in weight or height at 6 and 12 months in infants fed prolonged supplementary or sole hydrolysed formula versus a cow's milk formula (12 months weight: 9.91 kg SD 0.82 versus 9.74 kg SD 0.88; height 73.6 cm SD 3.7 versus 75.5 cm SD 4.0).
Vandenplas 1993 reported no significant
difference in weight gain up to 13 weeks in healthy term infants fed prolonged
sole 'intermediate' hydrolysed formula versus cow's milk formula (weight
gain 27.2 g/day both groups).
Nentwich 2001 at six months reported two 'dropouts' from the partially hydrolysed group due to "parental non-compliance' and one from the extensively hydrolysed formula group due to "poor acceptance of the hydrolysed formula".
Oldaeus 1997 reported "infant feeding problems" in three infants fed an extensively hydrolysed formula, six fed a partially hydrolysed formula and two fed an adapted cow's milk formula.
Vandenplas 1993 reported 4/25 infants
fed an 'intermediate' hydrolysed formula with "refusal to drink" and 0/21
fed an adapted cow's milk formula.
Meta-analysis of seven trials reporting 2514 infants found a significant reduction in infant allergy from use of a hydrolysed formula compared to a cow's milk formula in infants at high risk of allergy. Hydrolysed infant formula would need to be given to 25 infants (95% CI 12.5, 100) to prevent one infant developing allergy. This effect was no longer significant when allergy was measured after two years of age. These findings should be viewed with caution. Infant and childhood allergy had different definitions, timing of measurement and methods for measurement from study to study. Most studies were small or had methodological limitations with benefits not persisting when analysis was restricted to trials with blinding of measurement to study formula or to studies of adequate methodology. There was no significant difference in incidence of childhood allergy. Only one small study (Vandenplas 1992) reported a significant reduction in a specific allergy (CMA). Another trial (Oldaeus 1997) reported no significant difference in food allergy. There was no significant difference incidence of infant or childhood asthma, eczema or rhinitis. Several subgroup analyses were performed to determine if effects of hydrolysed formula varied according to intensity of exposure to cow's milk, method of allergy measurement and study quality.
Subgroup analysis of studies of sole formula feeding found a significant reduction in infant allergy (five studies, 425 infants), childhood allergy (one study, 78 infants) and infant CMA (one study, 67 infants), but no significant difference in infant or childhood asthma or eczema and childhood rhinitis. Subgroup analysis of studies where there was blinding to study formula for measurement of allergy and food intolerance, found no significant difference in infant or childhood allergy, asthma, eczema, rhinitis or food intolerance. Few studies reported testing for atopy using skin prick tests or specific IgE, food intolerance using DBPCFC, or bronchial hyperresponsiveness separately in infants with clinical symptoms of allergy or food intolerance. Tests were frequently performed on all enrolled infants and reported irrespective of symptomatology. This review focused on reports of probable or obvious allergy and food intolerance. Where atopy was confirmed by testing, the review focused on symptomatic infants only. Subgroup analysis of studies confirming allergy or food intolerance by testing, found only one study (Vandenplas 1992) reported a significant reduction in infant allergy and CMA. Subgroup analysis of studies of adequate methodology (adequate randomisation, allocation concealment and < 10% losses) found no significant difference in infant allergy, asthma, eczema, rhinitis or food allergy.
Further subgroup analyses were performed to determine if there were differences in effects between different types of hydrolysed formulas. Subgroup analysis comparing partially hydrolysed infant formulas with cow's milk formula found a significant reduction in infant allergy (six studies, 1391 infants), but no significant difference in childhood allergy (two studies, 510 infants), infant or childhood asthma, eczema or rhinitis. Vandenplas 1992 reported a reduction in infant CMA. Subgroup analysis comparing extensively hydrolysed infant formulas with partially hydrolysed formula found no significant difference in infant or childhood allergy, asthma or eczema, infant rhinitis or CMA. However, meta-analysis of two studies (Halken 2000; Oldaeus 1997) with 341 infants found a significant reduction in food allergy in infants receiving an extensively hydrolysed formula.
Additional subgroup analyses were performed to determine if there were differences in effects between different types of hydrolysed protein (100% whey or casein containing formulas). Most trials of partially hydrolysed formulas used partially hydrolysed 100% whey formula with analyses finding a significant reduction in infant allergy (six studies, 1391 infants), but no significant difference in childhood allergy (two studies, 510 infants), infant or childhood asthma, eczema or rhinitis. Again, Vandenplas 1992 was the only study to report CMA. Only one small trial (Oldaeus 1997) with 91 infants compared a partially hydrolysed casein formula with a cow's milk formula with no benefits reported. von Berg 2003 in 972 infants compared feeding with an extensively hydrolysed whey formula to a cow's milk formula and reported no significant difference in infant or child allergy and eczema, or childhood asthma. Three trials with 1237 infants compared feeding with an extensively hydrolysed casein containing formula to a cow's milk formula. One of these trials (von Berg 2003) reported a significant reduction in childhood allergy due largely to a reduction in infant and childhood eczema. Meta-analysis of two trials found no significant difference in infant allergy, but meta-analysis of three trials found a significant reduction in infant eczema. This finding is predominately due to the large von Berg 2003 study. These results should be viewed with caution given the losses to follow up at one and three years and the fact that no other eligible trial has demonstrated a significant benefit from use of an extensively hydrolysed formula. This large trial was conducted in a population of breast fed infants where formula was used as supplemental or sole formula feeding in those infants unable to fully breast feed. Under 60% of infants in the standard formula group were exposed to cow's milk formula, reducing the power of this study to detect an important difference in outcomes.
No trial without differential allergy preventing co-interventions reported use of a hydrolysed soy formula. Further trials are required to determine the role of hydrolysed soy formulas for allergy prevention in high risk infants.
Costs were not reported by any of the included studies. As the studies mostly provided the infant formulas, the effect of cost on compliance with treatment is not able to be determined. As no study prespecified or systematically measured infant acceptance of the formulas, the effect of formula on infant food refusal is not able to be determined. No study reported any adverse effect of hydrolysed formula on infant growth in term infants. However, there is consistent evidence that growth in weight, but not head circumference or length, of preterm or low birthweight infants fed a preterm hydrolysed formulas is significantly reduced. This is despite one study (Maggio 2005) comparing formulas that were isocaloric for protein, carbohydrate and fat. Whether this is of clinical importance is unclear given that formula intake can be adjusted according to growth parameters. None of the eligible studies reported neurodevelopmental or other health outcomes.
Given the limitations to the evidence supporting the use of hydrolysed
formulas, further large well conducted trials with adequate randomisation
procedures, blinding of intervention and complete follow up incorporating
objective measures of allergy and food intolerance are needed. Given the
findings of this review relating to potential benefits from partially hydrolysed
100% whey formulas and extensively hydrolysed casein formula, these trials
should address the question of whether these formula types are better than
cow's milk formula for prevention of allergy or food intolerance in high
risk infants.
Study | Methods | Participants | Interventions | Outcomes | Notes | Allocation concealment |
Chirico 1997 | Adequate randomisation: yes, postnatal randomisation, sealed envelopes
used.
Allocation concealment: yes. Blinding of intervention: not reported. Blinding of measurement: yes for laboratory measurement, not reported for clinical allergy. Losses to follow up: unclear, numbers of enrolled infants not reported. Only infants who received 6 months of allocated formula analysed. |
Infants of mothers with atopy (rhinitis, asthma, eczema or food intolerance) who "could not breast feed". | 1. (n = 21) Partially hydrolysed cow's milk whey formula (Vivena HA-Primigiorni
HA).
2. (n = 14) Cow's milk formula (brand not reported). Co-interventions: (in all 'at risk infants') - avoidance of passive smoking, exposure to pets and mites, avoidance of nurseries and delayed weaning to 6 months age. |
Primary outcome(s): immunogenicity and antigenicity of partially hydrolysed
whey formula in at risk infants including RAST for milk and egg proteins,
total and specific IgE and specific IgG and IgG4 subclass antibodies.
Other outcomes: Eczema: pruritic, chronic or chronic relapsing dermatitis. Follow up to 6 months (infant eczema incidence). |
Losses unclear. Groups unequal.
Trial of sole, prolonged partially hydrolysed whey cow's milk formula and environmental allergen avoidance versus adapted cow's milk formula. Conflict of interest: none reported. |
A |
de Seta 1994 | Adequate randomisation: yes, postnatal randomisation of infants, method
not reported.
Allocation concealment: unclear. Blinding of intervention: not reported. Blinding of measurement: not reported. Losses to follow up: none reported. |
Infants with at least one 1st degree relative with allergy. Where history in doubt, skin prick tests or RAST performed. | 1. (n = 23) Partially hydrolysed whey formula (Nidina-HA, Nestle).
2. (n = 39) Adapted cow's milk formula (Nidina, Nestle). Co-interventions: none reported. Formula only to 6 months, then 'normal' diet. |
Primary outcome(s): allergic disease at 6 and 24 months (infant allergy).
Other outcomes: physician clinical examination and/or telephone contact to determine incidence of allergic disease. CMPI, eczema and asthma diagnosed clinically according to standard criteria. |
Trial of sole prolonged partially hydrolysed whey formula versus adapted
cow's milk formula.
Group sizes unequal. Conflict of interest: none reported. |
B |
Halken 2000 | Adequate randomisation: no, quasi-random. Postnatal allocation by date
of birth.
Allocation concealment: unclear. Blinding of intervention: yes, used formula tins labelled 'A, B or C'. Blinding of measurement: yes. Losses to follow up: yes, unclear as to exact numbers in each group not completing study. Of inital population of 595 infants, 92% were included in study and 80% completed follow up. Reasons for losses included parental refusal (19), received other formula in 1st days (23), 'dropped out' (36), not seen at 18 months, did not fulfill inclusion criteria (4) and non-compliance (32). |
Infants with biparental atopy or uniparental atopy and cord IgE>=0.3kU/l. | Supplemental or sole formula feeding with:
1. (n = 79) Extensively hydrolysed casein formula (Nutramigen). 2. (n = 82) Extensively hydrolysed whey formula (Profylac). 3. (n = 85) Partially hydrolysed whey formula (NAN-HA). Recommended duration of feeding: 4 months. Co-interventions (all infants): delay solids and cow's milk to 4 months, avoid smoke, pets, damp housing. |
Primary outcome(s): allergy.
Other outcomes: physician examination at 6, 12 and 18 months (infant allergy). Definitions: Any atopy: symptoms of asthma, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis or at least 2 episodes of allergic urticaria. Asthma: clinican diagnosed, >=3 episodes recurrent wheezing needing bronchodilators. Atopic dermatitis: physical examination. >= 3 months duration. Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis: >= 1 months or recurrent symptoms. Food allergy: confirmed by unblinded elimination/challenge. CMA/CMPI: confirmed by unblinded elimination / challenge, and exclusion of lactose intolerance and infection. |
Trial of supplemental or sole partially hydrolysed whey formula versus
extensively hydrolysed casein formula versus extensively hydrolysed whey
formula in high risk infants.
Control group of non-randomly allocated breast fed infants not included in analysis. Conflict of interest: funded by the Danish Dairy Foundation. Companies provided formula and funding. |
B |
Juvonen 1996 | Adequate randomisation: no, quasi-random, infants allocated according
to day of month.
Allocation concealment: inadequate. Blinding of intervention: not reported. Blinding of measurement: not reported. Losses to follow up: yes, 14/130 lost for initial report (up to 4 months), 129 (90%) reported to 3 years. |
144 healthy term infants of pregnant mother volunteers. 62% had family history of atopy. | Early sole feeding for 3 days. Subsequently, all infants exclusively
breast fed.
1. (n = 53) Pasteurised human milk feeds from milk bank. 2. (n = 38) Casein extensively hydrolysed formula (Nutramigen). 3. (n = 39) Cow's milk formula (Baby Semp). |
Primary outcome(s): macromolecular absorption, antibody production
and allergic symptoms.
Other outcomes: serum IgE at 4 days, 8months, 1 and 2 years, skin prick test at 1 and 2 years, and clinical allergy to 3 years (child allergy incidence). Criteria for allergy diagnosis not reported. |
Trial of early (1st 3 days) sole human milk versus adapted cow's milk
formula versus extensively hydrolysed casein formula.
Group numbers unequal. Use of volunteers meant possible selection of high risk infants. Conflict of interest: unclear, work supported by several foundations, affiliations not reported. |
C |
Lam 1992 | Adequate randomisation: reported 'double blind randomisation', method
not reported.
Allocation concealment: unclear. Blinding of intervention: not reported. Blinding of measurement: not reported. Losses to follow up: yes, 8/100 (8%) - 6 in hydrolysed formula group and 2 in cow's milk formula group. |
Infants not breast fed or stopped breast feeding in 1st 2 weeks.
'High risk infants' but criteria not reported. |
Allocated to either:
Treatment (n=50): partially hydrolysed whey formula (Nan HA, Nestle), or Control (n=50): adapted cow's milk formula (Nan, Nestle). Co-interventions: none reported. Solids withheld for 6 months. |
Primary outcome(s): allergic manifestations in 1st 6 months.
Other outcomes: growth parameters in 1st 6 months. Definitions: Atopic symptoms included colic, respiratory atopy (wheeze and rhinitis) and skin atopy (eczema and urticaria). Eczema not defined. |
Internal report of Nestle. Data not published. Numbers of infants with
atopic manifestations at 6 months converted from percentages.
Trial of prolonged feeding in infants at high risk of allergy with partially hydrolysed whey formula versus adapted cow's milk formula. |
B |
Maggio 2005 | Adequate randomisation: yes, permutated blocks of 4, sealed in opaque
envelopes, statified by gestation (<30 or >=30 weeks).
Allocation concealment: yes. Blinding of intervention: yes, "identical in colour and smell", tins colour coded. Blinding of measurement: yes. Losses to follow up: none. |
Preterm infants birthweight <=1750g and gestaton <=34 weeks.
Not selected on basis of risk of atopy.
Exclusions: major congenital malformations, intrauterine growth retardation, infection or major clinical problems. |
After establishing full enteral feeds, preterm infants randomly allocated
to formula indentical in calories and protein, carbohydrate and fat content,
either:
Treatment (n=10): hydrolysed cow's milk derived 100% whey preterm formula (Humana GmbH, Herford Germany), or Control (n=11): cow's milk derived preterm formula with whey : casein ratio 51:49 (Humana GmbH, Herford Germany). Co-interventions. none. |
Primary outcome(s): short term (4 weeks) growth and plasma and urinary
amino acids.
Other outcomes: Atopy not reported. Definitions: N/A. |
Supported by Humana Italia S.p.A, Milano and Humana, Germany.
Extent of formula hydrolysis not reported. Trial of prolonged feeding with partially hydrolysed cow's milk whey formula versus adapted cow's milk formula in preterm infants at low risk of allergy. |
A |
Mallet 1992 | Adequate randomisation: yes, infants randomised postnatally, method
not reported.
Allocation concealment: unclear. Blinding of intervention: no. Blinding of measurement: no. Losses to follow up: yes, hydrolysed formula group (n = 92): 5 (5%) at 4 months, 21 (23%) at 1 year, 14 (15%) at 2 years, 22 (24%) at 4 years. Cow's milk formula group (n = 85): 7 (8%) at 4 months, 32 (38%) at 1 year, 24 (28%) at 2 years and 31 (36%) at 4 years. |
177 infants with immediate family history of allergy. Allergy score used. | Sole or supplementary formula feeding for at least 4 months with:
1. (n = 92) Extensively hydrolysed casein formula (Pregestemil, Mead Johnson). 2. (n = 85) Adapted cow's milk formula (Galliazyme, Gallia, France). No co-interventions. |
Primary outcome(s): allergy.
Other outcomes: clinician assessment for allergy. Eczema and IgE assessed at 4 months, eczema, asthma and CMA assessed at 1, 2 and 4 years. Definitions: Atopic eczema: graded as mild (<4 patches), moderate or severe. Asthmatic bronchitis: grade 1 (2-4 occurences per year) and grade 2 (>4 per year). CMA: confirmed by type 1 reaginic allergy (specific IgE RAST) or malabsorption. Also reported weight at 4 months. |
Excess losses at all time periods except 4 months (infant allergy incidence).
Trial of supplemental or sole extensively hydolysed caasein formula versus
adapted cow's milk formula.
Only 4 months results included (infant allergy incidence). Conflict of interest: Mead Johnson and Gallia supplied formula. |
B |
Marini 1996 | Adequate randomisation: yes, postnatal allocation of infants, method
not reported.
Allocation concealment: yes. Blinding of intervention: no. Blinding of measurement: no. Losses to follow up: yes, hydrolysed group losses 5 (10%) at 1 year, 6 (13%) at 2 years and 8 (17%) at 3 years. Cow's milk group 6 (13%) at 1 year, 7 (15%) at 2 years and 9 (19%) at 3 years. |
Maternal questionnaire used to identify infants with well-defined family history of allergy in either parent. | Infants randomised were those whose mothers did not wish to breastfeed
or had insufficient milk.
1. (n = 48) 'Moderately' hydrolysed formula (Nidina HA, Nestle). 2. (n = 47) Adapted cow's milk formula (Nan, Nestle). Formula feeding advised to 5 months. Co-interventions (both groups): Maternal cow's milk and food avoidance measures for breastfeeding mothers. For infants, cow's milk and allergenic foods avoided to 1 year. Advice given to modify environmental exposure (smoking, pets, carpets, avoiding infant community care to 2 years). |
Primary outcome(s): allergic manifestations and nutritional adequacy
of formula.
Other outcomes: weight, length and head circumference at 6 months, 1 and 3 years. Physician diagnosed allergy. Definitions: Atopic dermatitis: typical rash in at least 2 areas. Recurrent wheezing: >= 3 episodes and phsyician diagnosed. Recurrent urticaria: >=2 episodes after exposure to particular antigen. Gastrointestinal symptoms: vomiting and/or diarrhoea after exclusion of infection and lactose intolerance, not confirmed by blinded elimination/challenge Allergic rhinitis: >= 3 weeks rhinorrhoea. RAST and skin prick tests also performed in affected individuals. Follow up performed at 1, 2 (infant allergy) and 3 years (child allergy). Weight, length and head circumference measured at 6 months, 1 year and 3 years. |
Trial of prolonged supplemental or sole 'moderately' hydrolysed whey
formula versus adapted cow's milk formula feeding in high risk infants.
Co-interventions in both groups. Conflict of interest: none reported. |
A |
Nentwich 2001 | Adequate randomisation: no, quasi-random - prenatal randomisation by
odd and even numbers.
Allocation concealment: no, postnatal allocation to formula if unable to fully breast feed. Blinding of intervention: no, paediatrician prescribing treatment aware of allocation. Formula not blinded. Blinding of measurement: yes, second paediatrician unaware of allocation. Losses to follow up: yes, 1/73 (1%) post randomisation loss. 13/72 (18%) not fed hydrolysed formula and reported in separate group. |
Pregnant women who themselves, husbands or children attended an allergology or dermatology outpatient clinic (ie family history of atopy in 1st degree relative). | Mothers encouraged to breast feed for at least 6 months, avoid cow's
milk and highly allergenic foods. Allocated sole or supplemental formula
if unable to solely breast feed according to prenatal treatment allocation.
1. (n = 37) Partially hydrolysed whey cow's milk formula (Beba HA, Nestle, Denmark). 2. (n = 35) Extensively hydrolysed whey cow's milk formula (Hipp HA, Hipp GnbH, Gmunden, Austria). Co-interventions: all mothers encouraged to breast feed for 6 months, avoid cow's milk for first 6 months, introduce solids after 6 months and delay allergenic foods to after 12 months. At 6 months: 24/37 fed partially hydrolysed formula and 21/35 fed extensively hydrolysed formula. At 12 months, 31/37 fed partially hydrolysed formula and 28/35 extensively hydrolysed formula. |
Primary outcome(s): Antigen-specific reactivity of mononuclear cells
to cow's milk protein; cow's milk specific IgE and IgG; atopic skin symptoms.
Other outcomes: symptom diaries kept. Blinded paediatrician assessment for atopic dermatitis. Reported weights up to 12 months (data not given). Definitions: Atopic dermatitis: typical rash in at least 2 locations relapsing for at least 3 months duration. Standardised score used (SCORAD). Allergy reported at 6 and 12 months (infant allergy). |
Trial of sole or supplemental feeding partially hydrolysed whey formula versus extensively hydrolysed whey formula in high risk infants unable to be completely breast fed in first 6 months. Supported by research grants. The "study done independently of infant food companies". | C |
Oldaeus 1997 | Adequate randomisation: yes, stratified by age at weaning. Infants
randomised when weaning commenced.
Allocation concealment: yes. Blinding of intervention: yes, identical coded tins used for extensively and partially hydrolysed formulas; no blinding of cow's milk formula tin. Blinding of measurement: yes. Losses to follow up: yes, 14/155 post randomisation losses (9%) at 18 months. |
Term newborn infants with 2 allergic family members or one allergic
family member and cord IgE >= 0.5U/l.
Mean age of weaning between 3 and 4 months. |
In infants weaning from the breast:
1. (n = 55) Extensively hydrolysed casein formula (Nutramigen, Mead Johnson). 2. (n = 51) Partially hydrolysed formula whey : casein ratio 60:40 (Mead Johnson). 3. (n = 49) Cow's milk formula (Enfamil, Mead Johnson). Co-interventions: both groups advised to not smoke and avoid pets. Solids introduced after 4 months. Avoidance of cow's milk, eggs, fish and citrus to after 9 months. |
Primary outcome(s): atopic and allergic disease at 18 months (infant
allergy incidence).
Other outcomes: nurse examination at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 months and doctor visit at 18 months. Skin prick tests at each visit and specific IgE RAST at 9, 12, 18 months. Definitions: Atopic dermatitis: standard scoring system used. Food reactions: double blind placebo controlled challenges for formula milk reactions. Asthma: recurrent wheeze with doctor confirmation. Allergic rhinitis: doctor verified and allergen sensitisation proved. Gastrointestinal allergy: positive unblinded oral challenge to food infant sensitised to. |
Trial of extensively hydrolysed versus partially hydrolysed versus
cow's milk formula for weaning high risk infants.
Conflict of interest: co-investigator from formula company. Formula supplied by Mead Johnson. Study supported by Bristol-Meyers inc. |
A |
Picaud 2001 | Adequate randomisation: yes, method not reported, used opaque sealed
envelopes.
Allocation concealment: adequate. Blinding of intervention: yes. Blinding of measurement: not reported. Losses to follow up: yes, 2/18 (11%) withdrawn after randomisation. |
Birthweight <1500g, age <=15days at start of enteral feeding
and exclusive formula feeding. Not selected on basis of risk of atopy.
Exclusion criteria: breast feeding, diabetic mother, intrauterine growth retardation, major congenital abnormality or infection or major clinical problem. |
Randomised to isocaloric trial formulas until term corrected age:
Treatment (n=9): partially hydrolysed preterm whey formula (Nutrition Laboratory in Liege), Control (n=7); standard preterm cow's milk whey formula (Nutrition Laboratory in Liege). Co-interventions: none. |
Primary outcome(s): nitrogen, amino acid and mineral balances.
Other outcomes: Clinical tolerance and growth. Definitions: N/A. |
Sponsored by Nestle Company (Switzerland and France).
Partially hydrolysed formula had slightly lower nitrogen and higher calcium content. Trial of prolonged use of partially hydrolysed preterm whey formula versus preterm cow's milk formula in preterm infants. |
A |
Saarinen 1999 | Three hospital study.
Adequate randomisation: no, quasi-random allocation by month of birth and hospital born. Allocation concealment: unclear, possible if blinding maintained. Blinding of intervention: yes, colour coded bottles used. Blinding of measurement: yes. Losses to follow up: unclear. 6209/6267 (99%) of eligible mothers returned baseline questionnaire. Mothers were asked to call author if symptoms of CMA appeared. Compliance not assessed. Diary of infant-feeding regimen returned by 118/118 mothers of infants subsequently found to be hypersensitive to CM and 76% CM tolerant infants. |
Healthy full term infants requiring supplemental feeding in hospital. | Early supplementary feeding in hospital with:
1. (n = 1758) Cow's milk formula (Tutteli, Vali, Finland). 2. (n = 1844) Pasteurised donor human milk. 3. (n = 1715) Extensively hydrolysed whey formula (Pepti-Junior, Nutricia, Netherlands). Average duration hospital stay 4 days. Mothers encouraged to breast feed. Supplemental cow's milk formula used after discharge where required. Solids introduced at 4-6 months. No co-interventions. |
Primary outcome(s): CMA.
Other outcomes: CMA - mothers contacted researchers if symptoms suggestive of CMA appeared. Well baby clinics also informed of study (all infants seen average 8 times in 1st 12 months). Definition: CMA: unblinded elimination / challenge performed. Mean age follow up 27 months (range 18-34 months) (infant allergy). |
Trial of early supplemental human milk versus extensively hydrolysed
whey formula versus cow's milk formula.
Potential ascertainment bias as compliance with reporting not assessed. Conflict of interest: supported by Nutricia. |
B |
Szajewska 2001 | Adequate randomisation: yes, method not reported.
Allocation concealment: adequate. Blinding of intervention: yes, powdered formulas provided with identical packaging and reconstitution instructions. Blinding of measurement: yes. Losses to follow up: none. |
Inclusion criteria: Low birthweight infants (<2000g), appropriate for gestational age, tolerance of at least 150mls/kg/day full enteral feeds, no obvious disease or congenital abnormality. | Preterm infants fed preterm formula from tolerating full enteral feeds
for 12 weeks.
1. (n = 16) Extensively hydrolysed preterm formula, whey : casein ratio 60:40 (Nutricia, Holland). Per 100 mls provided 2.4g protein and 522 kcal energy. 2. (n = 15) Partially hydrolysed preterm formula, whey : casein ratio 60:40 (Nutricia, Holland). Per 100 mls provided 2.5g protein and 527 kcal energy. 3. (n = 15) Standard preterm formula, whey : casein ratio 60:40 (Nutricia, Holland). Per 100 mls provided 2.2 g protein and 520 kcal energy. No co-interventions. |
Primary outcomes: growth, indices of protein metabolism and plasma
amino acid profiles in preterm infants followed for 3 months.
Other outcomes: allergy not reported. Growth in weight, length and head circumference reported to 12 weeks. numerical data not given for growth in length or head circumference. |
Trial of sole extensively hydrolysed whey/casein preterm formula versus
partially hydrolysed whey casein preterm formula versus standard whey/casein
preterm formula in preterm infants at low risk of allergy.
Supported by research grant from Ovita Nutricia Research Foundation. |
A |
Tsai 1991 | Adequate randomisation: yes, infants randomised postnatally, method
not reported.
Allocation concealment: adequate. Blinding of intervention: no, one group breastfed initially. Blinding of measurement: not reported. Losses to follow up: crossover of 3 infants from hydrolysed to cow's milk formula group (unclear which reported outcomes this affected). |
Healthy term infants. Family History of Allergy Score used. Infants with score >3 enrolled. | 1. (n = 15) Infants breast fed for 1-2 months then fed partially hydrolysed
formula for subsequent 4 months (Nan HA, Nestle). All except 2 infants
received formula.
2. (n = 18) Regular formula from birth. No co-interventions reported. |
Primary outcome(s): allergic diseases.
Other outcomes: seen at 1, 2, 4, 6, 12 months (infant allergy incidence) in well baby clinic. Total and specific IgE at 2, 6, 12 months. Skin prick tests in cases of suspected allergy. Growth in weight and height up to 12 months. Definitions: Atopic dermatitis: grading score used (mild: faint lesions on forehead or cheek without treatment; moderate and severe: lesions required treatment). Allergic rhinitis: typical symptoms in early morning. Wheezing: any. Weights and height reported at 6 and 12 months. |
Trial of prolonged supplementary or sole partially hydrolysed whey
formula versus cow's milk formula.
Data not reported in group of allocation for clinical allergy confirmed by skin prick testing, and possibly for growth. Conflict of interest: financial support and formula provided by ANPING Ltd. |
A |
Vandenplas 1992 | Adequate randomisation: yes, infants postnatally allocated, method
not reported.
Allocation concealment: yes. Blinding of intervention: yes, formulas coded. Blinding of measurement: yes. Losses to follow up: yes, at 12 months 8/75 (11%) post randomisation losses. At 3 and 5 years, 17/75 (23%) lost to follow up. |
Infants with at least two 1st degree relatives with allergy, whose mothers intended not to breast feed. | Exclusive formula feeding for 6 months with:
1. (n = 32) Whey partially hydolysed whey formual (Nan HA, Nestle). 2. (n = 35) Adapted cow's milk formula (Nan, Nestle). Co-interventions (both groups): grated apple from 4 months. 'Normal' diet after 6 months. |
Primary outcome(s): atopic disease.
Other outcomes: Blinded physician assessment for allergy monthly for 1st year of life. Total IgE, specific RAST, IgG4 antibodies, and skin prick tests. Definitions: Atopic dermatitis: at least 3 of 4 criteria including typical rash, recurrence or chronicity and specific IgE. Urticaria: no definition given. Allergic wheezing: cough without infection >= 24 hours. Chronic rhinitis: clear nasal discharge. CMPI: confirmed by unblinded elimination / challenge. Allergic diarrhoea: infection excluded. Infants with diarrhoea had jejunal biopsy performed. Follow up to 12 months (infant allergy incidence). |
Trial of prolonged sole partially hydrolysed whey formula versus cow's
milk formula in high risk infants.
3 and 5 year results excluded due to excess losses. Data for cummulative specific allergy manifestations up to 12 months not extractable separately. Conflict of interest: Nestle provided formula and performed statistical analysis. |
A |
Vandenplas 1993 | Adequate randomisation: yes, infants postnatally allocated, method
not reported.
Allocation concealment: adequate. Blinding of intervention: yes, although formulas different appearance and taste. Blinding of measurement: yes. Losses to follow up: yes, 4/45 (9%) infants (all hydrolysed formula group) lost due to refusal to drink formula. |
Healthy term newborn infants. Infants with family history of atopy excluded. | Exclusive formula feeding for 13 weeks of:
1. (n = 21) Whey 'intermediate' hydrolysed formula (Nutrilon Pepti, Nutricia). 2. (n = 20) Whey predominant cow's milk formula (Nutrilon Premium, Nutricia). No co-interventions. |
Primary outcome(s):nutritional value of formula.
Other outcomes: weight gain (g/day) and length gain birth to week 13. Full blood count indices, serum protein, albumin, urea, calcium and phosphorous, minerals and vitamins A and E. Plasma amino acid concentrations. Clinical allergy not reported. |
Trial of prolonged sole 'intermediate' hydrolysed whey formula versus
whey cow's milk formula in healthy term infants.
Growth data not extractable for tables. Included in text. Conflict of interest: Nutricia Belgium provided formula and assistance for statistical analysis. |
A |
von Berg 2003 | Adequate randomisation: yes, computer generated list stratified for
single or double parental atopy and study region.
Allocation concealment: adequate. Blinding of intervention: yes, used identically labelled tins. Blinding of measurement: yes. Losses to follow up: yes. In the intention to treat analyses for all study centres (Munich and Wesel) that included breast fed infants: at 1 year 304/2252 (13.5%) and 3 years 692/2254 (31%). In intention to treat analyses for Wesel only that included breast fed infants at 1 year 158/1078 (14.7%) and 3 years 206/1078 (19%). |
High risk of allergy healthy infants with at least one 1st degree family
member with allergy.
Exclusion criteria: severe aquired or congenital diseases, gestation <37 weeks, birth weight < 2500g, >14 days, intake cow's milk based formula before inclusion, incapability of parent to comply with study protocol. |
Mothers encouraged to breast feed for at least 4 months. Study formula
provided for when sole breast feeding no longer continued and provided
until infant 6 months age. Infants randomised to either:
1. Partially hydrolysed 100% whey formula (Beba HA, Nestle, Vevey, Switzerland); or 2. Extensively hydrolysed 100% whey formula (Hipp HA, Hipp, Pfaffenhofen, Germany), 3. Lactose-free, extensively hydrolysed 100% casein formula (Nutramigen, mead Johnson, Diezenbach, Germany), 4. Adapted cow's milk formula with casein : whey ratio 40:60 (Nutrilon Premium, Nutricia/Numico, Zoetermeer, Netherlands). Co-interventions: all groups received advice about breast feeding for at least 4 months, preferably 6, no dietry restrictions during lactation, not to feed solids during study period, thereafter to add one food a week and avoid common allergenic foods in 1st year. 58.4% of infants received study formula. |
Primary outcome(s): allergy.
Other outcomes: Allergy (atopic manifestations), asthma and eczema. Definitions: Allergy (atopic manifestations) diagnosed at 12 months (infant allergy) as atopic dermatitis, allergic urticaria or gastrointestinal food allergy. Atopic dermatitis: typical morphology and distribution of skin lesions; pruritus; chronicity (duration >=14 days, chronically relapsing, or both); confirmed on skin examination by a second specially trained allergologist; severity rated using the SCORAD method. Allergic urticaria: at least 2 episodes of itching eruptions or swelling with typical appearance, observed by the parents or a physician, were caused by the same allergen. In case of a single episode, immunologic evidence (specific skin prick test. or allergen-specific IgE level of >=0.35 KU/L or a positive provocation response). Gastrointestinal food allergy: suspected if gastrointestinal symptoms not explained by any other condition and if unblinded elimination challenge reproduced symptoms. Gastrointestinal allergy definite if a positive standardised elimination-challenge procedure. Double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge performed in cases of uncertain reactions. At 3 years, childhood allergy included atopic dermatitis, urticaria, food allergy with manifestation in the gastrointestinal tract, and asthma. Allergic asthma: diagnosed from parental report of either relevant symptoms (wheeze and/or cough without infection) or regular use of asthma-medication in the child's 3rd year of life. Asthma symptoms included: 1. wheezing or cough for at least 2 weeks (acute laryngotracheitis excluded); 2. exercise-induced wheeze or cough at any time (with crying laughing or activity); 3. three episodes of either wheezing or dry nighttime cough. |
Data of intention to treat analyses of all infants (including breast
fed infants) according to study centre provided by study authors.
Analyses meeting inclusion criteria for the review are the intention to treat analyses including breast fed infants for all study centres at 1 year and infants enrolled in Wesel for 3 year outcomes. Study supported by Federal Ministry for Education, Science, Research and Technoilogy and the Child Health Research Foundation. Formulas provided by Nestle, Hipp, Milupa, Numico, and Mead Johnson. Trial of prolonged breast feeding with supplemental or sole formula feeding when required comparing use of adapted cow's milk formula, partially hydrolysed whey formula, extensively hydrolysed whey formula and lactose free extensively hydrolysed casein formula. |
A |
Willems 1993 | Adequate randomisation: no, quasi-random - infants postnatally allocated
using month of birth.
Allocation concealment: inadequate. Blinding of intervention: no. Blinding of measurement: no. Losses to follow up: yes, 17/135 (13%) of high risk infants did not complete study. |
Infants not breast fed with a family history of allergy and cord IgE >=0.5IU/l. | Prolonged sole formula feeding with:
1. (n = 55) Adapted cow's milk formula. 2. (n = 67) Partially hydrolysed whey formula (Nan HA). Formula used for 1st 3 months, then unrestricted diet. No co-interventions. |
Primary outcome(s): allergy.
Other outcomes: paediatrician administered questionnaire at 3 months and 1 year for allergy (infant allergy incidence). Definitions: Allergy included eczema, asthma, recurrent episodes of bronchitis, perstent rhinitis, persistent gastrointestinal symptoms (excluding infection) and sleeping difficulties. No specific definitions given. |
High rate (45%) of non-compliance with formula.
Trial of prolonged sole partially hydrolysed whey formula versus adapted cow's milk formula in high risk infants. Conflict of interest: unclear, co-investigator from FNRS, Brussels. |
C |
Study | Reason for exclusion |
Agosti 2003 | Method of allocation not reported. Did not measure atopy. |
Akimoto 1993 | Cohort study. |
Arshad 1992a | Had multiple allergy preventing co-interventions in treatment and not the control group. |
Arshad 1992b | Cohort study. |
Arshad 1993 | Cohort study. |
Arshad 2001 | Cohort study. |
Atherton 1978 | Enrolled infants with atopic eczema. |
Barberi 1993 | Excess post randomisaton losses - 278/815 (34%). |
Bellioni 1999 | Enrolled infants with proven Ig-E mediated CMA. |
Bergmann 1994 | Cohort study. |
Bergmann 1996a | No dietry intervention in infants. Compared high risk cases to low risk controls. |
Brand 1977 | Enrolled infants admitted to general and gastroenteritis wards. |
Bruno 1996 | Cohort study. |
Burr 1993 | Randomised mothers to give their infants soy formula if required or no soy formula. |
Businco 1983 | Cohort study. |
Businco 1987 | Cohort study. |
Campbell 1989 | Enrolled infants with infantile colic. |
Carroccio 1997 | Enrolled infants with CMA. |
Carroccio 2000b | Enrolled infants with intolerance to hydrolysed proteins. |
Carroccio 2000c | Enrolled infants with CMPI. |
Chan 2002 | Excess losses(28%). Trial of sole prolonged partially hydrolysed cow's milk formula versus cow's milk formula. |
Chan-Yeung 2000 | Had multiple allergy preventing co-interventions in treatment and not the control group. |
Chandra 1986 | Trial of maternal antigen avoidance during pregnancy and lactation. |
Chandra 1989a | Original data unable to be verified. |
Chandra 1989b | Original data unable to be verified. |
Custovic 2000 | Mite allergen avoidance trial, no hydrolysed formula group. |
D'Agata 1996 | Method of allocation unspecified. Substantial imbalances in numbers (50 fed partially hydrolysed whey formula, 15 cow's milk formula, 30 soy formula). |
de Jong 1998 | Trial of early supplementation of cow's milk formula versus a protein free placebo formula in breast fed infants. |
Decsi 1998 | Excess losses (27% hydrolysed formula group and 21% cow's milk formula group). Did not report clinical allergy. Reported growth. |
Exl 1998 | Allocated to intervention (breastfeeding, hydrolysed formula and delayed weaning) according to geographical area. |
Fukushima 1997 | Differential losses with excess losses in maternal and infant hydrolysed formula group (27%) and maternal hydrolysed formula and infant cow's milk formula group (23%). Trial of maternal allergen avoidance and infant supplemental or sole hydrolysed or cow's milk formula feeding where required. |
Giampietro 2001 | Enrolled infants with CMA. |
Giovannini 1994 | Excess post allocation losses (56 / 138) and not analysed in group of assignment (solely breast fed infants reported separately). |
Gruskay 1982 | Nonrandom allocation to soy or cow's mild formula. |
Gustafsson 1992 | Cohort study. No hydrolysed formula group. |
Halken 1992 | Excess losses after allocation (24%). Only infants who received hydrolysed formula included in analysis. Trial of prolonged supplementary or sole extensively versus partially hydrolysed, ultrafiltrated formula. |
Hartman 1994 | Abstract only. Losses unclear. Data not extractable from abstract. |
Hattevig 1989 | Trial of maternal allergen avoidance. |
Hernell 2003 | Method of allocation not reported. Allergy and growth rates not reported. |
Hill 1995a | Enrolled infants with food reactions (to cow's molk, soy milk, casein and/or whey hydrolysate formula). |
Hill 1995b | Enrolled infants with 'colic'. |
Hill 1999 | Enrolled infants with multiple food protein intolerance. |
Hill 2000 | Enrolled distressed infants with presumed gastroesophageal reflux. |
Hill 2000b | Excess lost randomisation losses - 238/620 (38%). |
Host 1988 | Enrolled children with milk allergy. |
Host 1991 | Cohort study. |
Iacono 1998 | Enrolled infants (age 11 to 72 months) with chronic constipation. |
Iikura 1995 | Abstract form only. Method of allocation unclear, substantial differences in group sizes. |
Isolauri 1995 | Enrolled infants with CMA. |
Keller 1996 | Allocation performed by nurses 'at random'. "Maternal decision respected'. Unlikely to be random allocation. |
Klemola 2002 | Enrolled infants with CMA. |
Lilja 1989 | Trial of maternal allergen avoidance in pregnancy. |
Lindfors 1988 | Trial of early breastfeeding versus early adapted cow's milk formula. |
Lothe 1982 | Enrolled infants admitted with 'colic'. |
Lucas 1984a | Preterm infants randomly allocated to feeds with banked breast milk or a preterm infant formula (either as sole or supplemental feeding). Hydrolysed formula not used. |
Lucassen 2000 | Enrolled infants with excessive crying. |
Martinez-Valverde | No definition of allergic symptoms in 1st 4 months reported. In Spanish version of thesis, method of treatment allocation not extractable independently. |
McLeish 1995 | Enrolled infants with CMPI. |
Medjad-Guillou 1992 | Crossover trial. |
Mihatsch 1999 | Crossover trial examining effect of hydrolysed formula on plasma amino acids and gastrointestinal transit time. |
Mihatsch 2002 | Randomised trial of partially hydrolysed preterm infant formula versus adapted cow's milk formula in VLBW infants at low risk of atopy establishing enteral feeds. Excess post randomisation exclusions 48/135 (36%). |
Miskelly 1988 | Randomised infants to soy milk sole or supplementary feeding. |
Mitchell 1977 | Enrolled slightly undernourished Aboriginal children < 3years of age. |
Moran 1992 | Excessive losses (>20% in both groups). Trial of supplementary or sole hydrolysed formula versus cow's milk formula in low risk infants. |
Nentwich 2003 | Observational study. |
Niggemann 2001 | Enrolled infants with CMA / CMPI and atopic dermatitis. |
Odelram 1996 | Trial of extensively hydrolysed versus cow's milk formula for weaning of high risk infants. Excluded trial as 13 losses in addition to 9 post randomisation exclusions (total 27%). |
Oggero 1994 | Enrolled infants with colic and compared non-allergenic diet (soy or hydrolysed formula) with dicyclomine. |
Palma 1996 | Crossover study of subjects age 6 months to 99 years. |
Paronen 2000 | Enrolled infants at high genetic risk for diabetes. Did not measure allergy as outcome. |
Pauls 1996 | Enrolled preterm infants <1500g. Did not report allergy. Outcomes to day 6 reported only. Reported in abstract form only. |
Polberger 1999 | Preterm infants randomised to protein fortification with ultrafiltrated human milk or a bovine whey fortifier. |
Raupp 1995 | Excluded as excess post randomisation losses. Did not report allergy. Trial of sole hydrolysed formula versus cow's milk formula in low birth weight infants. |
Riezzo 2001 | Randomised trial of standard and hydrolysate formulas in preterm infants. Did not measure allergy or growth. |
Rigo 1994a | Method of treatment allocation unclear. Allocated successive infants to formulas. Trial of 5 different types of hydrolysed formulas in healthy term infants. Extent of hydrolysis not reported. Allergy not reported. Only growth reported. |
Rigo 1994b | Method of allocation not stated. |
Sack 1994 | Enrolled infants with acute diarrhoea. |
Sampson 1991 | Enrolled infants with CMA. |
Savino 2003 | Observational study enrolling infants with 'minor feeding problems'. |
Schmelzle 2003 | Randomised trial patially hydrolysed whey infant formula versus standard infant cow's milk formula. Excess losses - 52/154 (34%). |
Schmidt 1995 | Observational study (infants allocated formula at parents discretion). |
Schmitz 1992 | Exclude - did not report clinical allergy or growth. Excess losses at 1 year. Trial of early supplementry hydrolysed formula versus adapted cow's milk formula. |
Schrander 1993 | Cohort study of newborn infants to determine incidence of CMPI. |
Seppo 2005 | Enrolled infants with CMA. |
Sicherer 2001 | Enrolled infants with CMA. |
Silva Rey 1996 | Excess losses - 124 / 276 (45%) - 42 losses by 6 months and further 82 excluded post allocation. Method of allocation not reported. |
Szajewska 2004 | Randomised trial of extensively hydrolysed preterm formula versus partially hydrolysed preterm formula versus adapted cow's milk formula in high risk for atopy preterm infants. Excess post randomisation losses at all times - 22/90 (24%) at 4-5 months. |
Tariq 1998 | Cohort study. |
Taubman 1988 | Enrolled infants with excessive crying ('colic'). |
Terheggen-Lagro 2002 | Enrolled infants with CMA. |
Vaarala 1995 | Growth and clinical allergy not reported. |
Vandenplas 1988 | Method of allocation not reported. |
Vandenplas 1989 | Retrospective study. Embedded intervention study, method of allocation not reported. |
Zeiger 1989 | Excluded as excess losses. Trial of maternal dietry avoidance in pregnancy and lactation, and infant allergen avoidance through encouragement of breast feeding with supplemental or weaning formula use and subsequent dietry restriction versus usual maternal diet and infant feeding with use of supplementary or weaning cow's milk formula. |
* Chirico G, Gasparoni A, Ciardelli L, De Amici M, Colombo A, Rondini G. Immunogenicity and antigenicity of a partially hydrolyzed cow's milk infant formula. Allergy 1997;52:82-8.
de Seta 1994 {published data only}
* de Seta L, Siani P, Cirillo G, Di Gruttola M, Cimaduomo L, Coletta S. The prevention of allergic diseases with a hypoallergenic formula: a follow-up at 24 months. The preliminary results. [Italian]. La Pediatria Medica e chirurgica : Medical and Surgical Pediatrics 1994;16:251-4.
Halken 2000 {published data only}
* Halken S, Hansen KS, Jacobsen HP, Estmann A, Faelling AE, Hansen LG, Kier SR, Lassen K, Lintrup M, Mortensen S, Ibsen KK, Osterballe O, Host A. Comparison of a partially hydrolyzed infant formula with two extensively hydrolyzed formulas for allergy prevention: a prospective, randomized study. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 2000;11:149-61.
Juvonen 1996 {published data only}
* Juvonen P, Mansson M, Andersson C, Jakobsson I. Allergy development and macromolecular absorption in infants with different feeding regimens during the first three days of life. A three-year prospective follow-up. Acta Paediatrica 1996;85:1047-52.
Juvonen P, Mansson M, Jakobsson I. Does early diet have an effect on subsequent macromolecular absorption and serum IgE? Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 1994;18:344-9.
Juvonen P, Mansson M, Kjellman NI, Bjorksten B, Jakobsson I. Development of immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin E antibodies to cow's milk proteins and ovalbumin after a temporary neonatal exposure to hydrolyzed and whole cow's milk proteins. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 1999;10:191-8.
Lam 1992 {unpublished data only}
* Lam BCC, Yeung CY. The effect of breast milk, infant formula and hypoallergenic formula on incidence of atopic manifestation in high risk infants. Nestle Internal Report 1992.
Maggio 2005 {published data only}
* Maggio L, Zuppa AA, Sawatzki G, Valsasina R, Schubert W, Tortorolo G. Higher urinary excretion of essential amino acids in preterm infants fed protein hydrolysates. Acta Paediatrica 2005;94:75-84.
Mallet 1992 {published data only}
* Mallet E, Henocq A. Long-term prevention of allergic diseases by using protein hydrolysate formula in at-risk infants. Journal of Pediatrics 1992;121:S95-100.
Marini 1996 {published data only}
* Marini A, Agosti M, Motta G, Mosca F. Effects of a dietary and environmental prevention programme on the incidence of allergic symptoms in high atopic risk infants: three years' follow-up. Acta Paediatrica (Supp) 1996;414:1-21.
Nentwich 2001 {published data only}
* Nentwich I, Michkova E, Nevoral J, Urbanek R, Szepfalusi Z. Cow's milk-specific cellular and humoral immune responses and atopy skin symptoms in infants from atopic families fed a partially (pHF) or extensively (eHF) hydrolyzed infant formula. Allergy 2001;56:1144-56.
Oldaeus 1997 {published data only}
* Oldaeus G, Anjou K, Bjorksten B, Moran JR, Kjellman NI. Extensively and partially hydrolysed infant formulas for allergy prophylaxis. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1997;77:4-10.
Oldaeus G, Bjorksten B, Jenmalm MC, Kjellman NI. Cow's milk IgE and IgG antibody responses to cow's milk formulas. Allergy 1999;54:352-7.
Picaud 2001 {published data only}
* Picaud JC, Rigo J, Normand S, Lapillonne A, Reygrobellet B, Claris O, Salle BL. Nutritional efficacy of preterm formula with a partially hydrolyzed protein source: a randomized pilot study. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2001;32:555-61.
Saarinen 1999 {published data only}
Saarinen KM, Juntunen-Backman K, Jarvenpaa AL, Klemetti P, Kuitunen P, Lope L, Renlund M, Siivola M, Vaarala O, Savilahti E. Breast-feeding and the development of cows' milk protein allergy. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 2000;478:121-30.
* Saarinen KM, Juntunen-Backman K, Jarvenpaa AL, Kuitunen P, Lope L, Renlund M, Siivola M, Savilahti E. Supplementary feeding in maternity hospitals and the risk of cow's milk allergy: A prospective study of 6209 infants. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1999;104:457-61.
Saarinen KM, Savilahti E. Infant feeding patterns affect the subsequent immunological features in cow's milk allergy. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 2000;30:400-6.
Saarinen KM, Suomalainen H, Savilahti E. Diagnostic value of skin-prick and patch tests and serum eosinophil cationic protein and cow's milk-specific IgE in infants with cow's milk allergy. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 2001;31:423-9.
Szajewska 2001 {published data only}
* Szajewska H, Albrecht P, Stoinska B, Prochowska A, Gawecka A, Laskowska-Klita T. Extensive and partial protein hydrolysate preterm formulas: the effect on growth rate, protein metabolism indices, and plasma amino acid concentrations. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2001;32:303-9.
Tsai 1991 {published data only}
Tsai YT, Chou CC, Hsieh KH. The effect of hypoallergenic formula on the occurrence of allergic diseases in high risk infants. Chung-Hua Min Kuo Hsiao Erh Ko i Hsueh Hui Tsa Chih 1991;32:137-44.
* Tsai YT, Chou CC, Hsieh KH. The effect of hypoallergenic formula on the occurrence of allergic diseases in high risk infants. Zhonghua Min Guo Xiao Er Ke Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi 1991;32:137-44.
Vandenplas 1992 {published data only}
Vandenplas Y, Hauser B, Van den Borre C, Clybouw C, Mahler T, Hachimi-Idrissi S, Deraeve L, Malfroot A, Dab I. The long-term effect of a partial whey hydrolysate formula on the prophylaxis of atopic disease. European Journal of Pediatrics 1995;154:488-94.
* Vandenplas Y, Hauser B, Van den Borre C, Sacre L, Dab I. Effect of a whey hydrolysate prophylaxis of atopic disease. Annals of Allergy 1992;68:419-24.
Vandenplas Y. Atopy at 3 years in high-risk infants fed whey hydrolysate or conventional formula. Lancet 1992;339:1118.
Vandenplas 1993 {published data only}
Hauser B, Blecker U, Keymolen K, Suys B, Gerlo E, Vandenplas Y. Plasma amino acid concentrations in term-born infants fed a whey predominant or a whey hydrolysate formula. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 1997;21:27-30.
Hauser B, Keymolen K, Blecker U, Suys B, Bougatef A, Loeb H, Vandenplas Y. A comparative evaluation of whey hydrolysate and whey-predominant formulas. How well do infants accept and tolerate them? Clinical Pediatrics 1993;62:433-7.
* Vandenplas Y, Hauser B, Blecker U, Suys B, Peeters S, Keymolen K, Loeb H. The nutritional value of a whey hydrolysate formula compared with a whey-predominant formula in healthy infants. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 1993;17:92-6.
von Berg 2003 {published data only}
Laubereau B, Brockow I, Zirngibl A, Koletzko S, Gruebl A, von Berg A, et al. Effect of breast-feeding on the development of atopic dermatitis during the first 3 years of life--results from the GINI-birth cohort study.[see comment]. Journal of Pediatrics 2004;144:602-7.
Laubereau B, Filipiak-Pittroff B, von Berg A, Grubl A, Reinhardt D, Wichmann HE, et al. Caesarean section and gastrointestinal symptoms, atopic dermatitis, and sensitisation during the first year of life. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2004;89:993-7.
Schoetzau A, Filipiak-Pittroff B, Franke K, Koletzko S, Von Berg A, Gruebl A, et al. Effect of exclusive breast-feeding and early solid food avoidance on the incidence of atopic dermatitis in high-risk infants at 1 year of age. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 2002;13:234-42.
Schoetzau A, Gehring U, Franke K, Grubl A, Koletzko S, von Berg A, et al. Maternal compliance with nutritional recommendations in an allergy preventive programme. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2002;86:180-4.
* von Berg A, Koletzko S, Grubl A, Filipiak-Pittroff B, Wichmann HE, Bauer CP, Reinhardt D, Berdel D; German Infant Nutritional Intervention Study Group. The effect of hydrolyzed cow's milk formula for allergy prevention in the first year of life: The German Infant Nutritional Intervention Study, a randomized double-blind trial. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2003;111:533-40.
von Berg A, Koletzko S, Grubl A, Filipiak-Pittroff B, Wichmann HE, Bauer CP, et al. The effect of hydrolyzed cow's milk formula for allergy prevention in the first year of life: the German Infant Nutritional Intervention Study, a randomized double-blind trial. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2003;111:533-40.
Willems 1993 {published data only}
* Willems R, Duchateau J, Magrez P, Denis R, Casimir G. Influence of hypoallergenic milk formula on the incidence of early allergic manifestations in infants predisposed to atopic diseases. Annals of Allergy 1993;71:147-50.
Agosti M, Pugni L, Ramenghi LA, Mosca F, Marini A. Hydrolysed proteins in preterm formula: influence on plasma aminoacids, blood fatty acids and insulinaemia. Acta Paediatrica Supplement 2003;91:34-8.
Akimoto 1993 {published data only}
Akimoto K, Saito H, Akasawa A, Iikura Y. [Preventative effect of a whey hydrolyzed formula (Nestle, NAN H.A.) on the development of allergic symptoms in infants]. [Japanese]. Arerugi - Japanese Journal of Allergology 1997;46:1044-51.
Arshad 1992a {published data only}
Arshad SH, Bateman B, Matthews SM. Primary prevention of asthma and atopy during childhood by allergen avoidance in infancy: a randomised controlled study. Thorax 2003;58:489-93.
* Arshad SH, Matthews S, Gant C, Hide DW. Effect of allergen avoidance on development of allergic disorders in infancy. Lancet 1992;339:1493-7.
Hide DW, Matthews S, Matthews L, Stevens M, Ridout S, Twiselton R, Gant C, Arshad SH. Effect of allergen avoidance in infancy on allergic manifestations at age two years. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1994;93:842-6.
Hide DW, Matthews S, Tariq S, Arshad SH. Allergen avoidance in infancy and allergy at 4 years of age. Allergy 1996;51:89-93.
Arshad 1992b {published data only}
Arshad SH, Hide DW. Effect of environmental factors on the development of allergic disorders in infancy. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1992;90:235-41.
Arshad 1993 {published data only}
Arshad SH, Stevens M, Hide DW. The effect of genetic and environmental factors on the prevalence of allergic disorders at the age of two years. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 1993;23:504-11.
Arshad 2001 {published data only}
Arshad SH, Tariq SM, Matthews S, Hakim E. Sensitization to common allergens and its association with allergic disorders at age 4 years: a whole population birth cohort study. Pediatrics 2001;108:E33.
Atherton 1978 {published data only}
Atherton DJ, Sewell M, Soothill JF, Wells RS, Chilvers CE. A double-blind controlled crossover trial of an antigen-avoidance diet in atopic eczema. Lancet 1978;1:401-3.
Barberi 1993 {unpublished data only}
* Barberi I, Salpietro DC, Catalioto G, Fulia F. Clinical trial of a new hypoallergenic formula for risk infants. In: 2nd World Congress of Perinatal Medicine. 1993.
Bellioni 1999 {published data only}
Bellioni-Businco B, Paganelli R, Lucenti P, Giampietro PG, Perborn H, Businco L. Allergenicity of goat's milk in children with cow's milk allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;103:1191-4.
Bergmann 1994 {published data only}
Bergmann RL, Bergmann KE, Lau-Schadensdorf S, Luck W, Dannemann A, Bauer CP, Dorsch W, Forster J, Schmidt E, Schulz J. Atopic diseases in infancy. The German multicenter atopy study (MAS-90). Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 1994;5 Suppl 6:19-25.
Bergmann 1996a {published data only}
Bergmann RL, Dannemann A, Edenharter G, Bergmann KE, Monch E, Dudenhausen JW, Wahn U. Influence of ultrafiltrated, partially hydrolysed formula on growth and health of young infants. [German]. Monatsschrift fur Kinderheilkunde 1996;144:152-8.
Brand 1977 {published data only}
Brand JC, Miller JJ, Vorbach EA, Edwards RA. A trial of lactose hydrolysed milk in Australian Aboriginal children. Medical Journal of Australia 1977;2 (Suppl. 4):10-3.
Bruno 1996 {published data only}
Bruno G, Giampietro PG, Businco L. Results of a multicentric study for the prevention of atopic allergy. 48 months of follow up. [Italian]. Minerva Pediatrica 1996;48:413-9.
Burr 1993 {published data only}
Burr ML, Limb ES, Maguire MJ, Amarah L, Eldridge BA, Layzell JC, Merrett TG. Infant feeding, wheezing, and allergy: a prospective study. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1993;68:724-8.
Businco 1983 {published data only}
Businco L, Marchetti F, Pellegrini G, Cantani A, Perlini R. Prevention of atopic disease in "at-risk newborns" by prolonged breast-feeding. Annals of Allergy 1983;51:296-9.
Businco 1987 {published data only}
Businco L, Cantani A, Meglio P, Bruno G. Prevention of atopy: results of a long-term (7 months to 8 years) follow-up. Annals of Allergy 1987;59:183-6.
Campbell 1989 {published data only}
Campbell JP. Dietary therapy of infant colic: a double-blind study. [Czech]. Ceskoslovenska Pediatrie 1993;48:199-202.
* Campbell JP. Dietary treatment of infant colic: a double-blind study. Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners 1989;39:11-4.
Carroccio 1997 {published data only}
Carroccio A, Cavataio F, Montalto G, Soresi M, Lorello D, Notarbartolo A, Iacono G. Evaluation of pancreatic function development after hydrolyzed protein-based and soy-based formulas in unweaned infants. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 1997;32:273-7.
Carroccio 2000b {published data only}
Carroccio A, Cavataio F, Montalto G, D'Amico D, Alabrese L, Iacono G. Intolerance to hydrolysed cow's milk proteins in infants: clinical characteristics and dietary treatment. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 2000;31:1597-603.
Carroccio 2000c {published data only}
Carroccio A, Montalto G, Custro N, Notarbartolo A, Cavataio F, D'Amico D, Alabrese D, Iacono G. Evidence of very delayed clinical reactions to cow's milk in cow's milk-intolerant patients. Allergy 2000;55:574-9.
Chan 2002 {published data only}
Chan YH, Shek LP, Aw M, Quak SH, Lee BW. Use of hypoallergenic formula in the prevention of atopic disease among Asian children. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 2002;38:84-8.
Chan-Yeung 2000 {published data only}
Becker A, Watson W, Ferguson A, Dimich-Ward H, Chan-Yeung M. The Canadian asthma primary prevention study: outcomes at 2 years of age. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2004;113:650-6.
* Chan-Yeung M, Manfreda J, Dimich-Ward H, Ferguson A, Watson W, Becker A. A randomized controlled study on the effectiveness of a multifaceted intervention program in the primary prevention of asthma in high-risk infants. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 2000;154:657-63.
Chandra 1986 {published data only}
Chandra RK, Puri S, Suraiya C, Cheema PS. Influence of maternal food antigen avoidance during pregnancy and lactation on incidence of atopic eczema in infants. Clinical Allergy 1986;16:563-9.
Chandra 1989a {published data only}
* Chandra RK, Puri S, Hamed A. Influence of maternal diet during lactation and use of formula feeds on development of atopic eczema in high risk infants. BMJ 1989;299:228-30.
Chandra 1989b {published data only}
* Chandra RK, Hamed A. Cumulative incidence of atopic disorders in high risk infants fed whey hydrolysate, soy, and conventional cow milk formulas. Annals of Allergy 1991;67:129-32.
Chandra RK, Singh G, Shridhara B. Effect of feeding whey hydrolysate, soy and conventional cow milk formulas on incidence of atopic disease in high risk infants. Annals of Allergy 1989;63:102-6.
Chandra RK. Five-year follow-up of high-risk infants with family history of allergy who were exclusively breast-fed or fed partial whey hydrolysate, soy, and conventional cow's milk formulas. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 1997;24:380-8.
Custovic 2000 {published data only}
Custovic A, Simpson BM, Simpson A, Hallam C, Craven M, Brutsche M, Woodcock A. Manchester Asthma and Allergy Study: low-allergen environment can be achieved and maintained during pregnancy and in early life. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2000;105:252-8.
* Custovic A, Simpson BM, Simpson A, Kissen P, Woodcock A. NAC Manchester Asthma and Allergy Study Group. Effect of environmental manipulation in pregnancy and early life on respiratory symptoms and atopy during first year of life: a randomised trial. Lancet 2001;358:188-93.
D'Agata 1996 {published data only}
D'Agata A, Betta P, Sciacca P, Morano C, Pratico G, Curreri R, et al. Role of dietary prevention in newborns at risk for atopy. Results of a follow-up study]. Pediatria Medica e Chirurgica 1996;18:469-72.
de Jong 1998 {published data only}
de Jong MH, Scharp-Van Der Linden VT, Aalberse R, Heymans HS, Brunekreef B. The effect of brief neonatal exposure to cows' milk on atopic symptoms up to age 5. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2002;86:365-9.
* de Jong MH, Scharp-van der Linden VT, Aalberse RC, Oosting J, Tijssen JG, de Groot CJ. Randomised controlled trial of brief neonatal exposure to cows' milk on the development of atopy. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1998;79:126-30.
Decsi 1998 {published data only}
Decsi T, Veitl V, Burus I. Plasma amino acid concentrations, indexes of protein metabolism and growth in healthy, full-term infants fed partially hydrolyzed infant formula. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 1998;27:12-6.
Exl 1998 {published data only}
Exl BM, Deland U, Secretin MC, Preysch U, Wall M, Shmerling DH. Improved general health status in an unselected infant population following an allergen reduced dietary intervention programme. The ZUFF-study-programme. Part I: Study design and 6-month nutritional behaviour. European Journal of Nutrition 2000;39:89-102.
* Exl BM, Deland U, Secretin MC, Preysch U, Wall M, Shmerling DH. Improved general health status in an unselected infant population following an allergen-reduced dietary intervention programme: the ZUFF-STUDY-PROGRAMME. Part II: infant growth and health status to age 6 months. European Journal of Nutrition 2000;39:145-56.
Exl BM, Deland U, Wall M, Preysch U, Secretin MC, Shmerling DH. Zug-Frauenfeld nutritional survey ('Zuff Study'): Allergen-reduced nutrition in a normal infant population and its health-related effects: Results at the age of six months. Nutrition Research 1998;18:1443-62.
Fukushima 1997 {published data only}
Fukushima Y, Iwamoto K, Takeuchi-Nakashima A, Akamatsu N, Fujino-Numata N, Yoshikoshi M, Onda T, Kitagawa M. Preventive effect of whey hydrolysate formulas for mothers and infants against allergy development in infants for the first 2 years. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 1997;43:397-411.
Giampietro 2001 {published data only}
Giampietro PG, Kjellman NI, Oldaeus G, Wouters-Wesseling W, Businco L. Hypoallergenicity of an extensively hydrolyzed whey formula. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 2001;12:83-6.
Giovannini 1994 {published data only}
Giovannini M, Agostoni C, Fiocchi A, Bellu R, Trojan S, Riva E. Antigen-reduced infant formulas versus human milk: growth and metabolic parameters in the first 6 months of life. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 1994;13:357-63.
Gruskay 1982 {published data only}
Gruskay FL. Comparison of breast, cow, and soy feedings in the prevention of onset of allergic disease: a 15-year prospective study. Clinical Pediatrics 1982;21:486-91.
Gustafsson 1992 {published data only}
Gustafsson D, Lowhagen T, Andersson K. Risk of developing atopic disease after early feeding with cows' milk based formula. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1992;67:1008-10.
Halken 1992 {published data only}
Halken S, Host A, Hansen LG, Osterballe O. Effect of an allergy prevention programme on incidence of atopic symptoms in infancy. A prospective study of 159 "high-risk" infants. Allergy 1992;47:545-53.
* Halken S, Host A, Hansen LG, Osterballe O. Preventive effect of feeding high-risk infants a casein hydrolysate formula or an ultrafiltrated whey hydrolysate formula. A prospective, randomized, comparative clinical study. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 1993;4:173-81.
Halken S, Host A, Hansen LG, Osterballe O. Prevention of allergy in infants. A prospective study of 159 high-risk children [German]. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1994;156:308-12.
Hartman 1994 {unpublished data only}
* Hartman CT, Fredericks GL, Katz ES, Brown CA. Prevalence of symptomatic formula intolerance and allergy in a general infant population. In: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1994:210.
Hattevig 1989 {published data only}
* Hattevig G, Kjellman B, Sigurs N, Bjorksten B, Kjellman NI. Effect of maternal avoidance of eggs, cow's milk and fish during lactation upon allergic manifestations in infants. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 1989;19:27-32.
Hattevig G, Kjellman B, Sigurs N, Grodzinsky E, Hed J, Bjorksten B. The effect of maternal avoidance of eggs, cow's milk, and fish during lactation on the development of IgE, IgG, and IgA antibodies in infants. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1990;85:108-15.
Hattevig G, Sigurs N, Kjellman B. Effects of maternal dietary avoidance during lactation on allergy in children at 10 years of age. Acta Paediatrica 1999;88:7-12.
Paronen J, Bjorksten B, Hattevig G, Akerblom HK, Vaarala O. Effect of maternal diet during lactation on development of bovine insulin-binding antibodies in children at risk for allergy. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2000;106:302-6.
Sigurs N, Hattevig G, Kjellman B. Maternal avoidance of eggs, cow's milk, and fish during lactation: effect on allergic manifestations, skin-prick tests, and specific IgE antibodies in children at age 4 years. Pediatrics 1992;89:735-9.
Hernell 2003 {published data only}
* Hernell O, Lonnerdal B. Nutritional evaluation of protein hydrolysate formulas in healthy term infants: plasma amino acids, hematology, and trace elements. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2003;78:296-301.
Hill 1995a {published data only}
Hill DJ, Cameron DJ, Francis DE, Gonzalez-Andaya AM, Hosking CS. Challenge confirmation of late-onset reactions to extensively hydrolyzed formulas in infants with multiple food protein intolerance. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1995;96:386-94.
Hill 1995b {published data only}
Hill DJ, Hudson IL, Sheffield LJ, Shelton MJ, Menahem S, Hosking CS. A low allergen diet is a significant intervention in infantile colic: results of a community-based study. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1995;96:886-92.
Hill 1999 {published data only}
Hill DJ, Heine RG, Cameron DJ, Francis DE, Bines JE. The natural history of intolerance to soy and extensively hydrolyzed formula in infants with multiple food protein intolerance. Journal of Pediatrics 1999;135:118-21.
Hill 2000 {published data only}
Hill DJ, Heine RG, Cameron DJ, Catto-Smith AG, Chow CW, Francis DE, Hosking CS. Role of food protein intolerance in infants with persistent distress attributed to reflux esophagitis. Journal of Pediatrics 2000;136:641-7.
Hill 2000b {published data only}
Hill D. A report on the analysis of the Melbourn Atopy Cohort Study. A study designed to test the effectiveness of different formula types on the development of atopic symptoms and signs on a cohort of atopy-at-risk infants. Report at year 2. Nestec Internal Report.
* Hill DJ, Sporik R, Thorburn J, Hosking CS. The association of atopic dermatitis in infancy with immunoglobulin E food sensitization. Journal of Pediatrics 2000;137:475-9.
Stoney RM, Woods RK, Hosking CS, Hill DJ, Abramson MJ, Thien FC. Maternal breast milk long-chain n-3 fatty acids are associated with increased risk of atopy in breastfed infants. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 2004;34:194-200.
Host 1988 {published data only}
Host A, Samuelsson EG. Allergic reactions to raw, pasteurized, and homogenized/pasteurized cow milk: a comparison. A double-blind placebo-controlled study in milk allergic children. Allergy 1988;43:113-8.
Host 1991 {published data only}
Host A. Importance of the first meal on the development of cow's milk allergy and intolerance. Allergy Proceedings 1991;12:227-32.
Iacono 1998 {published data only}
Iacono G, Cavataio F, Montalto G, Florena A, Tumminello M, Soresi M, Notarbartolo A, Carroccio A. Intolerance of cow's milk and chronic constipation in children. New England Journal of Medicine 1998;339:1100-4.
Iikura 1995 {unpublished data only}
* Iikura Y, Akimoto K, Ebisawa M, Onda T, Akazawa A, Saito H, Kimura T, Ishizawa K, Koya N. Effect of hydrolyzed whey protein formula for babies on development of allergic symptoms during infancy. In: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Intestinal Immunology and Food Allergy. Vol. 34. Raven Press, 1995:269-75.
Isolauri 1995 {published data only}
Isolauri E, Sutas Y, Makinen-Kiljunen S, Oja SS, Isosomppi R, Turjanmaa K. Efficacy and safety of hydrolyzed cow milk and amino acid-derived formulas in infants with cow milk allergy. Journal of Pediatrics 1995;127:550-7.
Keller 1996 {published data only}
Keller KM, Burgin-Wolff A, Lippold R, Wirth S, Lentze MJ. The diagnostic significance of IgG cow's milk protein antibodies re-evaluated. European Journal of Pediatrics. 155(4):331-7, 1996. European Journal of Pediatrics 1996;155:331-7.
Klemola 2002 {published data only}
Klemola T, Vanto T, Juntunen-Backman K, Kalimo K, Korpela R, Varjonen E. Allergy to soy formula and to extensively hydrolyzed whey formula in infants with cow's milk allergy: a prospective, randomized study with a follow-up to the age of 2 years. Journal of Pediatrics 2002;140:219-24.
Lilja 1989 {published data only}
* Lilja G, Dannaeus A, Foucard T, Graff-Lonnevig V, Johansson SG, Oman H. Effects of maternal diet during late pregnancy and lactation on the development of atopic diseases in infants up to 18 months of age--in-vivo results. Clinical and Experimental Allergy. 1989;19:473-9.
Lilja G, Dannaeus A, Foucard T, Graff-Lonnevig V, Johansson SG, Oman H. Effects of maternal diet during late pregnancy and lactation on the development of IgE and egg- and milk-specific IgE and IgG antibodies in infants. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 1991;21:195-202.
Lindfors 1988 {published data only}
Lindfors A. Enocksson E. Development of atopic disease after early administration of cow milk formula. Allergy 1988;43:11-6.
Lothe 1982 {published data only}
Lothe L, Lindberg T, Jakobsson I. Cow's milk formula as a cause of infantile colic: a double-blind study. Pediatrics 1982;70:7-10.
Lucas 1984a {published data only}
Lucas A, Brooke OG, Cole TJ, Morley R, Bamford MF. Food and drug reactions, wheezing, and eczema in preterm infants. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1990;65:411-5.
* Lucas A, Brooke OG, Morley R, Cole TJ, Bamford MF. Early diet of preterm infants and development of allergic or atopic disease: randomised prospective study. BMJ 1990;300:837-40.
Lucas A, Gore SM, Cole TJ, Bamford MF, Dossetor JF, Barr I, Dicarlo L, Cork S, Lucas PJ. Multicentre trial on feeding low birthweight infants: effects of diet on early growth. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1984;59:722-30.
Lucas A, McLaughlan P, Coombs RR. Latent anaphylactic sensitisation of infants of low birth weight to cows' milk proteins. British Medical Journal Clinical Research Ed 1984;289:1254-6.
Lucassen 2000 {published data only}
Lucassen PL, Assendelft WJ, Gubbels JW, van Eijk JT, Douwes AC. Infantile colic: crying time reduction with a whey hydrolysate: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Pediatrics 2000;106:1349-54.
Martinez-Valverde {unpublished data only}
* Martinenez-Valverde A, Aljma-Garcia JM. Study and evaluation of serum IgE and specific total IgE against alpha-lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin and casein with hypoallergenic formulas (HA) and other types of feeding (Spanish). Thesis, Universidad de Malaga, Spain 1993.
McLeish 1995 {published data only}
McLeish CM, MacDonald A, Booth IW. Comparison of an elemental with a hydrolysed whey formula in intolerance to cows' milk. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1995;73:211-5.
Medjad-Guillou 1992 {published data only}
Medjad-Guillou N, Henocq A, Arnaud-Battandier F. Does the hydrolysis of proteins change the acceptability and the digestive tolerance of milk for infants? The results of a comparative and randomized prospective study. [French]. Annales de Pediatrie 1992;39:202-6.
Mihatsch 1999 {published data only}
Mihatsch WA, Hogel J, Pohlandt F. Hydrolysed protein accelerates the gastrointestinal transport of formula in preterm infants. Acta Paediatrica 2001;90:196-8.
* Mihatsch WA, Pohlandt F. Protein hydrolysate formula maintains homeostasis of plasma amino acids in preterm infants. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 1999;29:406-10.
Mihatsch 2002 {published data only}
Mihatsch WA, Franz AR, Hogel J, Pohlandt F. Hydrolyzed protein accelerates feeding advancement in very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 2002;110:1199-203.
Miskelly 1988 {published data only}
Burr ML, Limb ES, Maguire MJ, Amarah L, Eldridge BA, Layzell JC, Merrett TG. Infant feeding, wheezing, and allergy: a prospective study. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1993;68:724-8.
Burr ML, Miskelly FG, Butland BK, Merrett TG, Vaughan-Williams E. Environmental factors and symptoms in infants at high risk of allergy. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 1989;43:125-32.
Merrett TG, Burr ML, Butland BK, Merrett J, Miskelly FG, Vaughan-Williams E. Infant feeding and allergy: 12-month prospective study of 500 babies born into allergic families. Annals of Allergy 1988;61:13-20.
* Miskelly FG, Burr ML, Vaughan-Williams E, Fehily AM, Butland BK, Merrett TG. Infant feeding and allergy. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1988;63:388-93.
Mitchell 1977 {published data only}
Mitchell JD, Brand J, Halbisch J. Weight-gain inhibition by lactose in Australian Aboriginal children. A controlled trial of normal and lactose hydrolysed milk. Lancet 1977;1:500-2.
Moran 1992 {published data only}
Moran JR. Effects of prolonged exposure to partially hydrolyzed milk protein. Journal of Pediatrics 1992;121:S90-4.
Nentwich 2003 {published data only}
Nentwich I, Pazdirkova A, Koberska I, Pokojska E, Szepfalusi Z, Lokaj J. Cow milk-specific humoral and cellular immune response in infants with high risk of atopy under feeding a whey hydrolysate infant formula. Klinische Padiatrie 2003;215:275-9.
Niggemann 2001 {published data only}
Niggemann B, Binder C, Dupont C, Hadji S, Arvola T. Prospective, controlled, multi-center study on the effect of an amino-acid-based formula in infants with cow's milk allergy/intolerance and atopic dermatitis. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 2001;12:78-82.
Odelram 1996 {published data only}
Odelram H, Vanto T, Jacobsen L, Kjellman NI. Whey hydrolysate compared with cow's milk-based formula for weaning at about 6 months of age in high allergy-risk infants: effects on atopic disease and sensitization. Allergy 1996;51:192-5.
Oggero 1994 {published data only}
Oggero R, Garbo G, Savino F, Mostert M. Dietary modifications versus dicyclomine hydrochloride in the treatment of severe infantile colics. Acta Paediatrica 1994;83:222-5.
Palma 1996 {published data only}
Palma M, Rosado JL, Lopez P, Gonzalez C, Valencia ME. Lactose intolerance. Its definition, its prevalence in Mexico, and its implications in milk consumption. [Spanish]. Revista de Investigacion Clinica 1996;48:S25-31.
Paronen 2000 {published data only}
Paronen J, Knip M, Savilahti E, Virtanen SM, Ilonen J, Akerblom HK, Vaarala O. Effect of cow's milk exposure and maternal type 1 diabetes on cellular and humoral immunization to dietary insulin in infants at genetic risk for type 1 diabetes. Finnish Trial to Reduce IDDM in the Genetically at Risk Study Group. Diabetes 2000;49:1657-65.
Pauls 1996 {published data only}
Pauls J, Bauer K, Versmold H. Randomized controlled trial of formulas with hydrolyzed versus non-hydrolyzed protein for starting enteral feedings in preterm infants <1500g body weight. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 1996;22:450 (abstract 164).
Polberger 1999 {published data only}
Polberger S, Raiha NC, Juvonen P, Moro GE, Minoli I, Warm A. Individualized protein fortification of human milk for preterm infants: comparison of ultrafiltrated human milk protein and a bovine whey fortifier. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 1999;29:332-8.
Raupp 1995 {published data only}
Raupp P, Von Kries R, Gobel C, Fox A, Lemburg P, Schmidt E, Koletzko B, Kunz C, Manz F. Bone density and biochemical parameters of bone mineral metabolism and acid load in preterm infants. Cow's milk formula versus hydrolysed protein preparation. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 1995;143 (S2):S140-146.
Riezzo 2001 {published data only}
Riezzo G, Indrio F, Montagna O, Tripaldi C, Laforgia N, Chiloiro M, Mautone A. Gastric electrical activity and gastric emptying in preterm newborns fed standard and hydrolysate formulas. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2001;33:290-5.
Rigo 1994a {published data only}
Rigo J, Salle BL, Picaud JC, Putet G, Senterre J. Nutritional evaluation of protein hydrolysate formulas. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1995;49 (suppl. 1):S26-38.
* Rigo J, Salle BL, Putet G, Senterre J. Nutritional evaluation of various protein hydrolysate formulae in term infants during the first month of life. Acta Paediatrica. Supplement 1994;402:100-4.
Rigo 1994b {published data only}
Rigo J, Senterre J. Metabolic balance studies and plasma amino acid concentrations in preterm infants fed experimental protein hydrolysate preterm formulas. Acta Paediatrica (Supp) 1994;405:98-104.
Sack 1994 {published data only}
Sack RB, Castrellon J, Della Sera E, Goepp J, Burns B, Croll J, Tseng P, Reid R, Carrizo H, Santosham M. Hydrolyzed lactalbumin-based oral rehydration solution for acute diarrhoea in infants. Acta Paediatrica 1994;83:819-24.
Sampson 1991 {published data only}
Sampson HA, Bernhisel-Broadbent J, Yang E, Scanlon SM. Safety of casein hydrolysate formula in children with cow milk allergy. Journal of Pediatrics 1991;118:520-5.
Savino 2003 {published data only}
Savino F, Cresi F, Maccario S, Cavallo F, Dalmasso P, Fanaro S, et al. "Minor" feeding problems during the first months of life: effect of a partially hydrolysed milk formula containing fructo- and galacto-oligosaccharides. Acta Paediatrica Supplement 2003;91:86-90.
Schmelzle 2003 {published data only}
Schmelzle H, Wirth S, Skopnik H, Radke M, Knol J, Bockler HM, et al. Randomized double-blind study of the nutritional efficacy and bifidogenicity of a new infant formula containing partially hydrolyzed protein, a high beta-palmitic acid level, and nondigestible oligosaccharides.[see comment]. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2003;36:343-51.
Schmidt 1995 {published data only}
Schmidt E, Eden-Kohler J, Tonkaboni F, Tolle J. Alimentary allergy prevention in infants with increased allergic risk: The effect of different feeding regimens in the first 6 months on atopic manifestations during the first year of life. A large scale feeding trial. In: Nestle Nutritional Workshop: Intestinal Immunology and Food Allergy. Vol. 34. Raven Press, 1995:231-48.
Schmitz 1992 {published data only}
Schmitz J, Digeon B, Chastang C, Dupouy D, Leroux B, Robillard P, Strobel S. Effects of brief early exposure to partially hydrolyzed and whole cow milk proteins. Journal of Pediatrics 1992;121:S85-9.
Schrander 1993 {published data only}
Schrander JJ, van den Bogart JP, Forget PP, Schrander-Stumpel CT, Kuijten RH, Kester AD. Cow's milk protein intolerance in infants under 1 year of age: a prospective epidemiological study. European Journal of Pediatrics 1993;152:640-4.
Seppo 2005 {published data only}
Seppo L, Korpela R, Lonnerdal B, Metsaniitty L, Juntunen-Backman K, Klemola T, et al. A follow-up study of nutrient intake, nutritional status, and growth in infants with cow milk allergy fed either a soy formula or an extensively hydrolyzed whey formula. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2005;82:140-5.
Sicherer 2001 {published data only}
Sicherer SH, Noone SA, Koerner CB, Christie L, Burks AW. Sampson HA. Hypoallergenicity and efficacy of an amino acid-based formula in children with cow's milk and multiple food hypersensitivities. Journal of Pediatrics 2001;138:688-93.
Silva Rey 1996 {unpublished data only}
Silva Rey AL, Garcia G, Nogales A. Preventatibve effect of a partially hydrolyzed milk formula. Thesis, Madrid, Spain. 1996.
Szajewska 2004 {published data only}
Szajewska H, Mrukowicz JZ, Stoinska B, Prochowska A. Extensively and partially hydrolysed preterm formulas in the prevention of allergic diseases in preterm infants: a randomized, double-blind trial. Acta Paediatrica 2004;93:1159-65.
Tariq 1998 {published data only}
Tariq SM, Matthews SM, Hakim EA, Stevens M, Arshad SH, Hide DW. The prevalence of and risk factors for atopy in early childhood: a whole population birth cohort study. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1998;101:587-93.
Taubman 1988 {published data only}
Taubman B. Parental counseling compared with elimination of cow's milk or soy milk protein for the treatment of infant colic syndrome: a randomized trial. Pediatrics 1988;81:756-61.
Terheggen-Lagro 2002 {published data only}
Terheggen-Lagro SW, Khouw IM, Schaafsma A, Wauters EA. Safety of a new extensively hydrolysed formula in children with cow's milk protein allergy: a double blind crossover study. BMC Pediatrics 2002;2:10.
Vaarala 1995 {published data only}
Paronen J, Vaarala O, Savilahti E, Saukkonen T, Akerblom HK. Soluble adhesion molecules and oral antigen feeding in infants. Pediatric Research 1996;40:276-9.
* Vaarala O, Saukkonen T, Savilahti E, Klemola T, Akerblom HK. Development of immune response to cow's milk proteins in infants receiving cow's milk or hydrolyzed formula. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1995;96:917-23.
Vandenplas 1988 {published data only}
* Vandenplas Y, Deneyer M, Sacre L, Loeb H. Preliminary data on a field study with a new hypo-allergenic formula. European Journal of Pediatrics 1988;148:274-7.
Vandenplas 1989 {published data only}
* Vandenplas Y, Malfroot A, Dab I. Short-term prevention of cow's milk protein allergy in infants. Immunology and Allergy Practice 1989;11:430-7.
Zeiger 1989 {published data only}
* Zeiger RS, Heller S, Mellon MH, Forsythe AB, O'Connor RD, Hamburger RN, Schatz M. Effect of combined maternal and infant food-allergen avoidance on development of atopy in early infancy: a randomized study. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1989;84:72-89.
Zeiger RS, Heller S, Mellon MH, Halsey JF, Hamburger RN, Sampson HA. Genetic and environmental factors affecting the development of atopy through age 4 in children of atopic parents: A prospective randomized study of food allergen avoidance. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 1992;3:110-27.
Zeiger RS, Heller S. Development of nasal basophilic cells and nasal eosinophils from age 4 months through 4 years in children of atopic parents. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1993;91:723-34.
Zeiger RS, Heller S. The development and prediction of atopy in high-risk children: follow-up at age seven years in a prospective randomized study of combined maternal and infant food allergen avoidance. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1995;95:1179-90.
* indicates the primary reference for the study
Americal Academy of Pediatrics: Committee on Nutrition. Hypoallergenic infant gormulas. Pediatrics 2000;106:346-9.
Austin JB, Kaur B, Anderson HR, Burr M, Harkins LS, Strachan DP, Warner JO. Hay fever, eczema, and wheeze: a nationwide UK study (ISAAC, international study of asthma and allergies in childhood). Archives of Disease in Childhood 1999;81:225-30.
Barbee RA, Murphy S. The natural history of asthma. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1998;102 Suppl 4:S65-72.
Bergmann RL, Edenharter G, Bergmann KE, Guggenmoos-Holzmann I, Forster J, Bauer CP, Wahn V, Zepp F, Wahn U. Predictability of early atopy by cord blood-IgE and parental history. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 1997;27:752-60.
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Carroccio A, Montalto G, Custro N, Notarbartolo A, Cavataio F, D'Amico D, Alabrese D, Iacono G. Evidence of very delayed clinical reactions to cow's milk in cow's milk-intolerant patients. Allergy 2000;55:574-9.
Darsow U, Ring J. Airborne and dietary allergens in atopic eczema: a comprehensive review of diagnostic tests. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 2000;25:544-51.
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Donnelly A, Snowden HM, Renfrew MJ, Woolridge MW. Commercial hospital discharge packs for breastfeeding women. In: The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 1, 2003.
Downs SH, Marks GB, Sporik R, Belosouva EG, Car NG, Peat JK. Continued increase in the prevalence of asthma and atopy. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2001;84:20-23.
Greisner WA 3rd, Settipane RJ, Settipane GA.. Natural history of hay fever: a 23-year follow-up of college students. Allergy and Asthma Proceedings 1998;19:271-5.
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Host A. Cow's milk protein allergy and intolerance in infancy. Some clinical, epidemiological and immunological aspects. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 1994;5 Suppl 5:1-36.
Host A, Jacobsen HP, Halken S, Holmenlund D. The natural history of cow's milk protein allergy/intolerance. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1995;49 Suppl 1:S13-8.
Huovinen E, Kaprio J, Laitinen LA, Koskenvuo M. Incidence and prevalence of asthma among adult Finnish men and women of the Finnish Twin Cohort from 1975 to 1990, and their relation to hay fever and chronic bronchitis. Chest 1999;115:928-36.
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Osborn DA, Sinn J. Formulas containing hydrolysed protein for prevention of allergy and food intolerance in infants. In: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 4, 2003.
Comparison or outcome | Studies | Participants | Statistical method | Effect size |
---|---|---|---|---|
01 Early short term feeding: Hydrolysed formula vs human milk feeding - Low risk infants | ||||
01 Any allergy |
|
|
||
02 Asthma |
|
|
||
03 Eczema |
|
|
||
04 Food allergy |
|
|
||
05 Cow's milk allergy |
|
|
||
02 Prolonged feeding: Hydrolysed formula vs human milk feeding | ||||
01 Any allergy |
|
|
||
03 Early short term feeding: Hydrolysed formula vs cow's milk formula | ||||
01 Any allergy |
|
|
||
02 Asthma |
|
|
||
03 Eczema |
|
|
||
04 Food allergy |
|
|
||
05 Cow's milk allergy |
|
|
||
04 Prolonged feeding: Hydrolysed formula vs cow's milk formula | ||||
01 Any allergy |
|
|
||
02 Asthma |
|
|
||
03 Eczema |
|
|
||
04 Rhinitis |
|
|
||
05 Food allergy |
|
|
||
06 Cow's milk allergy |
|
|
||
05 Prolonged feeding: Hydrolysed formula vs cow's milk formula - Low risk infants | ||||
01 Weight gain (g/kg/day) |
|
|
|
|
02 Head circumference change (cm/week) |
|
|
|
|
03 Length gain (cm/week) |
|
|
|
|
06 Prolonged feeding: Hydrolysed formula vs cow's milk formula - High risk infants | ||||
01 Any allergy |
|
|
||
02 Asthma |
|
|
||
03 Eczema |
|
|
||
04 Rhinitis |
|
|
||
05 Food allergy |
|
|
||
06 Cow's milk allergy |
|
|
||
07 Prolonged feeding: Extensively hydrolysed formula vs cow's milk formula | ||||
01 Any allergy |
|
|
||
02 Asthma |
|
|
||
03 Eczema |
|
|
||
04 Rhinitis |
|
|
||
05 Food allergy |
|
|
||
06 Weight gain (g/day) |
|
|
|
|
08 Prolonged feeding: Partially hydrolysed formula vs cow's milk formula | ||||
01 Any allergy |
|
|
||
02 Asthma |
|
|
||
03 Eczema |
|
|
||
04 Rhinitis |
|
|
||
05 Food allergy |
|
|
||
06 Cow's milk allergy |
|
|
||
07 Weight gain (g/day) |
|
|
|
|
09 Prolonged feeding: Extensively hydrolysed formula vs partially hydrolysed formula | ||||
01 Any allergy |
|
|
||
02 Asthma |
|
|
||
03 Eczema |
|
|
||
04 Rhinitis |
|
|
||
05 Food allergy |
|
|
||
06 Cow's milk allergy |
|
|
||
07 Weight gain (g/day) |
|
|
|
|
10 Prolonged sole feeding: Hydrolysed formula vs cow's milk formula | ||||
01 Any allergy |
|
|
||
02 Asthma |
|
|
||
03 Eczema |
|
|
||
04 Rhinitis |
|
|
||
05 Cow's milk allergy |
|
|
||
11 Prolonged feeding: Hydrolysed formula vs cow's milk formula - Allergy / intolerance confirmed by test | ||||
01 Any allergy |
|
|
||
02 Atopic rhinitis |
|
|
||
03 Atopic eczema |
|
|
||
05 Food allergy |
|
|
||
06 Cow's milk allergy |
|
|
||
07 Food intolerance |
|
|
||
12 Prolonged feeding: Hydrolysed formula vs cow's milk formula - Blinded measurement | ||||
01 Any allergy |
|
|
||
02 Asthma |
|
|
||
03 Eczema |
|
|
||
04 Rhinitis |
|
|
||
05 Food allergy |
|
|
||
06 Cow's milk allergy |
|
|
||
13 Prolonged feeding: Hydrolysed formula vs cow's milk formula - Adequate methodology | ||||
01 Any allergy |
|
|
||
02 Asthma |
|
|
||
03 Eczema |
|
|
||
04 Rhinitis |
|
|
||
05 Food allergy |
|
|
||
06 Weight gain (g/kg/day) |
|
|
||
14 Prolonged feeding: Partially hydrolysed whey formula vs cow's milk formula | ||||
01 Any allergy |
|
|
||
02 Asthma |
|
|
||
03 Eczema |
|
|
||
04 Rhinitis |
|
|
||
05 Cow's milk allergy |
|
|
||
06 Weight gain (g/day) |
|
|
|
|
15 Prolonged feeding: Partially hydrolysed casein containing formula vs cow's milk formula | ||||
01 Any allergy |
|
|
||
02 Asthma |
|
|
||
03 Eczema |
|
|
||
04 Rhinitis |
|
|
||
05 Food allergy |
|
|
||
06 Weight gain (g/day) |
|
|
|
|
16 Prolonged feeding: Extensively hydrolysed whey formula vs cow's milk formula | ||||
01 Any allergy |
|
|
||
02 Asthma |
|
|
||
03 Eczema |
|
|
||
17 Prolonged feeding: Extensively hydrolysed casein formula containing vs cow's milk formula | ||||
01 Any allergy |
|
|
||
02 Asthma |
|
|
||
03 Eczema |
|
|
||
04 Rhinitis |
|
|
||
05 Food allergy |
|
|
||
06 Weight gain (g/day) |
|
|
|
|
01.01.01 Infancy (incidence)
01.01.02 Childhood (incidence)
01.01.03 Childhood (prevalence)
01.02.01 Infancy (incidence)
01.02.02 Childhood (incidence)
01.02.03 Childhood (prevalence)
01.03.01 Infancy (incidence)
01.03.02 Childhood (incidence)
01.03.03 Childhood (prevalence)
01.04.01 Infancy (incidence)
01.04.02 Childhood (incidence)
01.04.03 Childhood (prevalence)
01.05.01 Infancy (incidence)
01.05.02 Childhood (incidence)
01.05.03 Childhood (prevalence)
02 Prolonged feeding: Hydrolysed formula vs human milk feeding
03 Early short term feeding: Hydrolysed formula vs cow's milk formula
03.01.01 Infancy (incidence)
03.01.02 Childhood (incidence)
03.01.03 Childhood (prevalence)
03.02.01 Infancy (incidence)
03.02.02 Childhood (incidence)
03.02.03 Childhood (prevalence)
03.03.01 Infancy (incidence)
03.03.02 Childhood (incidence)
03.03.03 Childhood (prevalence)
03.04.01 Infancy (incidence)
03.04.02 Childhood (incidence)
03.04.03 Childhood (prevalence)
03.05.01 Infancy (incidence)
03.05.02 Childhood (incidence)
03.05.03 Childhood (prevalence)
04 Prolonged feeding: Hydrolysed formula vs cow's milk formula
04.01.01 Infancy (incidence)
04.01.02 Childhood (incidence)
04.01.03 Childhood (prevalence)
04.02.01 Infancy (incidence)
04.02.02 Childhood (incidence)
04.02.03 Childhood (prevalence)
04.03.01 Infancy (incidence)
04.03.02 Childhood (incidence)
04.03.03 Childhood (prevalence)
04.04.01 Infancy (incidence)
04.04.02 Childhood (incidence)
04.04.03 Childhood (prevalence)
04.05.01 Infancy (incidence)
04.05.02 Childhood (incidence)
04.05.03 Childhood (prevalence)
04.06.01 Infancy (incidence)
04.06.02 Childhood (incidence)
04.06.03 Childhood (prevalence)
05 Prolonged feeding: Hydrolysed formula vs cow's milk formula - Low risk infants
05.01.01 Preterm formula
05.02 Head circumference change (cm/week)
05.02.01 Preterm formula
05.03.01 Preterm formula
06 Prolonged feeding: Hydrolysed formula vs cow's milk formula - High risk infants
06.01.01 Infancy (incidence)
06.01.02 Childhood (incidence)
06.01.03 Childhood (prevalence)
06.02.01 Infancy (incidence)
06.02.02 Childhood (incidence)
06.02.03 Childhood (prevalence)
06.03.01 Infancy (incidence)
06.03.02 Childhood (incidence)
06.03.03 Childhood (prevalence)
06.04.01 Infancy (incidence)
06.04.02 Childhood (incidence)
06.04.03 Childhood (prevalence)
06.05.01 Infancy (incidence)
06.05.02 Childhood (incidence)
06.05.03 Childhood (prevalence)
06.06.01 Infancy (incidence)
06.06.02 Childhood (incidence)
06.06.03 Childhood (prevalence)
07 Prolonged feeding: Extensively hydrolysed formula vs cow's milk formula
07.01.01 Infancy (incidence)
07.01.02 Childhood (incidence)
07.01.03 Childhood (prevalence)
07.02.01 Infancy (incidence)
07.02.02 Childhood (incidence)
07.02.03 Childhood (prevalence)
07.03.01 Infancy (incidence)
07.03.02 Childhood (incidence)
07.03.03 Childhood (prevalence)
07.04.01 Infancy (incidence)
07.04.02 Childhood (incidence)
07.04.03 Childhood (prevalence)
07.05.01 Infancy (incidence)
07.05.02 Childhood (incidence)
07.05.03 Childhood (prevalence)
07.06.01 Preterm formula
08 Prolonged feeding: Partially hydrolysed formula vs cow's milk formula
08.01.01 Infancy (incidence)
08.01.02 Childhood (incidence)
08.01.03 Childhood (prevalence)
08.02.01 Infancy (incidence)
08.02.02 Childhood (incidence)
08.02.03 Childhood (prevalence)
08.03.01 Infancy (incidence)
08.03.02 Childhood (incidence)
08.03.03 Childhood (prevalence)
08.04.01 Infancy (incidence)
08.04.02 Childhood (incidence)
08.04.03 Childhood (prevalence)
08.05.01 Infancy (incidence)
08.05.02 Childhood (incidence)
08.05.03 Childhood (prevalence)
08.06.01 Infancy (incidence)
08.06.02 Childhood (incidence)
08.06.03 Childhood (prevalence)
08.07.01 Preterm formula
09 Prolonged feeding: Extensively hydrolysed formula vs partially hydrolysed formula
09.01.01 Infancy (incidence)
09.01.02 Childhood (incidence)
09.01.03 Childhood (prevalence)
09.02.01 Infancy (incidence)
09.02.02 Childhood (incidence)
09.02.03 Childhood (prevalence)
09.03.01 Infancy (incidence)
09.03.02 Childhood (incidence)
09.03.03 Childhood (prevalence)
09.04.01 Infancy (incidence)
09.04.02 Childhood (incidence)
09.04.03 Childhood (prevalence)
09.05.01 Infancy (incidence)
09.05.02 Childhood (incidence)
09.05.03 Childhood (prevalence)
09.06.01 Infancy (incidence)
09.06.02 Childhood (incidence)
09.06.03 Childhood (prevalence)
09.07.01 Preterm formula
10 Prolonged sole feeding: Hydrolysed formula vs cow's milk formula
10.01.01 Infancy (incidence)
10.01.02 Childhood (incidence)
10.01.03 Childhood (prevalence)
10.02.01 Infancy (incidence)
10.02.02 Childhood (incidence)
10.02.03 Childhood (prevalence)
10.03.01 Infancy (incidence)
10.03.02 Childhood (incidence)
10.03.03 Childhood (prevalence)
10.04.01 Infancy (incidence)
10.04.02 Childhood (incidence)
10.04.03 Childhood (prevalence)
10.05.01 Infancy (incidence)
10.05.02 Childhood (incidence)
10.05.03 Childhood (prevalence)
11 Prolonged feeding: Hydrolysed formula vs cow's milk formula - Allergy / intolerance confirmed by test
11.01.01 Infancy (incidence)
11.01.02 Childhood (incidence)
11.01.03 Childhood (prevalence)
11.02.01 Infancy (incidence)
11.02.02 Childhood (incidence)
11.02.03 Childhood (prevalence)
11.03.01 Infancy (incidence)
11.03.02 Childhood (incidence)
11.03.03 Childhood (prevalence)
11.05.01 Infancy (incidence)
11.05.02 Childhood (incidence)
11.05.03 Childhood (prevalence)
11.06.01 Infancy (incidence)
11.06.02 Childhood (incidence)
11.06.03 Childhood (prevalence)
11.07.01 Infancy (incidence)
11.07.02 Childhood (incidence)
11.07.03 Childhood (prevalence)
12 Prolonged feeding: Hydrolysed formula vs cow's milk formula - Blinded measurement
12.01.01 Infancy (incidence)
12.01.02 Childhood (incidence)
12.01.03 Childhood (prevalence)
12.02.01 Infancy (incidence)
12.02.02 Childhood (incidence)
12.02.03 Childhood (prevalence)
12.03.01 Infancy (incidence)
12.03.02 Childhood (incidence)
12.03.03 Childhood (prevalence)
12.04.01 Infancy (incidence)
12.04.02 Childhood (incidence)
12.04.03 Childhood (prevalence)
12.05.01 Infancy (incidence)
12.05.02 Childhood (incidence)
12.05.03 Childhood (prevalence)
12.06.01 Infancy (incidence)
12.06.02 Childhood (incidence)
12.06.03 Childhood (prevalence)
13 Prolonged feeding: Hydrolysed formula vs cow's milk formula - Adequate methodology
13.01.01 Infancy (incidence)
13.01.02 Childhood (incidence)
13.01.03 Childhood (prevalence)
13.02.01 Infancy (incidence)
13.02.02 Childhood (incidence)
13.02.03 Childhood (prevalence)
13.03.01 Infancy (incidence)
13.03.02 Childhood (incidence)
13.03.03 Childhood (prevalence)
13.04.01 Infancy (incidence)
13.04.02 Childhood (incidence)
13.04.03 Childhood (prevalence)
13.05.01 Infancy (incidence)
13.05.02 Childhood (incidence)
13.05.03 Childhood (prevalence)
13.06.01 Preterm formula
14 Prolonged feeding: Partially hydrolysed whey formula vs cow's milk formula
14.01.01 Infancy (incidence)
14.01.02 Childhood (incidence)
14.01.03 Childhood (prevalence)
14.02.01 Infancy (incidence)
14.02.02 Childhood (incidence)
14.02.03 Childhood (prevalence)
14.03.01 Infancy (incidence)
14.03.02 Childhood (incidence)
14.03.03 Childhood (prevalence)
14.04.01 Infancy (incidence)
14.04.02 Childhood (incidence)
14.04.03 Childhood (prevalence)
14.05.01 Infancy (incidence)
14.05.02 Childhood (incidence)
14.05.03 Childhood (prevalence)
14.06.01 Preterm formula
15 Prolonged feeding: Partially hydrolysed casein containing formula vs cow's milk formula
15.01.01 Infancy (incidence)
15.01.02 Childhood (incidence)
15.01.03 Childhood (prevalence)
15.02.01 Infancy (incidence)
15.02.02 Childhood (incidence)
15.02.03 Childhood (prevalence)
15.03.01 Infancy (incidence)
15.03.02 Childhood (incidence)
15.03.03 Childhood (prevalence)
15.04.01 Infancy (incidence)
15.04.02 Childhood (incidence)
15.04.03 Childhood (prevalence)
15.05.01 Infancy (incidence)
15.05.02 Childhood (incidence)
15.05.03 Childhood (prevalence)
15.06.01 Preterm formula
16 Prolonged feeding: Extensively hydrolysed whey formula vs cow's milk formula
16.01.01 Infancy (incidence)
16.01.02 Childhood (incidence)
16.01.03 Childhood (prevalence)
16.02.01 Infancy (incidence)
16.02.02 Childhood (incidence)
16.02.03 Childhood (prevalence)
16.03.01 Infancy (incidence)
16.03.02 Childhood (incidence)
16.03.03 Childhood (prevalence)
17 Prolonged feeding: Extensively hydrolysed casein formula containing vs cow's milk formula
17.01.01 Infancy (incidence)
17.01.02 Childhood (incidence)
17.01.03 Childhood (prevalence)
17.02.01 Infancy (incidence)
17.02.02 Childhood (incidence)
17.02.03 Childhood (prevalence)
17.03.01 Infancy (incidence)
17.03.02 Childhood (incidence)
17.03.03 Childhood (prevalence)
17.04.01 Infancy (incidence)
17.04.02 Childhood (incidence)
17.04.03 Childhood (prevalence)
17.05.01 Infancy (incidence)
17.05.02 Childhood (incidence)
17.05.03 Childhood (prevalence)
17.06.01 Preterm formula
This review is published as a Cochrane review in The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2006 (see http://www.thecochranelibrary.com for information). Cochrane reviews are regularly updated as new evidence emerges and in response to feedback. The Cochrane Library should be consulted for the most recent version of the review. |