Sustainable Agriculture:
A Question of Social Justice
John Ikerd
What does
“sustainable agriculture” mean to you?
If your answer is like most, you probably will begin by talking about
sustainability in relation to the environment – protecting the natural
ecosystem and conserving non-renewable resources. And, you will be right.
If our food and farming systems are to be sustainable over time, we must
maintain the health and productivity of land and must conserve water, energy,
and the other natural resources upon which agricultural productivity ultimately
depends. An agriculture that is not
ecologically sound, quite simply, is not sustainable.
The next thing
most likely to come to mind is economic sustainability – if it’s not
profitable, it’s not sustainable.
Again, you will be right, or at least partly right. In a capitalistic economy, the markets
determine who gets to use land and other resources – and how they will be
used. Sustainable farms need not maximize profits, and farms need not
generate a profit every year. But, a farming system that is not
economically viable is not
sustainable, no matter how ecologically sound it may be.
Almost everyone
agrees; our food and farming systems must be ecologically sound and
economically viable if they are to be sustainable over time. Even giant agribusiness corporations, such
as Monsanto and Du Pont, have sustainable agriculture programs that address
environmental and economic concerns.
However, there is far less agreement concerning the third essential
aspect of sustainability – the question of social justice. Any system of food and farming that fails to
meet the needs of a society, will not be sustained by that society, no matter
how ecologically benign or profitable it may appear to be. A society has physical and material needs,
however, one of the most basic needs of any society is a sense of social equity
or justice. Any food and farming system
that is not socially just does not meet this basic need, and thus, is not
sustainable.
A sustainable
economy must meet the material needs of people by means that are perceived to
be equitable and just by the society that supports it. Human society is a subsystem of the larger
natural ecosystem and the economy, in turn, is a subsystem of society. While some level of individual economic or
material well-being is a prerequisite for a sustainable society, a society is
more that a collection of individuals; it includes also the relationships among those
individuals. The sustainability of a
society perhaps depends even more upon strong relationships among its members than upon strong individual
members.
Adam Smith, the
father of contemporary economics, in his landmark book, Wealth of Nations,
wrote: “No Society can surely be flourishing and happy, of which the far
greater part of the members are poor and miserable.” Distrust and dissention can arise among the rich as well as the
poor – both groups being capable of
dysfunctional relationships. However,
distrust and dissention are inevitable consequences of substantial and
persistent economic disparity among members within a society. Economic disparity inevitably creates a
sense of social injustice, and an unjust society is neither stable nor
sustainable. Distrust and dissention
ultimately lead to civil unrest, which disrupts the economy and ultimately
leads to exploitation and destruction of the natural ecosystem. Eastern Europe and Sub-Sahara Africa provide
two prime examples of the widespread ecological destruction that results from
persistent social injustice.
A market economy
will not ensure social justice. A
market economy provides for people only in relation to their willingness and
ability to pay, not in relation to their basic needs. The abilities of people to earn money and to pay for food,
clothing, and shelter do not necessarily match their needs. All people have a basic right to sufficient
food, clothing, and shelter to ensure survival and normal physical and mental
growth and development, although we are just beginning to accept this fact in
America. Our market economy will not
ensure those rights. Inevitably, equity
and justice must be ensured through conscious, purposeful actions by the
members of society – by our individual acts of human compassion and by our
public acts, through government, to ensure the general welfare. Both are necessary and neither absolves our
responsibility for the other. A society
that does not accept this responsibility for social justice is not sustainable.
Equity and
justice do not require that everyone have access to the same quantity, quality,
and variety of food, clothing or shelter, or that food, clothing, and shelter
be equally convenient or effortless for all.
Equity and justice are matters of ensuring equal access to specific things to which all have equal rights – not equal access to all things. A right to safe, nutritious food, for example, does not imply a
right to prime rib and artichoke hearts nor to packaged or pre-prepared
foods. However, food and farming
systems that do not accept responsibility of ensuring that all have adequate food, clothing, and shelter are
not sustainable.
Each of us must
accept our ethical and moral responsibility to help ensure the sustainability
of human life on earth. We can do this,
in part, by supporting farmers who are committed to protecting the natural
environment – helping to make ecologically sound food and fiber systems
economically viable. But, we must also
accept our responsibility to help build food and farming systems that are
socially just. Social justice includes
employment equity for farmers, farm workers, and others employed in the
system. But, social justice also
demands that all people have adequate food, clothing, and shelter. Sustainability is a question of
environmental integrity and economic viability, but sustainability is also a
question of social justice.