EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:
At the request of the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), the Office of General (OIG) conducted a nationwide review of pharmacy acquisition costs for drugs reimbursed under the Medicaid prescription drug program. Since most States reimburse pharmacies for Medicaid prescriptions using a formula which discounts the average wholesale price (AWP), the objective of our review was to develop an estimate of the discount below AWP at which pharmacies purchase brand name and generic drugs.
To accomplish our objective, we selected a random sample of 11 States from a universe of 48 States and the District of Columbia. Arizona was excluded from the universe of States because the Medicaid drug program is a demonstration project using prepaid capitation financing and Tennessee was excluded because of a waiver received to implement a statewide managed care program for Medicaid. Virginia was one of the sample States selected, as well as California, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Maryland, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Jersey, and North Carolina.
Additionally, we selected a sample of Medicaid pharmacy providers from each State and obtained invoices of their drug purchases. The pharmacies were selected from each of five categories--rural-chain, rural-independent, urban-chain, urban-independent and non-traditional pharmacies (nursing home pharmacies, hospital pharmacies, etc.). We included the non-traditional category so as to be able to exclude those pharmacies from our overall estimates. We believed such pharmacies purchase drugs at substantially greater discounts than retail pharmacies, and including them would have inflated our percentages.
We compared each invoice drug price to AWP for that drug and calculated the percentage, if any, by which the invoice price was discounted below AWP. We then projected those differences to the universe of pharmacies in each category for each State and calculated an overall estimate for each State. Additionally, we projected the results from each State to estimate the nationwide difference between invoice price and AWP.
In Virginia, we obtained pricing information from 24 pharmacies. Specifically, we obtained 1,413 invoice prices for brand name drugs, and 686 invoice prices for generic drugs. For Virginia, the overall estimate of the extent that invoice prices were discounted below AWP was 17.2 percent for brand name drugs and 45.1 percent for generic drugs. The national estimates are 18.3 percent and 42.5 percent, respectively. The estimates combine the results for four categories of pharmacies including rural-chain, rural-independent, urban-chain and urban-independent and exclude the results obtained from non-traditional pharmacies.
We are recommending that the Virginia Department of Medical Assistance Services (State Agency) consider the results of this review as a factor in any future changes to pharmacy reimbursement for Medicaid drugs. We will share the information with HCFA from all 11 States in a consolidation report for their use in evaluating the overall Medicaid drug program.
The Director of the State Agency responded to our draft report in a letter dated, October 17, 1996. The Director was appreciative that the report stated that acquisition cost is just one factor involved in pharmacy reimbursement policy and that with any change to that policy, consideration should be given to the other factors.