| |
Samples*
|
Exposure concentration (mg/m3)†
|
| References
|
Occupation
|
Source
of exposure
|
Number
|
Type
|
Range
|
Geometric
mean
|
Arithmetic
mean
|
Hervin and
Emmett 1976
|
Hot asphalt machine
operator/carrier |
Roofing operation
|
6
|
Cyclohexane
solubles |
<0.02–0.19
|
0.050 |
|
0.082
|
| Brown and
Fajen 1977a
|
Kettleman, felt layer |
Asphalt heating
and
mopping
|
1
|
Benzene solubles |
—‡
—
|
0.75
0.04 |
|
0.75
<0.04 |
|
| Felt layer |
2
|
Benzene solubles |
0.35–1.3
<0.04–0.23
|
|
0.67
0.096 |
|
0.825
0.14 |
|
| Foreman, mopper |
1
|
Benzene solubles |
—
—
|
0.49
0.12 |
|
0.49
0.12 |
|
| Felt tacker |
1
|
Benzene solubles |
—
—
|
1.1
0.16 |
|
1.1
0.16 |
|
Brown and
Fajen 1977b
|
Felt layer |
Asphalt heating and
mopping
|
2
|
Benzene solubles |
0.08–0.78
<0.04–0.35
|
|
0.25
0.12 |
|
0.43
0.20 |
|
|
|
Foreman |
|
1
|
Benzene solubles |
—
—
|
2.1
0.15 |
|
2.1
0.15 |
|
| Brown and
Fajen 1977b
|
Felt layer |
Asphalt heating and
mopping |
2 |
Benzene solubles |
0.08–0.78
<0.04–0.35
|
|
0.25
0.12 |
|
0.43
0.20 |
|
|
|
Foreman |
|
1 |
Benzene solubles |
—
—
|
2.1
0.15 |
|
2.1
0.15 |
|
Brown and
Fajen 1977c
|
Felt machine operator,
mopper |
Application of hot
roofing asphalt |
2 |
Benzene solubles |
|
|
0.65
0.32 |
|
1.3
0.35 |
|
|
|
Hot asphalt carrier |
|
1 |
Benzene solubles |
—
—
|
0.57
0.16 |
|
0.57
0.16 |
|
| Brown and
Fajen 1977c
|
Mopper |
|
1 |
Benzene solubles |
—
—
|
0.38
<0.04 |
|
0.38
<0.04 |
|
|
|
Felt layer |
|
1 |
Benzene solubles |
—
—
|
0.17
0.08 |
|
0.17
0.08 |
|
|
|
Asphalt tank operator |
|
1 |
Benzene solubles |
—
|
<0.11 |
f&s
|
f&s |
Puzinauskas l979
|
Kettleman |
Type III roofing asphalt
(low and high
volatility)
|
6
6
|
Total particulates
Benzene solubles |
1.3–12.5
0.91–6.9
|
2.6
1.8
|
3.7
2.3 |
|
|
Mopper |
|
6
6
|
Total particulates
Benzene solubles |
1.1–8.4
0.68–6.5
|
2.9
2.1
|
3.6
2.6 |
|
|
Paperman |
|
6
6
3
|
Total particulates
Benzene solubles
Benzene solubles |
0.35–3.3
0.25–2.4
1.4–6.9
|
1.2
0.8
2.5
|
1.5
1.1
3.3 |
| Tharr 1982
|
Kettleman |
Asphalt heating and
mopping
|
1
|
Cyclohexane
solubles |
—
|
0.28
|
0.28 |
|
|
Mopper |
|
2
|
Cyclohexane
solubles |
0.16–0.17
|
0.17
|
0.17 |
Reed 1983
|
Paper roller |
Asphalt roofing
|
2
|
Benzene solubles |
1.0–1.1
|
1.1
|
1.1 |
|
|
Mopper |
|
1
|
Benzene solubles |
—
|
0.9
|
0.9 |
|
|
Kettleman |
|
2
|
Benzene solubles |
1.2–1.2
|
1.2
|
1.2 |
| Brandt et al. 1985
|
Kettleman |
Kettle emissions and
bitumen spreading
|
2
2
|
Total particulates
Benzene solubles |
4.1–6.4
3.5–5.4
|
5.1
4.3
|
5.3
4.5 |
|
|
Felt layers |
|
7
7
|
Total particulates
Benzene solubles |
0.5–1.7
0.2–1.1
|
—
—
|
1.3
0.7 |
Carson 1986
|
Roof-level workers
(laborer, mopper,
carrier, etc.) |
Application of an
asphalt built-up roof
|
16
|
Acetonitrile
solubles |
0.04–2.7
|
0.16
|
0.34 |
|
|
Ground-level workers
(kettleman) |
|
3
|
Acetonitrile
solubles |
0.04–0.83
|
0.27
|
0.49 |
| Zey et al. 1988
|
Various (kettleman,
laborer, etc.) |
Application of asphalt
roof
|
24
18
|
Benzene solubles
Total particulates |
ND–1.4
<0.02–1.0
|
—
—
|
0.39
0.54 |
Hicks 1995;
AI 1991
|
Roofer |
Roofing operation
(temperature of
product at fume
source from 163 to
316 °C [325 to
600 °F])
|
12
12
|
Total particulates
Benzene solubles |
0.04–2.2
0.011–1.7
|
0.36
0.19
|
0.58
0.45 |
|
|
Laborer |
|
5
5
|
Total particulates
Benzene solubles |
0.21–0.91
0.17–0.62
|
0.38
0.3
|
0.47
0.34 |
|
|
Mechanic |
|
7
7
|
Total particulates
Benzene solubles |
0.24–1.2
<0.078–1.8
|
0.54
0.26
|
0.65
0.49 |
| Hicks 1995;
AI 1991
(continued)
|
Felt machine operator |
|
7
7
|
Total particulates
Benzene solubles |
0.57–2.5
0.046–2.4
|
1.0
0.21
|
1.3
0.53 |
|
|
Kettleman |
|
4
4
|
Total particulates
Benzene solubles |
0.36–1.6
0.14–1.2
|
1.0
0.67
|
1.2
0.89
|
|
|
Mopper |
|
3
3
|
Total particulates
Benzene solubles |
0.27–1.2
<0.085–0.75
|
0.51
0.21
|
0.63
0.33 |
| Schneider and Susi
1993; Susi and
Schneider 1995
|
Kettleman |
Asphalt roofing
|
1
3
|
Benzene solubles
Total particulates |
—
10.4–28.85
|
21.8
—
|
21.8
18 |
|
|
Mopper |
|
4
4
|
Benzene solubles
Total particulates |
0.08–0.35
<0.03–3.66
|
—
—
|
0.22
1.14 |
|
|
Roof-level workers: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cutting insulation
board |
|
2
2
|
Benzene solubles
Total particulates |
0.35–0.92
0.52–0.97
|
—
—
|
0.63
0.75 |
|
|
Carrying buckets of
hot asphalt |
|
2
|
Benzene solubles |
0.51–1.89
|
—
|
1.46 |
| Exxon 1997;
Gamble et al.
1999
|
Foreman |
Application of roofing
asphalt (4 work sites)
|
6
6
|
Total particulates
Benzene solubles |
0.04–0.77
0.04–0.34
|
0.22
0.12
|
0.33
0.16 |
|
|
Kettleman |
|
4
4
|
Total particulates
Benzene solubles |
0.04–0.72
0.04–0.48
|
0.27
0.15
|
0.41
0.21 |
| Exxon 1997;
Gamble et al.
1999 (continued)
|
Laborer (misc.) |
|
7
7
|
Total particulates
Benzene solubles |
0.06–0.35
0.03–0.22
|
0.17
0.06
|
0.25
0.07 |
|
|
Mop man |
|
7
7
|
Total particulates
Benzene solubles |
0.1–0.54
0.6–0.39
|
0.30
0.16
|
0.34
0.19 |
|
|
Roof laborer |
|
36
34
|
Total particulates
Benzene solubles |
0.03–2.73
0.03–1.23
|
0.44
0.13
|
0.73
0.23 |
