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Models
When EPA assesses the risk of a pesticide to human health or the environment, it considers the toxicity of the pesticide as well as the amount of pesticide to which a person or the environments may be exposed. In assessing exposure, scientists frequently use mathematical models to predict pesticide concentrations in food, water, residential, and occupational environments.
On this page:
Aquatic Models
OPP uses aquatic models to estimate pesticide concentrations in food, water, non-target organisms, residential and occupational environments. These estimated concentrations are used to assess exposure to aquatic organisms, humans, and the environment.
GENEEC (GENeric Estimated Environmental Concentration)
GENEEC is a surface water model that is used to assess exposure of pesticides to aquatic organisms and the environment.
FIRST (FQPA Index Reservoir Screening Tool)
FIRST is a surface water model that is used to assess exposure to pesticides in drinking water.
PRZM (Pesticide Root Zone Model)
PRZM is a surface water model that simulates chemical movement in soil within and immediately below the plant root zone. PRZM is often linked with EXAMS to develop refined exposure assessments of pesticide concentrations in aquatic environments.
EXAMS (Exposure Analysis Modeling System)
EXAMS is a surface water model that evaluates the fate, transport, and exposure concentration of pesticides. EXAMS is frequently linked with PRZM to develop refined exposure assessments of pesticide concentrations in aquatic environments.
SWAMP
SWAMP is a probabilistic model that estimates the probability, magnitude, and certainty of the risk to aquatic organisms from exposure to pesticides.
SCIGROW (Screening Concentration In GROund Water)
SCIGROW is an aquatic model used to estimate pesticide concentrations in ground water.
SWIMODEL (Swimmer Exposure Assessment Model)
SWIMODEL is a screenting tool for conducting exposure assessment of pesticides found in indoor swimming pools and spas.
Tier I Rice Model
Tier I Rice Model is an aquatic model used to estimate surface water exposure from the use of pesticides in rice paddies.
Terrestrial Models
OPP uses terrestrial models to estimate pesticide concentrations on avian and mammalian food items and exposure and risk to terrestrial organisms from pesticide use.
T-REX (Terrestrial Residue Exposure)
T-REX is used by OPP to estimate pesticide concentration on avian and mammalian food items.
TIM (Terrestrial Investigation Model)
TIM is a probabilistic model that estimates the probability, magnitude, and certainty of risk to terrestrial organisms from exposure to pesticides.
T-HERPS
T-HERPS is a simulation model that estimates exposure to terrestrial reptiles and amphibians from pesticide use.
Atmospheric Models
OPP uses atmospheric models to predict the deposition patterns of pesticides released into the atmosphere.
AgDRIFT®
AgDRIFT® is an atmospheric model that predicts spray deposition patterns from aerial pesticide applications.
AgDISP
AgDISP is used by OPP to predict the motion of spray material released from aircraft.
PERFUM
(Probabilistic Exposure and Risk Model for FUMigants)PERFUM is used to calculate distributional exposure to soil fumigants emitted from treated agricultural fields.
SOFEA (SOil Fumigant Exposure Assessment)
SOFEA system is used to calculate exposure to bystanders who are in proximity to fileds treated with soil fumigants.
FEMS (Fumigant Exposure Modeling System)
FEMS is used to calculate exposure to bystanders who are in proximity to fields treated with soil fumigants.
Health Effects Models
Health Effects Models
OPP uses health effects models to predict effects to humans from exposure to pesticides.
DEEM (Dietary Exposure Evaluation Model)
DEEM provides dietary probabilistic assessments of dietary pesticide exposure.
CALENDEXTM - FCID
CALENDEXTM - FCID evaluates aggregated exposure that appropriately incorporates the probability of simultaneous exposures across multiple pathways.
CARES (Cumulative and Aggregate Risk Evaluation System)
LifeLineTM Version 2.0
LifeLineTM Version 2.0 allows the user to investigate exposure to pesticide residues in diet, tap water, and in residential environments.
LifeLineTM Version 4.3
LifeLine Version 4.3 is used to assess dietary, aggregate and cululative risks of pesticides. Version 4.3 is 50% faster than the prior version of LifeLine and includes new features in virtually every portion of the model.
REx (Residential Exposure Assessment)
SHEDS (Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation Model)
SHEDS is a physically-based stochastic model developed to quantify exposure and dose of humans to multimedia, multipathway pollutants.
PBPK/PD (Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic)