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Home > Deposit Insurance > The Deposit Insurance Funds > Reform of Deposit Insurance | ![]() |
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Risk-Based Assessment System [6714-01-P] FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION 12 CFR Part 327 RIN 3064-AD09 ASSESSMENTS AGENCY: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: EFFECTIVE DATE: January 1, 2007. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
I. Background On July 24, 2006, the FDIC published in the Federal Register, for a 60-day comment period, a notice of proposed rulemaking providing for deposit insurance assessments (the NPR). 71 Fed. Reg. 41910. The FDIC sought public comment on its proposal and received 699 comment letters, including numerous comments from trade organizations.3 4 The comments and the final rule providing for assessments are discussed in later sections. A. The current risk-differentiation framework
B. Reform Act provisions At the same time, the Reform Act also restores to the FDIC’s Board of Directors the discretion to price deposit insurance according to risk for all insured institutions regardless of the level of the fund reserve ratio. 9 The Reform Act leaves in place the existing statutory provision allowing the FDIC to “establish separate risk-based assessment systems for large and small members of the Deposit Insurance Fund.” 10 Under the Reform Act, however, separate systems are subject to a new requirement that “[n]o insured depository institution shall be barred from the lowest-risk category solely because of size.” 11 II. Summary of the Final Rule The final rule consolidates the existing nine risk categories into four and names them Risk Categories I, II, III and IV. Risk Category I replaces the 1A risk category. Within Risk Category I, the final rule combines supervisory ratings with other risk measures to differentiate risk. For most institutions, the final rule combines CAMELS component ratings with financial ratios to determine an institution’s assessment rate. For large institutions that have long-term debt issuer ratings, the final rule differentiates risk by combining CAMELS component ratings with these ratings. For large institutions within Risk Category I, initial assessment rate determinations may be modified within limits upon review of additional relevant information. The final rule defines a large institution as an institution that has $10 billion or more in assets. With certain exceptions, beginning in 2010, the final rule treats new institutions (those established for less than five years) in Risk Category I the same, regardless of size, and assesses them at the maximum rate applicable to Risk Category I institutions. The final rule sets actual rates beginning January 1, 2007, as
follows:
* Rates for institutions that do not pay the minimum or maximum rate vary between these rates. These rates are three basis points above the base rate schedule adopted in the final rule:
* Rates for institutions that do not pay the minimum or maximum rate vary between these rates. The final rule continues to allow the FDIC Board to adjust rates uniformly from one quarter to the next, except that no single adjustment can exceed three basis points. In addition, cumulative adjustments cannot exceed a maximum of three basis points higher or lower than the base rates without further notice-and-comment rulemaking. III. General Risk Differentiation Framework Table 1
Risk Category I contains all well-capitalized institutions in Supervisory Group A (generally those with CAMELS composite ratings of 1 or 2); i.e., those institutions that would be placed in the former 1A category. Risk Category II contains all institutions in Supervisory Groups A and B (generally those with CAMELS composite ratings of 1, 2 or 3), except those in Risk Category I and undercapitalized institutions. 12 Risk Category III contains all undercapitalized institutions in Supervisory Groups A and B, and institutions in Supervisory Group C (generally those with CAMELS composite ratings of 4 or 5) that are not undercapitalized. Risk Category IV contains all undercapitalized institutions in Supervisory Group C; i.e., those institutions that would be placed in the former 3C category. 13 Comments Some comments argued that, for CAMELS 3, 4 and 5-rated institutions in Risk Categories II and III, some provision for lower premiums should be made for institutions that augment and maintain strong capital, maintain adequate reserves for loan losses and have a plan for recovery approved by the FDIC. The FDIC does not see a need for special provisions for these institutions, as they have other incentives to improve capital and business operations. IV. Risk Differentiation within Risk Category I The risk differentiation methods for institutions in Risk Category I measure levels of risk and result in rank orderings of risk within the category. Within Risk Category I, the final rule assesses those institutions that pose the least risk a minimum assessment rate and those that pose the greatest risk a maximum assessment rate that is two basis points higher than the minimum rate. An institution that poses an intermediate risk within Risk Category I will be charged a rate between the minimum and maximum that will vary by institution. Under the final rule, small changes in an institution’s financial ratios, long-term debt issuer ratings or CAMELS component ratings should produce only small changes in assessment rates. The final rule defines a large institution as an institution that has $10 billion or more in assets and a small institution as an institution that has less than $10 billion in assets. Also, as described below in Section VII, beginning in 2010, with certain exceptions, the final rule treats new institutions in Risk Category I the same, regardless of size, and assesses them at the maximum rate applicable to Risk Category I institutions. B. Distribution of assessment rates In this regard, the final rule differs from the NPR in its application to large institutions. The NPR had proposed assessing large institutions that posed an intermediate risk within Risk Category I one of four rates between the minimum and maximum based on subcategory assignments. A number of comments expressed concern over the proposed use of assessment rate subcategories and the possibility that large increases (and decreases) in assessment rates could result from relatively small changes in risk. Some of these comments recommended using as few as three assessment rate subcategories, and some comments recommended using incremental pricing, as proposed in the NPR for small institutions. The FDIC has decided to adopt an incremental pricing framework for all institutions so that a small change in risk will produce a small change in assessment rates. Under the final rule, as of June 30, 2006: (1) approximately 45 percent of all institutions that would have been in Risk Category I (other than institutions less than 5 years old) would have been charged the minimum assessment rate; and (2) approximately 5 percent of all institutions that would have been in Risk Category I (other than institutions less than 5 years old) would have been charged the maximum assessment rate. In future periods, different percentages of institutions may be charged the minimum and maximum rates. Chart 1 shows the cumulative distribution of assessment rates based on June 30, 2006 data, using base assessment rates for institutions in Risk Category I. The chart excludes Risk Category I institutions less than 5 years old. Comments Two comments expressed the view that the decision to place roughly 45 percent of large institutions in the minimum assessment rate subcategory and 5 percent in the maximum assessment rate subcategory was subjective and arbitrary. In one of these comments, it was suggested that large institutions might be restricted from the lowest premium rate by this decision. Several other comments also urged the FDIC to expand the availability of the minimum assessment rate to a larger proportion of large institutions. Some comments argued for the elimination of premiums altogether for the highest rated large institutions. The FDIC has found that small institutions with a probability of downgrade to a CAMELS 3 or worse that is equal to or less than the probability of downgrade for the 40th to 50th percentile as of June 30, 2006, had minimal risk of a CAMELS downgrade over time. The remainder of small institutions in the industry had increasing and distinguishable risk of CAMELS downgrades. The FDIC believes it is appropriate to initially assign roughly similar proportions of large and small institutions to the minimum assessment rate to achieve parity. While the initial proportions of large and small institutions being charged the minimum and maximum rates will be similar, the final rule does not fix the proportions for the future. Thus, in future periods, more or less than 45 percent of large (or small) institutions may pay the minimum rate and more or less than 5 percent may pay the maximum rate. Risk Category I assessment rate spread Other comments (including comments from some trade groups) recommended increasing the spread between minimum and maximum assessment rates for Risk Category I to 3 basis points. According to these comments, a wider spread would improve risk differentiation and could subject more institutions to incremental rates between the minimum and maximum rates. The final rule strikes a balance between the arguments for a narrower spread and those for a wider spread. The two basis point spread adopted in the final rule is narrower than the historical loss data would suggest. 14 However, as the comments have noted, the new system is, as yet, untested. C. CAMELS ratings
Comments One trade group asserted that the FDIC should use a simple, rather than weighted, average of CAMELS components on the grounds that using financial ratios related to these components effectively weights the components. The trade group noted that capital, for example, is already reflected in an institution’s risk category and as a CAMELS component. The trade group also asserted that asset quality is given extra emphasis in the proposed weighting scheme by including several asset quality financial ratios as well as the A rating in the CAMELS component average. With regards to the M component, the trade group asserted that:
Several comments proposed different weighting schemes for large institutions, such as heavier weights for Liquidity, Capital, and Asset quality. The final rule retains the weights proposed in the NPR to determine the weighted average CAMELS component rating. These weights reflect the view of the FDIC on the relative importance of each of the CAMELS components in differentiating risk among institutions in Risk Category I for deposit insurance purposes. D. Financial ratios The financial ratios that will be used are: The Tier 1 Leverage Ratio has the definition used for regulatory capital purposes. Appendix A defines each of the ratios. Many comments (including comments from several industry trade groups) opposed including time deposits greater than $100,000 in the definition of volatile liabilities for a variety of reasons, including: (1) these deposits are core deposits or should be so considered; and (2) including them would have an effect on attracting municipal deposits. One comment opposed including brokered deposits in the definition of volatile liabilities on the grounds that they are less volatile than many core deposits. One trade group argued that deposits in excess of $100,000 that are insured by excess deposit insurance should not be included in the definition of volatile liabilities. The final rule eliminates the basis for these concerns by excluding one of the financial ratios proposed in the NPR, the ratio of volatile liabilities to gross assets. The financial data used to compute volatile liabilities reported by thrifts in the Thrift Financial Reports (TFRs) and reported by banks in their Reports of Condition and Income (Call Reports) were not compatible and could not be made compatible without changes in reporting requirements. 17 The final rule also excludes the portion of loans and leases that is guaranteed by the U.S. Government, including government agencies and government-sponsored agencies, from the computation of loans past due 30-89 days and from the computation of non-performing assets. These types of guaranteed loans are treated as less risky than other loans for risk-based capital purposes. Moreover, the use of past due and nonaccrual loan measures that do not adjust for these guaranteed loans might overstate credit risk and result in assessment rates that are too high for some institutions. Comments A trade group suggested excluding the loans past due 30-89 days to gross assets ratio on the grounds that loan delinquencies are already considered in two CAMELS components, A (Assets) and M (Management). The final rule retains the loans past due 30-89 days to gross assets ratio. Independent of the CAMELS components, this ratio is statistically significant and highly predictive of CAMELS downgrades and institution failures even when it is considered together with the nonperforming ratio. 18 A trade group commented that the risk weighting formula used to establish risk weighted assets is biased against residential mortgage lenders. It argued that, since they are secured by property liens, all 1-4 family, owner occupied residential mortgage loans with a loan-to-value ratio under 80 percent should be given a risk weighting of zero. In the final rule, pre-tax earnings are divided by risk-weighted assets rather than by gross assets to avoid penalizing certain types of institutions, including those that hold low-risk and low-yielding assets. The FDIC’s analysis shows that institutions specializing in mortgage lending are not charged a higher average assessment rate than other institutions under the final rule. Moreover, Call Reports and TFRs currently do not collect separate data on the loan-to-value ratio for 1-4 family, owner occupied residential mortgage loans; thus, it is not feasible to treat loans with a low loan-to-value ratio differently. This trade group also requested that the FDIC study how mutual institutions are affected by including earnings in the financial ratios. The FDIC found that, while mutual institutions typically have a lower ratio of pre-tax earnings to risk-weighted assets, they typically have a higher Tier 1 leverage ratio and lower non-performing loan and charge-off ratios than other small institutions in Risk Category I. As a result, mutual institutions are not charged a higher average assessment rate than other institutions under the final rule. Another trade group advocated averaging financial ratios over a period not less than four quarters, arguing that taking “a one-quarter snap shot” can be a misleading indicator of risk, since many financial institutions can experience seasonal variations. By averaging, these seasonalities would be removed. The final rule uses a four-quarter sum for two of the five financial ratios—the pre-tax earnings and net charge-offs ratios—to reduce volatility related to seasonality. The final rule uses the values of the three other financial ratios as of each quarter-end for several reasons. First, the seasonality of these financial ratios is more modest. Second, with a quarterly computation of assessment rates, the average assessment rate an institution would be charged throughout the year would roughly equate to the assessment rate calculated with average ratios. Third, averaging financial ratios over time has the disadvantage of blunting the effect of changes in an institution’s financial condition that are not related to seasonality; thus, averaging ratios would prevent assessments from fully adjusting to changes in risk. One trade group supported the FDIC’s use of a Tier 1 leverage ratio and suggested that it should be weighted heaviest among the financial ratios considered. However, several comments (including comments from other trade groups) stated that capital should be measured by a risk-adjusted capital ratio rather than the Tier 1 leverage ratio because a risk-adjusted capital ratio is a better measure of capital adequacy. Several comments stated that the FDIC should not use a Tier 1 leverage ratio to determine assessment rates for large institutions, in particular. One of these comments argued that this ratio is not an accurate measure of risk, effectively penalizes institutions that invest in high quality short-term assets, such as U.S. government securities, and places U.S. banks at a competitive disadvantage with foreign banks. Another comment suggested that larger institutions might tend to be penalized by inclusion of a leverage ratio. The final rule uses the Tier 1 leverage ratio. The Tier 1 leverage ratio is highly significant in predicting CAMELS downgrades and failures. Using a risk-based capital measure in place of the Tier 1 leverage ratio does not improve predictive accuracy. For the relatively few large Risk Category I institutions that do not have long-term debt issuer ratings, the FDIC’s ability to adjust assessment rates based on consideration of other risk information, as discussed below, should ensure that these institutions are treated equitably. Several comments (including comments from several trade groups) stated that the capital measure should include subordinated debt and stated or implied that subordinated debt should reduce assessment rates because it would reduce loss given failure. Several comments (including comments from some trade groups) argued that the statutes governing the risk-based pricing system require that the FDIC take loss given failure into account when determining assessments and that the proposed system does not do so. Because it does not do so, they argue, the assessment system is actuarially unfair. These issues are discussed in a subsequent section (Section IX). One commenter explicitly argued that, for large institutions in Risk Category I, only CAMELS components should be used to differentiate risk. However, the comment also implied that only CAMELS components should be used for all Risk Category I institutions, including small institutions. The method adopted in the final rule, which combines financial ratios and supervisory ratings, predicts downgrades better than one without financial ratios. For this reason, the final rule does not adopt the method suggested in the comment. E. Long-term debt issuer ratings Comments While there is merit in considering ratings provided by other rating agencies, long-term debt issuer ratings issued by the three major U.S. rating agencies are widely accepted and used by market participants to gauge the relative risk of large financial institutions for many purposes, including the determination of required rates of return on institution-issued debt. They provide market-based views of risk that are complementary to supervisory views. 20 The final rule does not incorporate debt issuer rating information into the pricing methodology used for smaller institutions; however, as described in a subsequent section, institutions with assets between $5 billion and $10 billion may request to be treated as a large institution for pricing purposes. Other comments (including comments from other trade groups) either urged caution in the use of agency ratings on the grounds of bias in favor of large institutions or argued they should not be used. The FDIC’s ability to adjust assessment rates for large institutions, discussed below, should alleviate these concerns. Several comments urged the FDIC to use holding company debt issuer ratings to determine assessment rates. These comments noted that debt is often issued at the parent level, that holding companies are required to serve as a source of strength to their subsidiary institutions, and that holding company considerations apply to insured subsidiaries due to the cross guarantee liabilities of affiliated institutions. The long-term debt issuer rating of an insured entity relates directly to the risk in that particular entity. As noted in the NPR, the risk profiles of affiliated institutions within a holding company can differ. Additionally, the value of a cross-guarantee in the future is uncertain because the financial condition of affiliated institutions may, in certain circumstances, weigh against the FDIC’s invoking such cross-guarantee provisions. Nevertheless, it is prudent to consider all available risk information in setting assessment rates. As discussed below, the FDIC will consider additional information, including any holding company debt issuer ratings, in determining whether the assessment rate for any large institution is appropriate. 21 F. Combining supervisory ratings and financial ratios
* Ratios are expressed as percentages. ** Multipliers are rounded to three decimal places. To determine an institution’s insurance assessment rate under the base assessment rate schedule, each of these risk measures (that is, each institution’s financial ratios and weighted average CAMELS component rating) will be multiplied by the corresponding pricing multipliers. The sum of these products will be added to (or subtracted from) a uniform amount, 1.954. 24 The uniform amount is derived from a statistical analysis. 25 However, no rate within Risk Category I will be less than the minimum assessment rate applicable to the category or higher than the maximum assessment rate applicable to the category. The final rule sets the minimum base assessment rate for Risk Category I at two basis points and the maximum base assessment rate for Risk Category I two basis points higher. To compute the values of the uniform amount and pricing multipliers shown above, the FDIC chose cutoff values for the predicted probabilities of downgrade such that, as of June 30, 2006: (1) 45 percent of smaller institutions that would have been in Risk Category I (other than institutions less than 5 years old) would have been charged the minimum assessment rate; and (2) 5 percent of smaller institutions that would have been in Risk Category I (other than institutions less than 5 years old) would have been charged the maximum assessment rate. 26 These cutoff values will be used in future periods, which could lead to different percentages of institutions being charged the minimum and maximum rates. Table 2 gives assessment rates for three institutions with varying characteristics, assuming the pricing multipliers given above, using the base assessment rates for institutions in Risk Category I (which range between a minimum of 2 basis points to a maximum of 4 basis points). 27
* Figures may not multiply or add to totals due to rounding. 28 The assessment rate for an institution in the table is calculated by multiplying the pricing multipliers (Column B) by the risk measure values (Column C, E or G) to produce each measure’s contribution to the assessment rate. The sum of the products (Column D, F or H) plus the uniform amount (the first item in Column D, F and H) yields the total assessment rate. For Institution 1 in the table, this sum actually equals 1.56, but the table reflects the assumed minimum assessment rate of 2 basis points. For Institution 3 in the table, the sum actually equals 4.25, but the table reflects the assumed maximum assessment rate of 4 basis points. Under the final rule, the FDIC will have the flexibility to update the pricing multipliers and the uniform amount annually, without further notice-and-comment rulemaking. In particular, the FDIC will be able to add data from each new year to its analysis and may, from time to time, exclude some earlier years from its analysis. For example, some time during 2007 the FDIC may include data in the statistical analysis covering the period 1984 to 2005, rather than 1984 to 2004. Because the analysis will continue to use many earlier years’ data as well, pricing multiplier changes from year to year should usually be relatively small. On the other hand, as a result of the annual review and analysis, the FDIC may conclude that additional or alternative financial measures, ratios or other risk factors should be used to determine risk-based assessments or that a new method of differentiating for risk should be used. In any of these events, changes would be made through notice-and-comment rulemaking. Under the final rule, the financial ratios for any given quarter will be calculated from the report of condition filed by each institution as of the last day of the quarter. 29 In a separate rule, the FDIC has determined that, for purposes of assigning an institution to one of the four risk categories, changes to an institution’s supervisory rating will be reflected as of the date that the rating change is transmitted to the institution. 30 This final rule adopts the same rule with respect to CAMELS component rating changes for purposes of determining assessment rates for all institutions in Risk Category I. 31 32 Using the transmittal date of a ratings change for assessment purposes represents a change from the method proposed in the NPR. Under the NPR, transmittal dates would only have been used in the absence of an examination start date (for example, for a large institution with continuous on-site supervision). Otherwise, in almost all instances, the examination start date would have been used. The final rule adopts a suggestion contained in a banking trade group comment and alters the proposed rule for several reasons discussed in more detail in the final rule on operational changes to the assessment system. 33 The final rule also differs from the NPR for large institutions without long-term debt issuer ratings. The NPR proposed determining assessment rates for these institutions from insurance scores using a weighted average CAMELS rating and a financial ratio factor, with each weighted 50 percent. While the supervisory ratings and financial ratios in the final rule are nearly the same as those proposed in the NPR, they are combined differently. 34 The approach in the final rule is simpler because it uses one consistent method for all institutions other than those with at least $10 billion in assets that have long-term debt issuer ratings. Comments The FDIC has decided not to impose a cap on the contribution that supervisory ratings can make to an institution’s assessment rate for two reasons. First, the final rule combining supervisory ratings and financial ratios does not use a weighting scheme or a risk score. The final rule uses pricing multipliers, which can be either positive or negative, based on a statistical model that relates financial ratios and component ratings to CAMELS downgrades. The pricing multipliers—including the multiplier for the weighted average CAMELS component rating—are based on the actual historical experience of how well financial ratios and weighted average CAMELS component ratings predict whether an institution will be downgraded to a CAMELS composite rating of 3 or worse at its next examination. Second, a cap on the contribution that supervisory ratings can make to an institution’s assessment rate would affect only a small percentage of institutions and the effect would be very small. 35 Updating pricing multipliers Additional comments G. Combining supervisory ratings with long-term debt issuer ratings The conversion of long-term debt issuer ratings into numerical values in the final rule differs slightly from the conversion proposed in the NPR. Specifically, the final rule assigns the lowest conversion value of ‘1’ to the best possible long-term debt issuer rating rather than to double A ratings or better (Aa2 or better for Moody’s ratings), and the highest conversion value of ‘3’ to triple B or worse ratings (Baa2 or worse for Moody’s ratings), rather than to double B plus or worse ratings (Ba1 or worse for Moody’s ratings). This revised conversion methodology takes better advantage of the possible range of ratings for large Risk Category I institutions, which are concentrated primarily in the triple B rating range and higher. Pricing multipliers and the uniform amount for large institutions with debt ratings were derived using cutoff values of the combination of weighted average CAMELS ratings and converted long-term debt issuer ratings (weighted 50 percent each) such that, as of June 30, 2006: (1) approximately 44 percent of large institutions with long-term debt issuer ratings that would have been in Risk Category I (other than institutions less than 5 years old) would have been charged the minimum assessment rate; and (2) approximately 6 percent of the large institutions with long-term debt issuer ratings that would have been in Risk Category I (other than institutions less than 5 years old) would have been charged the maximum assessment rate. 38 The derivation of pricing multipliers and the uniform amount is described in Appendix 1. Under the final rule, the base assessment rate for an institution with CAMELS component ratings of “222111,” a Moody’s long-term debt issuer rating of “A1,” and a Standard and Poor’s long-term debt issuer rating of “A” would be 2.06 basis points. This rate is calculated as follows: The final rule also differs from the NPR in that it does not use financial ratios to determine assessment rates for any large institution that has long-term debt issuer ratings, and does not use varying weights for long-term debt issuer ratings for institutions with between $10 billion and $30 billion in assets. The final rule simplifies the derivation of assessment rates by applying the same weight to weighted average CAMELS component ratings and long-term debt issuer ratings (when they exist) regardless of an institution’s size. Several trade groups commented that the proposed risk differentiation methodology for large banks was too complex, in part because of the varying weights given risk factors for institutions between $10 billion and $30 billion in assets. These comments noted that an institution’s assessment rate could change simply because of an increase or decrease in assets even when the institution’s risk profile remained unchanged. After considering comments, the FDIC concluded that this simpler approach for all large institutions with debt issuer ratings achieves the objective of differentiating risk in these large institutions without the need to introduce further complexity in the form of varying weights for large institutions in different size categories. Additional comments The FDIC notes that the distribution of current supervisory ratings for large and small institutions does not support this view. Agency debt issuer ratings do take diversification into account, and the FDIC believes that it is appropriate to reflect these considerations in assessment rates. The final rule ensures, as required by statute, that no institution is precluded from the lowest assessment rate solely because of size. This statutory requirement underlies, in part, the FDIC’s decision to initially include roughly similar proportions of large and small institutions in Risk Category I that would be charged minimum and maximum assessment rates. As discussed later, the FDIC will have the ability to adjust an institution's assessment rate when this rate is inconsistent with assessment rates of other large institutions with similar risk profiles. This comment further noted that financial ratios also could be applied to all large institutions. Another trade group argued that the financial ratios should not be phased out in importance as institutions increase in size and should be used for all large institutions. This comment argued that measurements other than the financial ratios that are combined with supervisory ratings might be necessary to assess the off-balance sheet, securitization, trading, and securities processing activities engaged in by large institutions and to serve as a quality control check on long-term debt issuer ratings. The FDIC believes that consideration of additional risk information (including financial performance and condition measures), discussed below, will be sufficient to ensure that the range of activities engaged in by banking organizations are fully considered and that debt issuer ratings are appropriately considered in assessment rates. One comment suggested that business diversification should be more explicitly taken into account in determining deposit insurance premiums. This comment also recommended that the FDIC consider lowering or even eliminating premium rates for institutions that adopt the advanced approaches under the Basel II framework or whose actual capital sufficiently exceeds their Basel II required capital, since these institutions will have demonstrated capital levels and risk management practices that virtually eliminate risk to the deposit insurance fund. The FDIC believes that, in most cases, diversification, capital adequacy, and risk management considerations are reflected in supervisory or agency ratings or in financial ratios and the consideration of additional factors (in Appendix C) ensures that they are taken into account in all cases. One comment argued that the large institution methodology proposed in the NPR was overly subjective because cutoff values to determine the percentage of institutions that would be charged the minimum and maximum rates would be set quarterly by the FDIC. In fact, under the final rule, minimum and maximum assessment rate cutoff values will be established using data as of June 30, 2006. No change will be made to these cutoff values without further notice and opportunity for comment. H. Additional provisions relating to large institutions’ assessment
rates in Risk Category I
Any adjustments to assessment rates will be limited to 0.50 basis points (higher or lower). Upward adjustments will not take effect without notification to and consideration of responses from both the primary federal regulator and the institution. Downward adjustments will not take effect without notification to and consideration of responses from the primary federal regulator. No rate will be adjusted below the minimum rate for Risk Category I institutions in effect for an assessment period or above the maximum rate for Risk Category I institutions in effect for the period. Rate adjustments in Risk Category I are not meant to (and will not) override supervisory evaluations. 41 Examples of additional risk factors that will be considered are enumerated
in Appendix C. Evaluating this additional risk information on an ongoing basis
will help the FDIC ensure that relative levels of risk posed by large Risk
Category I institutions are consistently represented by resulting assessment
rates. Additional information will be evaluated in the following way: Some comments (including comments from trade groups) indicated that the FDIC should consider certain information pertaining to losses that might be sustained by the insurance fund in the event of failure. For example, some comments indicated the FDIC should explicitly incorporate information about the relative level of subordinated claims into the determination of assessment rates for large institutions. The FDIC believes the final rule does consider loss given failure by explicitly incorporating consideration of this information into decisions of whether or not to adjust an institution’s assessment rate. In addition to ongoing consultations with the primary federal regulator on whether or not to make assessment rate adjustments, the FDIC will formally notify an institution’s primary federal regulator when it decides to recommend an adjustment in assessment rates and will consider the primary federal regulator’s response to this notification. The FDIC will also notify an institution in advance when the FDIC intends to increase its assessment rate because of the FDIC’s consideration of additional risk information. This notice will include the reasons for the adjustment and when the adjustment will take effect, and provide the institution an opportunity to respond. An institution will, of course, have the right to request a review of any assessment rate that is adjusted in this manner. After considering an institution’s response to the notice, the FDIC will determine whether an adjustment to an institution’s assessment rate is warranted, taking into account any revisions to weighted average CAMELS component ratings, long-term debt issuer ratings, and financial ratios, as well as any actions taken by the institution to respond to the FDIC’s concerns described in the notice. The FDIC will evaluate the need for the adjustment each subsequent assessment period, until it determines that an adjustment is no longer warranted. The amount of adjustment will in no event be larger than that contained in the initial notice without further notice to, and consideration of responses from, both the primary federal regulator and the institution. Any downward adjustment in assessment rates will remain in effect for subsequent assessment periods until the FDIC determines that an adjustment is no longer warranted. However, the FDIC will provide advance notice to an institution and its primary federal regulator and give them an opportunity to respond before removing a downward adjustment. Of course, the FDIC may raise an institution’s assessment rate without notice if the institution’s supervisory or agency ratings or financial ratios (for an institution without long-term debt issuer ratings) deteriorate. The FDIC acknowledges the need to clarify its processes for making any adjustments to ensure fair treatment and accountability and plans to propose and seek comment on additional guidelines for evaluating whether assessment rate adjustments are warranted and the size of the adjustments. The FDIC will not adjust assessment rates until the guidelines are approved by the FDIC’s Board. 2. Timing of evaluations When a large institution is moved from Risk Category II, III, or IV to Risk Category I during a quarter because of a supervisory rating change, the FDIC will determine the associated assessment rate (subject to adjustment as described above) for that portion of the quarter that the institution was in Risk Category I. The assessment rate for that portion of the quarter it was in Risk Category II, III, or IV will be based on the assessment rate for these risk categories. When an institution remains in Risk Category I during a quarter, but a CAMELS component or long-term debt issuer rating change during the quarter would affect its assessment rate, the FDIC will determine an assessment rate for each portion of the quarter before and after the change. A long-term debt issuer rating change will be effective as of the date the change is announced by the rating agency. Changes in supervisory ratings will be effective as of the date the institution is notified by its primary federal regulator (or state authority). The timing of changes in assessment rates due to changes in supervisory or long-term debt issuer ratings described above differs only slightly from the proposal in that it uses, in all cases, the date of transmittal of a supervisory rating change by the primary federal regulator to the institution. The reasons for this change are discussed in a separate rule. 42 One trade group expressed concern about the possibility of retroactive changes in assessment rates and the prospects for accounting restatements. This comment pointed out that CAMELS rating changes often occur one and even two quarters after the start date of an examination. The use of the transmittal date of examination findings rather than start date of an examination to effect changes in assessment rates should alleviate this concern about retroactive accounting adjustments. Another comment expressed a similar concern that institutions would not be able to plan for the financial impact of assessment rate changes if they were applied retroactively, either because of a change in supervisory or long-term debt issuer ratings, or because of a decision by the FDIC to adjust an institution’s assessment rate. The FDIC believes that the final rule sufficiently addresses this concern since: 1) the transmittal of revised CAMELS ratings or the announcement of revised long-term debt issuer ratings will provide sufficient notice to the institution that a change in assessment rates will occur; and 2) assessment rate changes caused by a decision by the FDIC to adjust an institution’s assessment rate will not become effective before the institution is duly notified and has had an opportunity to respond to the proposed change. Additional comments Several comments specifically criticized the proposal’s use of additional stress consideration factors. For example, some comments stated that these factors were not well developed and expressed concern about the possibly conflicting role such information would play in evaluations by the primary federal regulators and the FDIC. One trade group supported the FDIC’s consideration of additional risk information to ensure that assessment rates were consistently assigned, that risk information was incorporated into the assessment rate in a timely manner, and that assessment rates reflected consideration of all relevant risk information. For the reasons described earlier, the FDIC has decided to retain its ability to adjust assessment rates based upon consideration of additional risk factors. A number of comments supported providing institutions with prior notification relating to any possible increase in assessment rates. However, many of these comments were made in the context of the proposed risk “bucket” or subcategory pricing approach. Given the adoption of an incremental pricing approach for institutions in the incremental pricing range, the FDIC believes advance notice is only needed in two cases based on consideration of additional risk information: (1) where the FDIC intends to make an upward adjustment to a large institution’s assessment rate above that derived from supervisory and long-term debt issuer ratings (or from supervisory ratings and financial ratios); and (2) where it intends to remove a previously made downward adjustment to an institution’s assessment rate. V. Definitions of Large and Small Institutions and Exceptions The definition of large and small institutions for Risk Category I institutions in the final rule is the same as that contained in the proposal. One trade group commented that the $10 billion cutoff point for categorizing institutions as either large or small was appropriate given the tendency of larger institutions to have more available risk information. This same comment indicated that large institutions should be evaluated using more information than current financial ratios and CAMELS component ratings given the types of complex activities engaged in by the largest institutions, such as securitization, derivatives, and trading. As described in the NPR, the final rule makes an exception to the $10 billion size threshold for Risk Category I institutions with between $5 billion and $10 billion in assets that request treatment as a large institution. The FDIC will grant such requests if it determines that it has sufficient information to evaluate the institution’s risk profile adequately under the risk differentiation methods used for large institutions. The absence of long-term debt issuer ratings alone will not preclude the FDIC from granting a request. The assessment rate for an institution without a long-term debt issuer rating would still be derived from supervisory ratings and financial ratios, but would be subject to adjustment. Once a request has been granted, an institution could again request treatment under a different approach after three years, subject to FDIC approval. 43 As discussed in the NPR, small institutions that are affiliated with large institutions will be evaluated separately under the final rule. Specifically, assessment rates for small institutions will be determined using supervisory ratings and financial ratios, whether or not these institutions are affiliated with large institutions. An institution that disagrees with the FDIC’s determination that it is small or large may request review of the determination pursuant to 12 CFR 327.4(c) Comments Some comments supported: (1) assigning the same assessment rate to all affiliated institutions, possibly by strengthening cross guarantees; (2) assigning the assessment rate of the largest institution in a holding company to all institutions in the holding company; or (3) applying the same method of calculating assessment rates to all institutions in a holding company regardless of size to avoid different assessment rate approaches for institutions within the same holding company. The FDIC acknowledges that often each institution in a holding company derives managerial, operational, and financial support from the parent holding company. However, financial condition and operating performance can and does vary among banks within a holding company. Consequently, the FDIC believes it is necessary to evaluate risk at each insured institution individually. Any modifications to current cross guarantee provisions are outside the scope of this proposal. VI. Risk Differentiation among Insured Foreign Branches Insured branches that are assigned to Risk Category II, III or IV, based on their asset pledge and asset maintenance ratios and supervisory ratings, will be treated in the same manner as other insured institutions in these risk categories. For insured branches that are assigned to Risk Category I, assessment rates will be determined from the supervisory ROCA component ratings assigned to the insured branch. 44 Each of these component ratings will be weighted to produce a weighted average ROCA rating. The weights applied to individual ROCA component ratings will be the same as those contained in the NPR: 35 percent, 25 percent, 25 percent, and 15 percent, respectively. An assessment rate for insured branches will be determined by multiplying the average ROCA rating by a pricing multiplier of 2.353 and adding a uniform amount of -1.882 from this product. 45 The derivation of the pricing multipliers and uniform amount for insured branches is described in Appendix 2. As with the large institution risk differentiation approach, the FDIC may adjust these assessment rates up or down by 0.50 basis points after consideration of the additional risk factors described in Appendix C. The same process for making adjustments described to large institution rates, including advance notification and consultation with the primary federal regulator, will apply to insured foreign branches. The FDIC received no comments on the proposed treatment of insured foreign branches. VII. New Institutions in Risk Category I However, where a new institution merges into an established institution and the merger agreement was entered into on or before July 11, 2006, the final rule contains a grandfather clause under which the surviving institution will be deemed to be an established institution. This exception to the definition of a new institution represents a change from the proposed rule. The NPR proposed that, when an established institution merged into or consolidated with a new institution, the surviving or resulting institution would be new, but would be allowed to request that the FDIC determine that it was established. The NPR also proposed that, when a new institution merged into an established institution or when an established institution acquired a substantial portion of a new institution’s assets or liabilities, and the merger or acquisition agreement was entered into after July 11, 2006 (the date that the FDIC’s Board approved the NPR), the FDIC would conduct a review to determine whether the surviving or acquiring institution remained an established institution. The NPR proposed that the FDIC would make determinations based upon factors that included factors similar to the two listed above. The final rule differs from the NPR in this regard. By specifying the particular circumstances that will allow an institution to be considered established, the final rule will give institutions greater certainty regarding the effects of mergers and consolidations and should reduce the necessity of filing requests for review. The final rule should not result in denying an exception to any institution that would have been considered established under the proposed rule, while still achieving the purpose of the proposed rule. The second exception
was raised in comment letters in response to the FDIC’s specific request for
comment on its proposed definition of a new institution. 49 This
exception will apply to a new institution that is a subsidiary of a holding
company with an established institution or that is a subsidiary of an established
institution, provided certain criteria are met. Under these circumstances,
the institution will be considered established for assessment purposes. 50 Specifically,
an institution that would otherwise be new will be considered established if
it is a wholly owned subsidiary of:
Several comments (including comments from trade groups) argued that, at a minimum, new institutions in a bank holding company should be charged at the same rate as other institutions in the holding company. Arguments for this position included: The third exception was also raised in comment letters in response to the FDIC’s specific request for comment on its proposed definition of a new bank. 53 For a credit union that converts to a bank or thrift charter, some comments (including comments from trade groups) urged the FDIC to take into account the period that a credit union has had federal deposit insurance in determining whether it is new or established. As one trade group pointed out:
The final rule takes into account the period that a credit union has been federally insured as a credit union in determining whether it is new or established. 54 The final rule also differs from the NPR in its definition of a new institution. Under the NPR, a new institution would have been defined as an institution that had not been chartered as a bank or thrift for at least seven years as of the last day of any quarter for which it was being assessed (subject to the exceptions above). Several comments (including comments from trade groups) suggested that charging the maximum Risk Category I assessment rate to new institutions for 7 years was too long and favored a shorter period, such as 3 or 5 years (assuming new institutions were assessed separately). One trade group argued that, after three years, an institution’s loan portfolio and its operations should be seasoned enough so that the FDIC can assess the risks of the institution based on financial ratios and CAMELS ratings as it does for other institutions. Other arguments for shortening the period that an institution is considered new included: The FDIC’s decision to assess new institutions separately from established institutions is based on the difficulty of assessing new institutions’ risk with the same risk measures used to assess the risk of established institutions. New institutions undergo rapid changes in the scale and scope of operations for a period of time after being chartered and these changes can make new institutions’ financial condition and performance measures volatile. Moreover, new institutions’ loan portfolios are unseasoned, and their management is often untested, making it difficult to assess loan quality through standard financial performance measures. These differences between new and established institutions’ financial characteristics could lead to mis-measurement of risk when new institutions are evaluated by the same financial risk measurement model used to evaluate established institutions’ risk. More specifically, the FDIC finds that new institution risk is, in general, underestimated by the manner in which supervisory ratings are combined with financial ratios; however, the degree of underestimation of risk declines with bank age. Under the final rule, all new institutions in Risk Category I will be assessed at the same rate and this rate will be the highest rate charged any other institution in Risk Category I. The FDIC finds that the failure rates of institutions that have been in existence for less than 5 years are greater than those of established institutions that would have historically paid the highest assessment rate in Risk Category I (the riskiest Risk Category I established institutions). Historical failure rates among institutions that have been in existence between 5 and 7 years, however, are somewhat lower than those of the riskiest Risk Category I established institutions. For this reason, for purposes of setting assessment rates, the final rule defines new institutions as those institutions that have been in existence less than 5 years. Some comments expressed concern that a combination of factors could result in inequitable treatment for new institutions. These factors included the need to initially charge more than the base rates, the lack of credits for most new institutions, and charging the maximum rate to these institutions. The FDIC recognizes that during the transition from the existing system to the new system, this combination of factors could significantly increase assessment rates for new institutions. Consequently, the final rule delays the effective date of the provisions subjecting new Risk Category I institutions to the maximum Risk Category I rate until January 1, 2010. Before 2010, a Risk Category I institution that has no CAMELS component ratings shall be assessed at one basis point above the minimum rate applicable to Risk Category I institutions until it receives CAMELS component ratings. If an institution has less than $10 billion in assets or has at least $10 billion in assets and no long-term debt issuer rating, once it receives CAMELS component ratings, its assessment rate will be determined under the supervisory ratings and financial ratios method. The assessment rate will be determined by annualizing, where appropriate, financial ratios obtained from the reports of condition that have been filed, until the earlier of the following two events occurs: (1) the institution files four reports of condition; or (2) if it has at least $10 billion in assets, it receives a long-term debt issuer rating. Additional comments The final rule changes the new institution period from seven to five years, but assesses new institutions separately for the reasons described. However, the final rule does delay the effective date of the provisions governing new institutions for three years. An institution that disagrees with the FDIC’s determination that it is new or established may request review of the determination pursuant to 12 CFR 327.4(c). Mergers
The FDIC has simplified the final rule in response to comments. The final rule allows the FDIC to review the surviving or resulting institution in a merger or consolidation involving both a new and an established institution to determine whether the surviving or resulting institution is new or established based on the criteria previously discussed without, in general, requiring that the institution file a request for review. VIII. Assessment Rates
* Rates for institutions that do not pay the minimum or maximum rate will vary between these rates. All institutions in any one risk category, other than Risk Category I, will be charged the same assessment rate. For all institutions in Risk Category I, annual assessment rates will range between 5 and 7 basis points. The final rule also adopts the base schedule of rates proposed in the NPR: 55
The assessment rates that take effect January 1, 2007, will be uniformly 3 basis points higher than the base rate schedule. Under the present assessment system, the Board has adopted a base assessment schedule where it can uniformly adjust rates up to a maximum of five basis points higher or lower than the base rate schedule without the necessity of further notice-and-comment rulemaking, provided that any single adjustment cannot move rates more than five basis points. 56 In the NPR, the Board indicated its intention to retain the ability to adjust rates up to five basis points without seeking further public comment. Upon considering the comments received on this issue (discussed below), the Board has decided to retain this feature, but limit its ability to adjust rates without seeking further public comment to three basis points. Hence, the final rule allows the Board to adjust rates uniformly up to a maximum of three basis points higher or lower than the base rates without the necessity of further notice-and-comment rulemaking, provided that any single adjustment from one quarter to the next cannot move rates more than three basis points. 57 In the event that the Board uniformly adjusts rates, rates calculated for institutions in Risk Category I in reference to the base assessment rates will be uniformly adjusted by the same amount. Once set by the Board, assessment rates will remain in effect until changed. Table 3 shows projected reserve ratios assuming different average annual growth rates for insured deposits if the actual rate schedule (as opposed to base rate schedule) adopted in this rule remains in effect through the year in which the reserve ratio first reaches or exceeds the designated reserve ratio (DRR) of 1.25 percent. 58
(1) The year-end 2006 reserve ratio is estimated to be 1.21 percent. (2) Projections of the components of fund balance growth that result in the reserve ratios shown in this table are provided below. In summary, the Board bases its decision to adopt this rate schedule on the following: B. Factors supporting the rate schedule These factors, including those determined by the Board to be appropriate, are discussed in more detail below. 1. Projected changes to the fund balance from case resolution expenses, operating expenses, investment contributions, and risk-based assessments Table 4 shows projected changes to the fund balance over the next two years under the rate schedule adopted in this rule. Future changes to the fund balance depend, in turn, on projections and assumptions for insurance losses (case resolution expenses), operating expenses, assessment revenue, and investment contributions. These components of fund balance changes are discussed below.
(1) The beginning fund balance for 2007 is estimated from the most recent actual fund balance and expected revenue, expenses, and loss provisions through the end of 2006. (2) Revenue and loss projections in this table and Table 5 assume that domestic deposits (the assessment base) increase slightly faster than a projected insured deposit growth rate of 5 percent. Alternative deposit growth assumptions would result in relatively small changes in projected fund balances. a. Insurance losses and operating expenses Banks in general appear to be well positioned to withstand considerable financial stress from unlikely economic shocks. 61 Nonetheless, the possibility remains that insurance losses may be higher than anticipated. Higher losses, in turn, would reduce the likelihood of raising the reserve ratio to the DRR within three years under the rate schedule adopted in this rule. Future assessment rate setting under such conditions would have to weigh several factors, including the desirability of avoiding sharp increases in assessments at a time of industry stress and the need to maintain the fund within the range authorized by the Reform Act. In Table 3, the reserve ratio projections based on the rate schedule adopted also assume that annual operating expenses remain flat over the next few years, at approximately $1 billion. 62 b. Investment contributions The use of expert forecasts for interest rates next year, as detailed in the Blue Chip Financial Forecasts, would yield similar projections for 2007 investment contributions. Since May of this year, short-term Treasury yields have increased slightly as the Federal Reserve raised the target for the federal funds rate to 5.25 percent. Long-term Treasury yields declined by over 35 basis points over the same period, resulting in a modestly inverted yield curve since late July. Low longer-term interest rates reflect historically low and stable long-term inflationary expectations, heightened global demand for low-risk, long-term assets and, potentially, expectations of slower economic growth ahead. The economy is forecast to grow below its long-run average level for the remainder of 2006, and the futures market places little chance of any further federal funds rate increases. Many economic forecasters expect long-term interest rates and the yield curve to remain steady through 2007. c. Risk-based assessment revenue and assessment credits
Projected gross assessment revenue is derived by assigning each insured institution to a Risk Category, and assigning each institution in Risk Category I to the minimum rate, maximum rate, or rate in between, using the most recently available supervisory and debt issuer ratings, and June 30, 2006, financial data. Table 6 shows the distribution of institutions and assessment bases among the Risk Categories using the most recently available data. 63 For purposes of assessment revenue projections, the distribution of assessable deposits among Risk Categories (and within Risk Category I) is assumed to remain constant.
Estimates are based on most recent supervisory and debt issuer ratings, and June 30, 2006, financial data. Assessment revenue projections reflect the use of assessment credits authorized under the Reform Act and distributed in accordance with the recent final rule adopted for assessment credits. 64 In 2007, most institutions that have credits will apply them to offset either their entire assessment or an amount equal to their total credit, whichever is less. Therefore, as indicated in Table 5 above, the effective rate applicable to the industry next year under this rate schedule is projected to be only 0.9 basis points. The effective rate is projected to rise to 3.4 basis points in 2008 as some institutions exhaust their credits. 65 2. Projected insured deposits Based on the results of a statistical forecast model, insured deposits are predicted to increase by 6.6 percent in 2006 and 5.0 percent in 2007. 66 The projected growth rate in 2007 is approximately the same as the average annual growth rate for the five years ending in 2005. 67 Beyond 2007, while not relying on a statistical forecast model, the FDIC believes that it is reasonable to plan for average annual insured deposit growth in the 4 percent-to-6 percent range. Table 3 shows that, with an average annual growth rate between 4 percent and 6 percent beginning next year, implementation of a rate schedule 3 basis points above the base rate schedule has a reasonable chance of raising the reserve ratio to the 1.25 percent DRR in the third year (2009) of the new assessment system. That table also indicates that average annual growth of 7 percent or higher would make it unlikely to achieve a reserve ratio of 1.25 percent within three years. Yet, while insured deposits rose by more than 7 percent in 2005, the historical data suggest that it is very unlikely that insured deposits will increase at an average annual rate as high as 7 percent for three consecutive years. 68 3. Projected reserve ratios
The table indicates that the reserve ratio is expected to decline slightly next year as the use of assessment credits prevents the fund balance from rising in pace with insured deposits. However, with two-thirds of credits drawn down by the end of 2007, assessment revenue should accelerate in 2008 and help the fund meet the DRR during 2009. 4. Effect of the rate schedule on capital and earnings of insured
institutions 5. Other factors supporting the rate schedule a. Flexibility to manage the reserve ratio within a range As of June 30, 2006, the reserve ratio stood at 1.23 percent, and is expected to decline to 1.21 percent by year-end. Returning the fund to the DRR within a 12-month period, as had been required when the DRR was treated as a “hard” target, would require charging a minimum rate of 10.5 basis points (assuming insured deposit growth of 5 percent next year, as well as low losses and flat operating expenses). The FDIC does not believe that this steep an increase is advisable or consistent with the Reform Act’s objective of providing for greater premium stability. Therefore, the FDIC is using the flexibility provided in the Reform Act to raise the reserve ratio more gradually and permit a less steep increase in assessment rates. b. Increasing the fund when conditions are favorable Nonetheless, it is difficult to predict how long such favorable conditions will last. Areas of concern already visible include the compression in net interest margins, weakening housing markets, and the uncertainty over energy prices, among other risks. In the FDIC’s view, it would be prudent not to stretch out too long the time to raise the fund to the 1.25 percent DRR and risk encountering a worsening of industry conditions before the fund is at the desired level. c. Ensuring that the fund stays within the range established by
Congress On the other hand, if the FDIC Board sets rates equal to the base rate schedule, Table 8 below shows that it would be highly unlikely for the fund to reach the 1.25 percent DRR within five years. Furthermore, there would be a significantly greater chance that insured deposit growth would push the fund below the 1.15 percent lower bound.
Note: Assumes the same assumptions for losses, operating expenses, and investment income as the projections based on the rate schedule adopted. Comments The NPR itself notes that, at least with respect to Risk Category IV, the base rate is substantially lower than the historical analysis would suggest is needed to recover costs from failures. The lower rate is intended to decrease the chance of assessments being so large that they cause these institutions to fail. When losses due to fraud are taken into account by prorating among all risk categories, the base rates for Categories II and III and for the riskier institutions in Risk Category I are slightly lower than the historical analysis would suggest and the base rates for the less risky institutions in Risk Category I are slightly higher than the historical analysis would suggest. 71 However, the historical analysis can only be a guide to rates. The base rates also take into account the FDIC’s estimate of its long-term revenue needs, including the requirement to manage the reserve ratio within a range. In addition, the base rates for institutions in Risk Category I are equal to or lower than the base rate being replaced (four basis points) and the base rates for Risk Categories II, III and IV are, with a single exception, higher than the base rates being replaced. 72 Thus, the new base rates substantially reduce the subsidization of non-Risk Category I institutions by Risk Category I institutions and also substantially reduce the subsidization of higher risk institutions in Risk Category I by lower risk institutions in that category. For these reasons, the FDIC is adopting the proposed base rate schedule unchanged. Minimum rate As discussed earlier, the historical analysis of costs attributable to each risk category can only be a guide to rates. The base rates take into account the FDIC’s estimate of its long-term revenue needs. Moreover, the base rates do not in any sense represent a floor below which rates cannot be set. If these rates prove to generate too much revenue over time, the FDIC’s Board can reduce actual rates. That some institutions appear to qualify for an assessment of less than 2 basis points using the method that combines supervisory ratings with financial ratios is largely an artifact of the statistical method used to estimate an institution’s probability of downgrade. Had the FDIC employed the more commonly used logit model rather than an ordinary least squares (OLS) model, this artifact would have nearly disappeared. 73 The issue of loss given default is discussed in a subsequent section (XI(C)). Rate adjustments Arguments in support of allowing the FDIC to increase rates above the base rate schedule a maximum of 2 basis points without further notice-and-comment rulemaking included: Congress has granted the FDIC broad authority to establish a risk-based assessment system. 12 U.S.C. 1817(b)(1). Maintaining the ability to adjust rates within limits without notice and comment rulemaking is consistent with our well established practice and will allow the FDIC to act expeditiously to adjust rates in the face of constantly changing conditions, subject to the statutory factors we are required to consider. The NPR gave institutions notice that rates may be significantly higher than the base rates temporarily, partly because of the ongoing trend of high insured deposit growth and partly because the use of one-time credits will limit assessment revenue. For this reason, the final rule continues to allow the FDIC to adjust rates within limits without further notice-and-comment rulemaking. However, in light of the comments, the FDIC has decided to limit its ability to adjust rates without further notice-and-comment rulemaking to three basis points, as discussed above. One comment opposed making uniform increases from the base rate schedule in determining actual rates and argued that any increase above the base rate schedule that was uniform would not reflect actual risk: Any basis point “surcharge” should be risk-weighted, so that an institution with a lower risk profile would be charged a lower “surcharge” (e.g., 1 basis point or lower), and an institution with a higher risk profile would be charged a higher “surcharge” (e.g., 5 basis points). The FDIC believes that this comment contains a valid point. In the event that revenue needs increase or decrease greatly and variations in risk among institutions suggest non-uniform rate changes, the FDIC will consider whether to increase or decrease the range of assessment rates between risk categories and within Risk Category I. Any such change would only be made pursuant to further rulemaking. Fraud costs Currently, fraud cannot be predicted. When it does appear, it can cause the failure of very large institutions. Keystone Bank, which was a relatively large bank, failed as the result of massive fraud. The Bank of Credit and Commerce International and Barings Brothers, Inc., were both very large banks that failed as a result of fraud. Outside of the banking industry, many failures have resulted as the result of fraud. Actual rates The FDIC has decided on actual rates based upon the analysis described earlier. In sum, the FDIC is using the flexibility afforded under the Reform Act to raise the reserve ratio more gradually than if the 1.25 percent DRR remained a “hard” annual target. Nonetheless, consistent with the legislation’s objectives, the FDIC believes that rates should currently be set to build up the fund while economic conditions are generally favorable and the industry remains strong. Absent persistent high insured deposit growth, the FDIC expects that future assessment rates should be able to decline toward the base rate schedule once the reserve ratio reaches the DRR. Rates could be set below the base rate schedule if insured deposit growth slows considerably. Finally, the rates adopted in this rule (including rates charged new institutions when the provisions regarding new institutions become effective) remain well below rates that were charged during periods of both economic and industry stress and are not expected to have material adverse effects on established or new institutions. IX. Comments on Additional Issues The FDIC has decided against imposing a specific growth premium, primarily for two reasons. First, Congress has already considered and resolved the issue of rapid growth during the past 10 years, when most institutions have paid nothing for deposit insurance, by awarding a one-time credit to those institutions that helped build the deposit insurance funds before 1996. Second, assessments under the final rule take future growth into account. An institution’s assessment equals the product of its assessment rate times its assessment base (which, under a final rule adopted simultaneously with this final rule, will be identical or nearly identical with its domestic deposits). Thus, any growth in domestic deposits will proportionally increase an institution’s assessment. 74 In addition, in the FDIC’s view, it is not practicable to define or impose such a premium. One difficult issue with defining an appropriate level of growth as a trigger is that a relatively small dollar increase in deposits at a small institution could represent a significant percentage of growth while a very large increase in deposits at a large institution might result in a small increase in the institution’s percentage of growth. Additionally, rapid growth alone may or may not warrant an additional premium. Finally, it would be very difficult—and probably impossible—to specify a rule for triggering a specific growth premium that could not be circumvented by some institutions. Risk differentiation The FDIC has found significant differences in risk among institutions in Risk Category I. To illustrate these differences in risk, consider differences in failure rates between CAMELS 1-rated and CAMELS 2-rated institutions that make up Risk Category I. The historical failure rate for CAMELS 2-rated institutions is 2.5 times that of CAMELS 1-rated institutions for both three and five year horizons. Moreover, for a two year horizon, CAMELS 2-rated institutions fail three times more often than do CAMELS 1-rated institutions. In the FDIC’s view, while the analysis that produced the risk differentiation and pricing methodology underlying the final rule is complex, its application is not. Moreover, in general, the simpler a system is, the less able it is to capture differences in risk. The statistical analysis used may be complex, but it produces meaningful distinctions in risk. One commenter also stated that the proposal makes assessment rates most risk sensitive for those banks that are least likely to fail. The FDIC recognizes that institutions in Risk Category I are less likely to fail than institutions in Risk Categories II, III and IV. These differences are reflected in assessment rates. Base assessment rates for Category IV institutions are 10 to 20 times higher than rates for the riskiest Category I institutions. Calibration Loss given failure The FDIC recognizes that the Federal Deposit Insurance Act requires that the FDIC take the likely amount of any loss from failure into account in the assessment system. The final rule takes loss given failure (and expected loss pricing in general) into account in several ways. For a large institution, the FDIC will consider loss given failure (through the loss severity indicators enumerated in Appendix C) in determining whether to make an adjustment to an institution’s assessment rate. The final rule also takes loss given failure into account in the historical analysis that informed the base rate schedule and in each institution’s assessment base. However, the FDIC’s ability to take loss given failure into account in determining the assessment rate for some institutions, particularly small institutions, is somewhat limited for several reasons. 75 First, Call Reports and TFRs do not provide complete disclosure of several important determinants of loss given failure, such as secured liabilities, loan collateral requirements and the maturity structure of assets and liabilities. Second, as the FDIC explained in the NPR, at present it is not always clear which assumptions regarding loss given failure are most appropriate. 76 Thus, as the NPR noted, the FDIC is using an alternative to expected loss pricing to differentiate risk and set assessment rates. The FDIC hopes to refine its treatment of loss given failure (and expected loss pricing) in the future. As part of any refinement, the FDIC plans to consider whether, for example, to factor the composition of liabilities into loss given failure. One comment also argued that the proposed risk differentiation and pricing system is unfair because institutions are assessed on deposits that are not insured, which “results in institutions with larger-than-average uninsured deposits (as a fraction of total deposits) subsidizing other institutions.” This argument is inconsistent with studies that show that, as an institution approaches failure, uninsured deposits tend to be replaced by insured deposits and secured liabilities, which increases the FDIC’s loss given failure. 77 Restricting the assessment base in this manner would reduce the assessment system’s ability to take into account loss given failure. Guidance on disclosure Assessment rates remain confidential and cannot be disclosed directly, except to the extent required by law. However, the proposed assessment system, similar to the current system, is based in part on publicly available information. Even under the current system, it is possible to estimate an institution’s composite CAMELS rating using publicly available information. Under the proposed system it may be possible to estimate component or composite ratings or assessment rates. The additional information that could be determined under the new assessment system should not materially affect an institution’s funding costs compared to the current system. X. Regulatory Analysis and Procedure B. Regulatory Flexibility Act In its analysis, the FDIC used data as of December 31, 2005, and calculated the total assessments that would be collected under the base rate schedule in the final rule. The economic impact on each small institution for RFA purposes (i.e., institutions with assets of $165 million or less) was then calculated as the difference in annual assessments under the base rate schedule compared to the prior rule as a percentage of the institution’s annual revenue and annual profits, assuming the same total assessments collected by the FDIC from the banking industry. Based on the December 2005 data, under the final base rate schedule, for more than 99 percent of small institutions (as defined for RFA purposes), the change in the assessment system would result in assessment changes (up or down) totaling one percent or less of annual revenue. 78 Of the total of 5,362 small institutions for RFA purposes, just 10 would have experienced an increase or decrease equal to 2 percent or greater of their total revenue. These figures do not reflect a significant economic impact on revenues for a substantial number of small insured institutions. The FDIC performed a similar analysis to determine the impact on profits for small (again, as defined for RFA purposes) institutions. Based on December 2005 data, under the final base rate schedule, 85 percent of the small institutions (as defined for RFA purposes) with reported profits would have experienced an increase or decrease in their annual profits of one percent or less. 79 The data indicate that, out of those small institutions, as defined for RFA purposes, with reported profits, just 4 percent would have experienced an increase or decrease in their total profits of 3 percent or greater. Again, these figures do not reflect a significant economic impact on profits for a substantial number of small (as defined for RFA purposes) insured institutions. The FDIC analyzed the effect of the proposal on these institutions that showed no profit or loss by determining the annual assessment change (either an increase or a decrease) that would result. The analysis showed that 56 percent (224) of the 399 small insured institutions in this category would have experienced a change (increase or decrease) in annual assessments of $5,000 or less. Of the remainder, 3 percent (12) would have experienced assessment changes (increases or decreases) of $20,000 or more. The final rule makes only minor modifications to the way assessment rates are calculated for small institutions (although the final rule does set assessment rates higher than the base rates). Again assuming that the same assessment revenue would be collected under the old system as under the final rule, these modifications have a minimal effect on almost all small institutions. The effect of the final rule on a small institution’s annualized profit and revenue as of June 30, 2006 is nearly identical to the effect shown under the proposal. The final rule does not directly impose any “reporting” or “recordkeeping” requirements within the meaning of the Paperwork Reduction Act. The compliance requirements for the final rule do not exceed existing compliance requirements for the present system of FDIC deposit insurance assessments, which, in any event, are governed by separate regulations. The FDIC is unaware of any duplicative, overlapping or conflicting Federal rules. Accordingly, the FDIC certifies that the final rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small institutions for purposes of the RFA. C. Paperwork Reduction Act D. The Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act, 1999 – Assessment
of Federal Regulations and Policies on Families
E. Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act List of Subjects in 12 CFR Part 327 For the reasons set forth in the preamble, the FDIC proposes to amend chapter III of title 12 of the Code of Federal Regulations as follows: Part 327 – Assessments 2. Revise sections 327.9 and 327.10 of Subpart A to read as follows:
(a) Risk Categories. Each insured depository institution shall be assigned to one of the following four Risk Categories based upon the institution’s capital evaluation and supervisory evaluation as defined in this section. Table 1 to paragraph (a)
* Rates for institutions that do not pay the minimum or maximum rate will vary between these rates. (1) Risk Category I Base Rate Schedule. The base annual assessment rates for all institutions in Risk Category I shall range from 2 to 4 basis points. (2) Risk Category II, III, and IV Base Rate Schedule. The base annual assessment rates for Risk Categories II, III, and IV shall be 7, 25, and 40 basis points respectively. (3) All institutions in any one risk category, other than Risk Category I, will be charged the same assessment rate. (b) Adjusted Rate Schedule. Beginning on January 1, 2007, the adjusted annual assessment rate for an insured depository institution shall be the rate prescribed in the following schedule: Table 1 to paragraph (b)
* Rates for institutions that do not pay the minimum or maximum rate will vary between these rates. (1) Risk Category I Adjusted Rate Schedule. The adjusted annual assessment rates for all institutions in Risk Category I shall range from 5 to 7 basis points. (2) Risk Category II, III, and IV Adjusted Rate Schedule. The adjusted annual assessment rates for Risk Categories II, III, and IV shall be 10, 28, and 43 basis points respectively. (3) All institutions in any one risk category, other than Risk Category I, will be charged the same assessment rate. (c) Rate schedule adjustments and procedures. (1) Adjustments. The Board may increase or decrease the base assessment schedule up to a maximum increase of 3 basis points or a fraction thereof or a maximum decrease of 3 basis points or a fraction thereof (after aggregating increases and decreases), as the Board deems necessary. Any such adjustment shall apply uniformly to each rate in the base assessment schedule. In no case may such adjustments result in an assessment rate that is mathematically less than zero or in a rate schedule that, at any time, is more than 3 basis points above or below the base assessment schedule for the Deposit Insurance Fund, nor may any one such adjustment constitute an increase or decrease of more than 3 basis points. (2) Amount of revenue. In setting assessment rates, the Board shall take into consideration the following: (i) Estimated operating expenses of the Deposit Insurance Fund; (ii) Case resolution expenditures and income of the Deposit Insurance Fund; (iii) The projected effects of assessments on the capital and earnings of the institutions paying assessments to the Deposit Insurance Fund; (iv) The risk factors and other factors taken into account pursuant to 12 U.S.C. 1817(b)(1); and (v) Any other factors the Board may deem appropriate. (3) Adjustment procedure. Any adjustment adopted by the Board pursuant to this paragraph will be adopted by rulemaking, except that the Corporation may set assessment rates as necessary to manage the reserve ratio, within set parameters not exceeding cumulatively 3 basis points, pursuant to subparagraph (c)(1) of this section, without further rulemaking. (4) Announcement. The Board shall announce the assessment schedule and the amount and basis for any adjustment thereto not later than 30 days before the quarterly certified statement invoice date specified in § 327.3(b) of this part for the first assessment period for which the adjustment shall be effective. Once set, rates will remain in effect until changed by the Board. 4. Add Appendices A through C to subpart A to read as follows: Appendix A to Subpart A
The Statistical Model is defined in equation 1a below. Equation 1a
where Downgrade(01)i,t (the dependent variable—the event being explained) is the incidence of downgrade from a composite rating of 1 or 2 to a rating of 3 or worse during an on-site examination for an institution i between 3 and 12 months after time t. Time t is the end of a year within the multi-year period over which the model was estimated (as explained below). The dependent variable takes a value of 1 if a downgrade occurs and 0 if it does not. The explanatory variables (regressors) in the model are five financial ratios and a weighted average of the “C,” “A,” “M,” “E” and “L” component ratings. The five financial ratios included in the model are:
The financial ratios and the weighted average of the “C,” “A,” “M,” “E” and “L” component ratings (collectively, the regressors) are defined in Table A.1. The component rating for sensitivity to market risk (the “S” rating) is not available for years prior to 1997. As a result, and as described in Table A.1, the Statistical Model is estimated using a weighted average of five component ratings excluding the “S” component. In addition, delinquency and non-accrual data on government guaranteed loans are not available before 1993 for Call Report filers and before the third quarter of 2005 for TFR filers. As a result, and as also described in Table A.1, the Statistical Model is estimated without deducting delinquent or past-due government guaranteed loans from either the loans past due 30-89 days to gross assets ratio or the nonperforming assets to gross assets ratio.
The financial ratio regressors used to estimate the downgrade probabilities are obtained from quarterly reports of condition (Reports of Condition and Income and Thrift Financial Reports). The weighted average of the “C,” “A,” “M,” “E” and “L” component ratings regressor is based on component ratings obtained from the most recent bank examination conducted within 24 months before the date of the report of condition. The Statistical Model uses ordinary least squares (OLS) regression to estimate downgrade probabilities. The model is estimated with data from a multi-year period (as explained below) for all institutions in Risk Category I, except for institutions established within five years before the date of the report of condition. The OLS regression estimates coefficients, ß1 for a given regressor j and a constant amount, ß0, as specified in equation 1a. As shown in equation 1b below, these coefficients are multiplied by values of risk measures at time T, which is the date of the report of condition corresponding to the end of the quarter for which the assessment rate is computed. The sum of the products is then added to the constant amount to produce an estimated probability, diT , that an institution will be downgraded to 3 or worse within 3 to 12 months from time T. The risk measures are financial ratios as defined in Table A.1, except that the loans past due 30 to 89 days ratio and the nonperforming asset ratio are adjusted to exclude the maximum amount recoverable from the U.S. Government, its agencies or government-sponsored agencies, under guarantee or insurance provisions. Also, the weighted sum of six CAMELS component ratings is used, with weights of 25 percent each for the “C” and “M” components, 20 percent for the “A” component, and 10 percent each for the “E,” “L,” and “S” components. Equation 1b III. Minimum and maximum downgrade probability cutoff values
IV. Derivation of uniform amount and pricing multipliers Equation 2 where Solving equation 2 for minimum and maximum base assessment rates simultaneously, Equation 3 Equation 4 Substituting equations 1b, 3 and 4 into equation 2 produces an annual base assessment rate for institution i at time T, PiT , in terms of the uniform amount, the pricing multipliers and the ratios and weighted average CAMELS component rating referred to in 12 CFR 327.9(d)(2)(i): Equation 5 where 1.67 + 16.67*ß0 equals the uniform amount, 16.67*ßj is a pricing multiplier for the associated risk measure j, and T is the date of the report of condition corresponding to the end of the quarter for which the assessment rate is computed. V. Updating the Statistical Model, uniform amount, and pricing multipliers
*A current rating is defined as one that has been assigned or reviewed in the last 12 months. Stale ratings are not considered.
By order of the Board of Directors. Dated at Washington, D.C., this 11th day of July, 2006 Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Robert E. Feldman Executive Secretary (SEAL) Note: The following appendices will not appear in the Code of Federal Regulations. Appendix 1 Uniform Amount and Pricing Multipliers for Large Risk Category I Institutions Where Long-Term Debt Issuer Ratings are Available Using information as of June 30, 2006 for large Risk Category I institutions with long-term debt issuer ratings, a score is computed by converting the long-term debt issuer rating into a numeric value ranging from 1 to 3, as described in Appendix B, multiplying the weighted average CAMELS rating and the numeric value of the long-term debt issuer rating by 0.50 each, and summing the resulting values. That is, score ( Si ) equals: Equation 1:
The minimum and maximum score cut-off values are then determined based on data as of June 30, 2006 such that approximately 44 percent of large institutions with long-term debt issuer ratings that would have been in Risk Category I (other than institutions less than 5 years old) would have been charged the minimum assessment rate and approximately 6 percent of large institutions with long-term debt issuer ratings that would have been in Risk Category I (other than institutions less than 5 years old) would have been charged the maximum assessment rate. 82 The minimum score cut-off value is 1.65 and the maximum score cut-off value is 2.50. When the score falls between the minimum and maximum score cut-off values, the assessment rate for an institution i ( Pi ) is calculated by dividing the difference between the score and the minimum score cut-off value by the difference between the maximum and minimum score cut-off value, multiplying the resulting value by the difference between the maximum assessment rate and the minimum base assessment rate, and adding the result to the minimum assessment rate. The maximum and minimum base assessment rates are 2 basis points and 4 basis points, respectively. That is, the assessment rate equals: Equation 2:
Substituting equation 1 into equation 2 produces the following equation for : Pi Equation 3:
where 1.176 is the pricing multiplier and -1.882 is the uniform amount. Appendix 2 Uniform Amount and Pricing Multipliers for Insured Foreign Branches The score for an insured branch in Risk Category I equals the weighted average ROCA rating as of June 30, 2006. That is, score (Si ) equals: Equation 1:
As described in Appendix 1, the minimum score cut-off value is 1.65 and the maximum score cut-off is 2.50. When S falls between the minimum and maximum score cut-off values, the assessment rate (Pi ) for insured branches is calculated by dividing the difference between the score and the minimum score cut-off value by the difference between the maximum and minimum score cut-off value, multiplying the resulting value by the difference between the maximum assessment rate and the minimum base assessment rate, and adding the result to the minimum assessment rate. That is, the assessment rate equals: Equation 2:
Substituting equation 1 into equation 2 produces the following equation for : P1 Equation 3:
where 2.353 is the pricing multiplier and -1.882 is the uniform amount. Appendix 3 Analysis of the Projected Effects of the Payment of Assessments
On the Capital and Earnings of Insured Depository Institutions
While an assessment rate increase would not take effect until 2007, the effect of the new rates is projected using June 2006 reports of condition, and rates are assumed to remain in effect for four quarters. 83 Furthermore, the analysis excludes the effect of any reduction in assessment costs from institutions’ use of one-time credits authorized under the Reform Act, in order to evaluate the effect on earnings and capital once the one-time credits have been exhausted. For the majority of institutions, the availability of credits will significantly reduce or completely eliminate any effect of the new rate schedule on earnings and capital in the first year that the schedule is in effect. While an increase in deposit insurance assessment rates will reduce institutions’ profitability and capitalization, the reduction will not necessarily equal the full amount of the assessment increase. Two factors can reduce the effect of increased assessments on institutions’ profits and capital. First, a portion of the assessment increase may be transferred to customers in the form of higher borrowing rates, increased service fees and lower deposit interest rates. Since information is not readily available on the extent to which institutions are able to share assessment costs with their customers, this analysis assumes that institutions bear the full after-tax cost of the assessment increase. Second, deposit insurance assessments are a tax-deductible operating expense; therefore, the increase in the assessment expense can be used to lower taxable income. This analysis considers the tax consequences of assessments and estimates the effective after-tax cost of assessments. 84 Institutions’ earnings retention and dividend policies also influence the extent to which increased assessments affect equity levels. If institutions maintain dividend levels, despite an increase in operating costs, equity (retained earnings) will decline by the full amount of the after-tax cost of the assessment. This analysis assumes that institutions’ dividend rates remain unchanged from those reported in the June 30, 2006 reports of condition. The analysis indicates that the effect on institution profitability and capital is very small. Industry tangible equity capital of insured institutions as of June 30, 2006, is approximately $793.4 billion. June 30, 2007 tangible equity capital is projected to equal $806.6 billion if the current assessment rates are maintained. 85 It would be $1.7 billion lower, i.e., $804.9 billion, under the adopted assessment rate schedule. The number of institutions projected to be undercapitalized by June 30, 2007 under the new rate schedule is unchanged from the number based on current assessment rates. 86 With an increase in assessment rates, the approximately $3.4 billion in additional assessment costs to insured institutions is projected to lead to $1.7 billion less in tangible capital and $0.8 billion less in dividends as of June 30, 2007, compared to amounts if current assessment rates applied. The remaining $0.9 billion in additional assessment costs are projected to be offset by the tax benefit of deducting assessment expenses. The effect of higher assessments on institution income is measured by the percentage change in income before taxes and extraordinary items, gross of loan loss provisions, due to the assessment rate increase (hereafter, referred to as income). This income measure is used in order to eliminate the potentially transitory effects of loan losses, extraordinary items and taxes on profitability. Institutions’ income is projected using June 30, 2006 year-to-date income, adjusted to reflect the increase in operating costs (pre-tax) that might result from the proposed assessment rate increase. The analysis indicates that the proposed increases in assessment rates will reduce institution income moderately. 87 Table 1.1 shows that approximately 76.3 percent of institutions, with 95.1 percent of insured institution assets, are projected to experience a 0 to 5 percent reduction in income. In addition, 12.5 percent of institutions, with 3.3 percent of aggregate assets, are projected to incur a 5 to 10 percent reduction in income. 88
Notes: (1) Income refers to income before taxes and extraordinary items, gross of loan loss provisions. (2) The effects do not take into account the availability of one-time assessment credits in order to determine the effect on income once credits have been used up. (3) Most banks with results categorized as “Missing” already have negative pre-tax income. The percentage change cannot therefore be calculated. (4) Insured branches of foreign banks were not included in the analysis. Footnote: 1 Federal Deposit Insurance Reform Act of 2005, Public Law 109-171, 120 Stat. 9; Federal Deposit Insurance Conforming Amendments Act of 2005, Public Law 109-173, 119 Stat. 3601. 2 Section 2109(a)(5) of the Reform Act. Pursuant to the Section 2109 of the Reform Act, current assessment regulations remain in effect until the effective date of new regulations. Section 2109(a)(5) of the Reform Act requires the FDIC, within 270 days of enactment, to prescribe final regulations, after notice and opportunity for comment, providing for assessments under section 7(b) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act. Section 2109 also requires the FDIC to prescribe, within 270 days, rules on the designated reserve ratio, changes to deposit insurance coverage, the one-time assessment credit, and dividends. A final rule on deposit insurance coverage was published on September 12, 2006. 71 Fed. Reg. 53,547. Final rules on the one-time assessment credit and dividends were published on October 18, 2006. 71 Fed. Reg. 61,374; 71 Fed. Reg. 61,385. The FDIC is publishing additional rulemakings on the designated reserve ratio and on operational changes to part 327 simultaneously with this rule. 3 The comment period expired on September 22, 2006. The FDIC also received many comments relevant to this rulemaking in response to the other rulemakings discussed in footnote 2. All comments have been considered and are available on the FDIC’s website, http://www.fdic.gov/regulations/laws/federal/proposed.html. 4 The trade associations included the American Bankers Association, the Independent Community Bankers of America, America’s Community Bankers, the Clearing House, the Financial Services Roundtable, the New York Bankers Association, the New Jersey League of Community Bankers, the Massachusetts Bankers Association, the Kansas Bankers Association, and the Association for Financial Professionals. 5 The FDIC’s regulations refer to these risk categories as “assessment risk classifications.” 6 The term “primary federal regulator” is synonymous with the statutory term “appropriate federal banking agency.” 12 U.S.C. 1813(q). 7 CAMELS is an acronym for component ratings assigned in a bank examination: Capital adequacy, Asset quality, Management, Earnings, Liquidity, and Sensitivity to market risk. A composite CAMELS rating combines these component ratings, which also range from 1 (best) to 5 (worst). 8 12 U.S.C. 1817(b)(1)(A) and (C). The Bank Insurance Fund and Savings Association Insurance Fund were merged into the newly created Deposit Insurance Fund on March 31, 2006. 9 The Reform Act eliminates the prohibition against charging well-managed and well-capitalized institutions when the deposit insurance fund is at or above, and is expected to remain at or above, the designated reserve ratio (DRR). This prohibition was included as part of the Deposit Insurance Funds Act of 1996. Public Law 104-208, 110 Stat. 3009, 3009-479. However, while the Reform Act allows the DRR to be set between 1.15 percent and 1.50 percent, it also generally requires dividends of one-half of any amount in the fund in excess of the amount required to maintain the reserve ratio at 1.35 percent when the insurance fund reserve ratio exceeds 1.35 percent at the end of any year. The Board can suspend these dividends under certain circumstances. 12 U.S.C. 1817(e)(2). 10 12 U.S.C. 1817(b)(1)(D). 11 Section 2104(a)(2) of the Reform Act (to be codified at 12 U.S.C. 1817(b)(2)(D)). 12 Under current regulations, bridge banks and institutions for which the FDIC has been appointed or serves as conservator are charged the assessment rate applicable to the 2A category. 12 CFR 327.4(c). The final rule places these institutions in Risk Category I and charges them the minimum rate applicable to that category. 13 For clarity, the final rule uses the phrase “Supervisory Group” to replace “Supervisory Subgroup.” The final rule also designates the capital categories as “Well Capitalized,” “Adequately Capitalized” and “Undercapitalized,” rather than Capital Groups 1, 2 and 3. However, the definitions of the Supervisory Groups and Capital Group have not changed in substance. 14 See Table 1.6 in Appendix 1 to the NPR, 71 Fed. Reg. 41910, 41968. 15 The FDIC and other bank supervisors do not use a weighting system to determine CAMELS composite ratings. The weights in the table reflect the view of the FDIC regarding the relative importance of each of the CAMELS components for differentiating risk among institutions in Risk Category I for deposit insurance purposes. Different weights might apply if this measure were being used to evaluate risk for deposit insurance purposes for all institutions, including those outside Risk Category I. 16 The NPR used the phrase “nonperforming loans” rather than “nonperforming assets.” Because this ratio includes repossessed real estate in the numerator, the FDIC has concluded that the phrase “nonperforming assets” would be more accurate. No change in the definition of the ratio is intended by this name change (although, as discussed later, a slight revision to the definition is being made for other reasons). 17 The largest item in volatile liabilities for the great majority of institutions is time-and-savings deposits greater than $100,000. Institutions that file Call Reports report this figure, but institutions that file TFRs do not report this item separately. Instead, they report all deposits greater than $100,000, including demand deposits. Time-and-savings deposits greater than $100,000 cannot be determined from TFRs. 18 One comment suggested excluding total loans and lease financing receivables past due 30 to 59 days in the ratio. Call Reports and TFRs currently do not collect separate data on loans and lease financing receivables past due 30 to 59 days; thus, it is not feasible to exclude these past due receivables from the ratio. 19 That is, Moody’s, Standard & Poor’s, and Fitch. 20 The FDIC is aware of the enactment of the Credit Rating Agency Reform Act of 2006, Public Law 109-291. However, this legislation has not yet been implemented. The Act requires the Securities and Exchange Commission to issue final implementing regulations within 270 days of enactment. The FDIC expects to revisit how best to incorporate the ratings of other agencies in the future. Any future revisions would involve notice-and-comment rulemaking. 21 There are, at present, only a few cases where holding company debt issuer ratings are available and insured entity debt issuer ratings are not. Of these, two cases involve entities owned by non-bank parents. Where both holding company ratings and insured entity debt issuer ratings exist, most insured entity ratings are better (indicating lower risk) than those of the parent company. 22 The “S” component rating was first assigned in 1997. Because the statistical analysis relies on data from before 1997, the “S” component rating was excluded from the analysis. Appendix A describes the statistical analysis. 23 2005 data had to be excluded because the analysis is based upon supervisory downgrades within one year and 2006 downgrades have yet to be determined. 24 Appendix A provides the derivation of the pricing multipliers and the uniform amount to be added to compute an assessment rate. The rate derived will be an annual rate, but will be determined every quarter. 25 The uniform amount will be the same for all institutions in Risk Category I (other than large institutions that have long-term debt issuer ratings, insured branches of foreign banks and, beginning in 2010, new institutions). In the NPR, the FDIC had proposed that the uniform amount would be adjusted for assessment rates set by the FDIC. The final rule is mathematically equivalent. Rather than adjusting the uniform amount, the final rule simply calculates rates for Risk Category I institutions with respect to the base assessment rates, and adjusts all rates by the same amount to conform to actual rates. 26 The cutoff value for the minimum assessment rate is a predicted probability of downgrade of approximately 2 percent. The cutoff value for the maximum assessment rate is approximately 14 percent. 27 These are the base rates for Risk Category I adopted in Section VIII. Under the final rule, actual rates for any year could be as much as 5 basis points higher or lower than the base rates without the necessity of notice-and-comment rulemaking. Beginning in 2007, actual rates will be 3 basis points higher than the base rates. 28 The final rule provides that pricing multipliers, the uniform amount, and financial ratios will be rounded to three digits after the decimal point. Resulting assessment rates will be rounded to the nearest one-hundredth (1/100th) of a basis point. 29 Reports of condition include Reports of Income and Condition and Thrift Financial Reports. 30 See Final Rule on Procedural and Operational Changes to Assessments, to be published at the same time as this rule. However, if the FDIC disagrees with the CAMELS composite rating assigned by an institution’s primary federal regulator, and assigns a different composite rating, the supervisory change will be effective for assessment purposes as of the date that the FDIC assigned the new rating. Disagreements of this type have been rare. 31 Pursuant to existing supervisory practice, the FDIC does not assign a different component rating from that assigned by an institution’s primary federal regulator, even if the FDIC disagrees with a CAMELS component rating assigned by an institution’s primary federal regulator, unless: (1) the disagreement over the component rating also involves a disagreement over a CAMELS composite rating; and (2) the disagreement over the CAMELS composite rating is not a disagreement over whether the CAMELS composite rating should be a 1 or a 2. The FDIC has no plans to alter this practice. 32 A rating change that is transmitted before this final rule becomes effective (i.e., before January 1, 2007) will be deemed to have been transmitted prior to January 1, 2007. 33 See Final Rule on Operational Changes to Assessments, to be published at the same time as this rule. 34 The ratio of volatile liabilities to gross assets was included in the proposed rule, but is not included in the final rule. Other minor changes to the ratios have been made. The changes are discussed earlier in the text. 35 As of June 30, 2006: (1) the contribution of CAMELS component ratings would have exceeded 50 percent of the assessment rate; and (2) assessment rates would have exceeded the minimum rate for less than 1.3 percent of small institutions in Risk Category I (other than institutions less than 5 years old). Most of these institutions, however, would have been charged a rate only slightly above the minimum rate. For a Risk Category I institution being charged the minimum rate, the contribution of the weighted average CAMELS component rating does not increase the institution’s assessment rate. 36 Each component rating will typically, if not always, range from ‘1’ to ‘3’ for institutions in Risk Category I. 37 Where more than one long-term debt issuer rating is available, the converted values will be averaged. 38 As of June 30, 2006, approximately 46 percent of all large institutions that would have been in Risk Category I (other than institutions less than 5 years old) would have been charged the minimum assessment rate and approximately 5 percent of all large institutions that would have been in Risk Category I (other than institutions less than 5 years old) would have been charged the maximum assessment rate. 39 Under the final rule, the pricing multipliers will be rounded to three digits after the decimal point. 40 Under the final rule, the assessment rates resulting from these calculations will be rounded to the nearest one-hundredth (1/100th) of a basis point. 41 This rule addresses only adjustments to assessment rates. It does not address the FDIC’s role as back-up supervisor involving possible disagreements between the FDIC and the primary federal regulator over CAMELS ratings. Notification and resolution of such disagreements are covered by existing supervisory processes. See also footnote 34. 42 See Final Rule on Procedural and Operational Changes to Assessments, to be published at the same time as this rule. If the FDIC disagrees with the CAMELS composite rating assigned by an institution’s primary federal regulator, and assigns a different composite rating, the supervisory change will be effective for assessment purposes as of the date that the FDIC assigned the new rating. Disagreements of this type have been rare. See also footnote 34. 43 In the event that the FDIC grants an institution’s request to be treated as a large institution and the institution subsequently reports assets of less than $5 billion for four consecutive quarters, the institution will be assessed as a small institution thereafter. 44 ROCA stands for Risk Management, Operational Controls, Compliance, and Asset Quality. 45 The pricing multiplier and uniform amount for insured branches are computed in the same manner as those used for large Risk Category I institutions with long-term debt issuer ratings. The uniform amount is the same as described under that approach, and the pricing multiplier for weighted average ROCA ratings is simply two times the pricing multiplier used for either weighted average CAMELS ratings or converted long-term debt issuer ratings (i.e., the weighted average ROCA rating is weighted 100 percent). 46 Empirical studies show that new institutions exhibit a “life cycle” pattern and it takes close to a decade after its establishment for a new institution to mature. Despite low profitability and rapid growth, institutions that are three years or newer have, on average, a very low probability of failure – lower than established institutions, perhaps owing to large capital cushions and close supervisory attention. However, after three years, new institutions’ failure probability, on average, surpasses that of established institutions. New institutions typically grow more rapidly than established institutions and tend to engage in more high-risk lending activities funded by large deposits. Studies based on data from the 1980s showed that asset quality deteriorated rapidly for many new institutions as a result, and failure probability (conditional upon survival in prior years) reached a peak by the ninth year. Many financial ratios of new institutions generally begin to resemble those of established institutions by about the seventh or eighth year of their operation. See Chiwon Yom, “Recently Chartered Banks’ Vulnerability to Real Estate Crisis,” FDIC Banking Review 17 (2005): 1–15 and Robert DeYoung, “For How Long Are Newly Chartered Banks Financially Fragile?” Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago Working Paper Series 2000-09. 47 A surviving or resulting Risk Category I institution that qualifies as an established institution under this exception will have its assessment rate determined using the CAMELS component ratings of the established institution involved in the merger or consolidation until the surviving or resulting institution receives a new supervisory rating. 48 The resulting institution in a consolidation (as well as the surviving institution in a merger) involving only established institutions will, of course, be deemed to be an established institution. 49 71 Federal Register 41910, 41930. 50 A Risk Category I institution that has no CAMELS component ratings shall be assessed at one basis point above the minimum rate applicable to Risk Category I institutions until it receives CAMELS component ratings. If an institution has less than $10 billion in assets or has at least $10 billion in assets and no long-term debt issuer rating, once it receives CAMELS component ratings, its assessment rate will be determined under the supervisory ratings and financial ratios method. The assessment rate will be determined by annualizing, where appropriate, financial ratios obtained from the reports of condition that have been filed, until the earlier of the following two events occurs: (1) the institution files four reports of condition; or (2) if it has at least $10 billion in assets, it receives a long-term debt issuer rating. 51 12 CFR. 303.2(r) defines an eligible depository institution as one that:
52 For bank holding companies, RFI ratings replaced BOPEC ratings as of December 2004. For a bank holding company that does not yet have an RFI composite rating, BOPEC ratings will be used. 53 71 Fed. Reg. 41910, 41930. 54 Again, a Risk Category I institution that has no CAMELS component ratings shall be assessed at one basis point above the minimum rate applicable to Risk Category I institutions until it receives CAMELS component ratings. If an institution has less than $10 billion in assets or has at least $10 billion in assets and no long-term debt issuer rating, once it receives CAMELS component ratings, its assessment rate will be determined under the supervisory ratings and financial ratios method. The assessment rate will be determined by annualizing, where appropriate, financial ratios obtained from the reports of condition that have been filed, until the earlier of the following two events occurs: (1) the institution files four reports of condition; or (2) if it has at least $10 billion in assets, it receives a long-term debt issuer rating. 55 With respect to the base schedule of rates, the NPR contains the FDIC’s analysis of the statutory factors that must be considered whenever the FDIC’s Board of Directors sets rates. These factors include: (1) estimated fund operating expenses; (2) estimated fund case resolution expenses and income; (3) the projected effects of assessments on institution capital and earnings; (4) the risk factors and other factors taken into account pursuant to 12 U.S.C Section 1817(b)(1) under the risk-based assessment system, including the requirement under 12 U.S.C Section 1817(b)(1)(A) to maintain a risk-based system; and (5) any other factors the Board of Directors may determine to be appropriate. 12 U.S.C. 1817(b)(1)(C). 56 In addition, no assessment rate may be negative. 12 CFR 327.9. 57 And provided, again, that no assessment rate may be negative. 58 The FDIC is contemporaneously adopting a DRR of 1.25 percent. See Final Rule Setting Designated Reserve Ratio, to be published at the same time as this rule. 59 Section 2104 of the Reform Act (to be codified at 12 U.S.C. 1817(b)(2)(B)). The risk factors referred to in factor (iv) include:
60 The projection for 2007 is very close to the result obtained from the statistical method that has been used to develop estimates of losses to support past semiannual assessment rate schedules. This method estimates likely ranges of insurance losses based on projected changes in the estimated liability for anticipated failures (contingent loss reserve) through December 31, 2007. 61 Two-year stress event simulations were run based on data through June 30, 2006, affecting institutions specializing in residential mortgages, subprime loans, commercial real estate mortgages, commercial and industrial loans, and consumer loans. The results of each simulation, which were derived from historical stress events, demonstrate that banks are well positioned to withstand a significant degree of financial adversity. In no case did the stress simulation results raise significant concerns for the insurance fund. However, the effects were not evaluated beyond a two-year horizon. Also, the historical experiences underlying the stress scenarios may be less applicable in the future, so conclusions drawn from the stress analyses should be treated with some degree of caution. 62 Alternatively, if operating expenses increased by 5 percent per year after 2007, the reserve ratio would still be projected to reach the 1.25 percent DRR during, or by year-end, 2009, assuming that insured deposit growth averages between 4 and 6 percent annually. 63 The table actually reflects domestic deposits rather than assessment bases. However, pursuant to a final rule adopted simultaneously with this final rule, beginning in 2007 the assessment base will equal domestic deposits with minor adjustments. The final rule eliminates the standard amounts deducted from domestic deposits for float. See Final Rule on Operational Changes to Assessments, to be published at the same time as this rule. 64 71 Fed. Reg. 61,374 (2006). 65 In 2008, 2009 and 2010, credit use will be capped at 90 percent of an institution’s assessment, as required by the Reform Act and implementing regulations. 66 Specifically, the statistical forecast model explains growth in insured deposits as dependent on current and last quarter growth in domestic deposits (both insured and uninsured) as well as on last quarter’s growth in insured deposits. The 95 percent confidence interval for the 2006 growth rate is +/- 2.6 percent. The range of uncertainty grows beyond 2006 as the forecast horizon lengthens. An alternative forecasting model, which also uses lagged growth in the federal funds rate to explain domestic deposits, resulted in a slightly lower 2007 insured deposit growth rate (4.7 percent). 67 The forecast does not explicitly account for the effect of the Reform Act provision raising the insurance coverage limit on retirement accounts from $100,000 to $250,000. The increase in coverage became effective on April 1, 2006. There is considerable uncertainty about the provision’s effect on aggregate estimated insured deposits and the reserve ratio. Regulatory reporting changes that will help capture the magnitude of any increase in estimated insured deposits took effect in the second quarter of 2006 for Call Report filers and are scheduled to take effect in the fourth quarter of 2006 for TFR filers. Based on the very limited information currently available, staff anticipates that the retirement account coverage limit increase may reduce the reserve ratio by between one-half and one basis point. 68 Rolling 12-quarter growth rates in insured deposits were calculated beginning with the March 1995 to March 1998 period and ending with the June 2003 to June 2006 period. The mean 12-quarter growth rate over this period was 3.8 percent (annualized), and the largest reported 12-quarter growth rate was 5.7 percent. 69 These projections also assume that domestic deposits (the assessment base) increase by 5.6 percent in 2007, 5.3 percent in 2008, and 5.2 percent in 2009. 70 The Reform Act requires the FDIC to establish the DRR within a range of 1.15 percent to 1.50 percent of estimated insured deposits. The Board must establish a restoration plan when the reserve ratio falls below 1.15 percent. The FDIC must also pay dividends when the reserve ratio exceeds 1.35 percent, unless the Board elects to suspend them. 71 See Table 1.6 in Appendix 1 to the NPR. 71 Federal Register 41,910, 41,968. 72 The base rate for institutions in the 2B risk classification was 14 basis points, compared with a base rate for institutions in Risk Category II of 7 basis points. 73 The FDIC chose to use an OLS model for two primary reasons. The two models, logit and OLS, produced very similar risk rankings and the OLS model allowed institutions to easily calculate their potential base assessment rate for given changes in their financial ratios and CAMELS component ratings. 74 Of course, only growth in insured deposits can dilute the reserve ratio. 75 Another comment illustrated the loss given failure problem by noting that the FDIC would suffer lower losses, all else equal, at an institution that relied more on non-deposit borrowing relative to one that relied on deposits. However, the FDIC would collect lower assessment revenue from an institution that used non-deposit borrowing, because only deposits are included in the assessment base. In addition, the comment assumes that, between the time the FDIC assesses an institution and the time it fails, the institution’s liability structure will not change. As discussed later in the text, this is usually not the case. As an institution approaches failure, insured deposit liabilities and secured liabilities tend to become a larger percentage of an institution’s liabilities. 76 Rosalind L. Bennett, “Evaluating the Adequacy of the Deposit Insurance Fund: A Credit-Risk Modeling Approach,” FDIC Working Paper Series 2001-02. 77 See, e.g., Lawrence G. Goldberg and Sylvia Hudgins, “Response of Uninsured Depositors to Impending S&L Failures: Evidence of Depositor Discipline,” Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance 36, no. 3 (1996), 311–325; Andrew Davenport and Kathleen McDill, “The Depositor behind the Discipline: A Micro-Level Case Study of Hamilton Bank,” Journal of Financial Services Research 30: 93-109 (2006). 78 For about half of the small institutions analyzed, the change reflected an assessment decrease and a revenue increase. 79 For about half of the small institutions analyzed, the change reflected an assessment decrease and a profit increase. 80 As used in this context, a “new institution” means an institution that has been chartered as a bank or thrift for less than five years. 81 As used in this context, a “new institution” means an institution that has been chartered as a bank or thrift for less than five years. 82 As used in this context, a “new institution” means an institution that has been chartered as a bank or thrift for less than five years. 83 Institution earnings and capital are projected using the same methodology currently used by the FDIC in determining the contingent loss reserve for potential insured institution failures. 84 The analysis does not incorporate tax-loss carry-back (carry-forward). 85 Under current assessment rates, approximately 95 percent of insured institutions are charged nothing for deposit insurance. 86 Undercapitalized institutions are defined as institutions with projected tangible equity capitalization of less than 2 percent by March 31, 2007. 87 Because assessments are tax deductible, the after-tax dollar effect on income should be smaller. 88 In a separate analysis (not presented here), the economic effect of a smaller assessment rate increase – specifically, an increase only to the proposed base rates -- was also analyzed. If assessment rates were to increase to the proposed base rates, projected income for approximately 88 percent of banks would decline by only between 0 to 5 percent. |
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Last Updated 7/12/2007 | assessments@fdic.gov |
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