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Current Bibliographies in Medicine 99-2

Trimethylaminuria (Fish-Malodor Syndrome) and the Flavin Monooxygenases

January 1966 through December 1998

430 Citations

Prepared by
Karen Patrias, M.L.S., National Library of Medicine
Anita Pikus, M.A., AUD, Office of Rare Diseases, National Institutes of Health
Harry McConnell, M.D., Kings College Hospital, United Kingdom
Steve Mitchell, Ph.D., D.Sc., Imperial College School of Medicine, United Kingdom

1999 March

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
Public Health Service
National Institutes of Health

National Library of Medicine
Reference Section
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Bethesda, Maryland 20894

Series Note

Each bibliography in the Current Bibliographies in Medicine (CBM) series covers a distinct subject area of biomedicine and is intended to fulfill a current awareness function. Citations are usually derived from searching a variety of online databases. NLM databases utilized include MEDLINE®, AVLINE®, BIOETHICSLINE®, CANCERLIT®, CATLINE®, HEALTHSTAR^tm, POPLINE^tm, and TOXLINE®. The only criterion for the inclusion of a particular published work is its relevance to the topic being presented; the format, ownership, or location of the material is not considered.

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Current Bibliographies in Medicine
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Series Note

Introduction

Sample Citations

Bibliography:

Fish-Malodor Syndrome and Trimethylamines (1988-1998)

Fish-Malodor Syndrome and Trimethylamines (1970-1987)

Flavin Monooxygenases (1988-1998)

Flavin Monooxygenases (1966-1987)

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Introduction

Trimethylaminuria (Fish-Malodor Syndrome) and the Flavin Monooxygenases

Trimethylaminuria is a metabolic condition involving hepatic dysfunction in the flavin monooxygenase (FMO3) system (impaired N-oxidation of TMA) wherein individuals excrete a fishy body odor in urine, sweat, breath, and other body excretions. Although it was first described in 1970, only 30 cases have been reported in the world's literature and the phenotype is still not well described. Affected individuals can be symptomatic in infancy or later on in childhood or at puberty, and there appears to be marked variability and/ or expressivity between populations. Some patients don't become symptomatic until adulthood. It is generally thought to be an inherited condition likely to be autosomal recessive transmission, based on alterations of the FMO 3 gene. In addition, there are several stigmata associated with this condition including dermatologic problems and a wide range of neurologic symptoms. Further, trimethylaminuria has been seen in Noonan's and Turner's syndromes, Prader-Willi Syndrome, renal and hepatic diseases, disorders of carnitine and choline intake, hematological anormalities, and deficient nicotine N-oxidation among other conditions. Because the extent of the phenotypic presentation and variability in this condition is not yet known, true incidence and prevalence has been impossible to accurately assess in human populations up to this time.

Management of trimethylaminuria in all its forms and manifestations is not always easily accomplished. Some individuals can successfully control this condition by diet; still others have trimethylaminuria that is not responsive to dietary management. Antibiotic treatment has been used for some patients. Because there are frequently other organ systems involved, the prevention and treatment of the whole range of associated symptoms and their treatments can be complex and are as yet not clearly delineated or resolved.

The following bibliography was produced in support of the First International Workshop on Trimethylaminuria (Fish-Malodor Syndrome) as sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and The Wellcome Trust of the United Kingdom. Cosponsors of this workshop were other components of NIH, including The Fogarty International Center, The National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, The National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, The National Institute of General Medical Sciences, and The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, as well as Towards Education for all with Multimedia (TEAM) in the United Kingdom. The Workshop was held at the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communication on the campus of the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland on March 29 and 30, 1999. The purpose of the Workshop was to stimulate research in all aspects of trimethylaminura. In order to do this, leading scientists and physicians involved in the research and treatment of this condition were brought together to share their expertise, to hear from patients and support groups, and to determine the best direction to take for future scientific investigation in this condition.

This bibliography includes backround material for the main topics of the workshop agenda as well as references specific to the disorder of trimethylaminuria. It covers the literature in all languages from 1966 through 1998 published as journal articles, book chapters, conference papers, meeting absracts, dissertations, and technical reports. The bibliography has been organized into the two major categories of trimethylaminuria and the flavin monooxygenase system that reflect the differences between clinical research on the disease itself and the more basic research underpinning the disease state. Each of those two categories is further subdivided chronologically.

Any reproductions of this bibliography, in whole or in part, must include all credits. If you wish to cite this bibliography, the correct format is:
Patrias, Karen; Pikus, Anita; McConnell, Harry; Mitchell, Steve, compilers. Trimethylaminuria (Fish-Malodor Syndrome) and the flavin monooxygenases [bibliography online]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine; 1999 Mar [insert cited year month day in brackets]. [insert no. of screens or lines in brackets]. (Current bibliographies in medicine; no. 99-2). 430 citations from January 1966 through December 1998. Available from: URL http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/resources.html

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Sample Citations

Citations are formatted according to the rules established for Index Medicus ®. Sample journal and monograph citations appear below. For journal articles written in a foreign language, the English translation of the title is placed in brackets; for monographs, the title is given in the original language. In both cases the language of publication is shown by a three letter abbreviation appearing at the end of the citation.

Journal Article:

Example:
Ruocco V, Florio M. Fish-odor syndrome: an olfactory diagnosis. Int J Dermatol 1995 Feb;34(2):92-3.

Order, with separating punctuation:
Authors. Article Title. Abbreviated Journal Title Date;Volume(Issue):Pages.

Monograph:

Example:
Shehin-Johnson SE. Molecular characterization of flavin-containing monooxygenases in rabbit [dissertation]. Detroit (MI): Wayne State University; 1996. 106 p.

Order, with separating punctuation:
Authors/Editors. Title [Content Designator]. Place of Publication: Publisher; Date. Total No. of Pages.

For details of the formats used for references, see the following publication:
Patrias, Karen. National Library of Medicine recommended formats for bibliographic citation. Bethesda (MD): The Library; 1991 Apr. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; PB91-182030.

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Fish-Malodor Syndrome and Trimethylamines (1988-1998)

Abeling NG, van Gennip AH, Bakker HD, Heerschap A, Engelke U, Wevers RA. Diagnosis of a new case of trimethylaminuria using direct proton NMR spectroscopy of urine. J Inherit Metab Dis 1995;18(2):182-4.

Akerman BR, Chow L, Forrest S, Youil R, Cashman J, Treacy EP. (Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, Montreal, Canada). Mutations in the flavin-containing monooxygenase form 3 (FMO3) gene cause trimethylaminuria, fish odour syndrome [abstract]. Am J of Human Genetics 1997 Oct;61(4 Suppl):A53. Abstract of paper presented at the 47th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Human Genetics.

Al-Waiz M, Ayesh R, Mitchell SC, Idle JR, Smith RL. Trimethylaminuria ('fish-odour syndrome'): a study of an affected family. Clin Sci 1988 Mar;74(3):231-6.

al-Waiz M, Ayesh R, Mitchell SC, Idle JR, Smith RL. Trimethylaminuria: the detection of carriers using a trimethylamine load test. J Inherit Metab Dis 1989;12(1):80-5.

al-Waiz M, Mikov M, Mitchell SC, Smith RL. The exogenous origin of trimethylamine in the mouse. Metabolism 1992 Feb;41(2):135-6.

al-Waiz M, Mitchell SC. The fate of trimethylamine in the rat. Drug Metabol Drug Interact 1991;9(1):41-8.

Avison MJ, Rothman DL, Nixon TW, Long WS, Siegel NJ. 1H NMR study of renal trimethylamine responses to dehydration and acute volume loading in man. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991 Jul 15;88(14):6053-7.

Ayesh R, Al-Waiz M, McBurney A, Mitchell SC, Idle JR, Ward JW, Smith RL. Variable metabolism of pinacidil: lack of correlation with the debrisoquine and trimethylamine C- and N-oxidative polymorphisms. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1989 Apr;27(4):423-8.

Ayesh R, Mitchell SC, Zhang A, Smith RL. The fish odour syndrome: biochemical, familial, and clinical aspects. BMJ 1993 Sep 11;307(6905):655-7. Comment in: BMJ 1993 Sep 11;307(6905):639-40; BMJ 1993 Oct 16;307(6910):1009.

Boustead C. Fish-odour syndrome: dealing with offensive body odour. Nurs Times 1996 Jan 3-9;92(1):30-1.

Brunelle AN. (Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA). Site-directed mutagenesis of human liver flavin containing monooxygenase form three (FMO3). Creation of the enzyme responsible for trimethylaminuria. Paper presented at: 4th International Meeting of the International Society for Xenobiotics; 1995 Aug 27-31; Seattle, WA.

Cashman JR (Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA). Human flavin-containing monooxygenase: cDNA expression of the enzymes containing amino acid substitutions observed in individuals with trimethylaminuria. Paper presented at: 8th North American Meeting of the International Society for the Study of Xenobiotics; 1997 Oct 26-30; Hilton Head, SC.

Cashman JR, Bi YA, Lin J, Youil R, Knight M, Forrest S, Treacy E. Human flavin-containing monooxygenase form 3: cDNA expression of the enzymes containing amino acid substitutions observed in individuals with trimethylaminuria. Chem Res Toxicol 1997 Aug;10(8):837-41.

Chen H, Aiello F. Trimethylaminuria in a girl with Prader-Willi syndrome and del(15)(q11q13). Am J Med Genet 1993 Feb 1;45(3):335-9.

daCosta KA, Vrbanac JJ, Zeisel SH. The measurement of dimethylamine, trimethylamine, and trimethylamine N-oxide using capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 1990 Jun;187(2):234-9.

Daly AK, Cholerton S, Gregory W, Idle JR. Metabolic polymorphisms. Pharmacol Ther 1993 Feb-Mar;57(2-3):129-60.

Dolphin CT, Janmohamed A, Smith RL, Shephard EA, Phillips IR. Missense mutation in flavin-containing mono-oxygenase 3 gene, FMO3, underlies fish-odour syndrome. Nat Genet 1997 Dec;17(4):491-4.

Dolphin CT, Riley JH, Smith RL, Shephard EA, Phillips IR. Structural organization of the human flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 gene (FMO3), the favored candidate for fish-odor syndrome, determined directly from genomic DNA. Genomics 1997 Dec 1;46(2):260-7.

Eugene M. [Diagnosis of fish odor syndrome by urine nuclear magnetic resonance proton spectrometry]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1998 Mar;125(3):210-2. (Fre).

Fernandez MS, Gutierrez C, Vila JJ, Lopez A, Ibanez V, Sanguesa C, Lluna J, Barrios JE. Congenital intrahepatic portocaval shunt associated with trimethylaminuria. Pediatr Surg Int 1997 Feb;12(2-3):196-7.

The 'fish odor' syndrome. Am Fam Phys 1994;49(5):1227-8.

Grossman EB, Hebert SC. Renal inner medullary choline dehydrogenase activity: characterization and modulation. Am J Physiol 1989 Jan;256(1 Pt 2):F107-12.

Gut I, Conney AH. The FAD-containing monooxygenase-catalyzed N-oxidation and demethylation of trimethylamine in rat liver microsomes. Drug Metabol Drug Interact 1991;9(3-4):201-8.

Gut I, Conney AH. Trimethylamine N-oxygenation and N-demethylation in rat liver microsomes. Biochem Pharmacol 1993 Jul 20;46(2):239-44.

Hadidi HF, Cholerton S, Atkinson S, Irshaid YM, Rawashdeh NM, Idle JR. The N-oxidation of trimethylamine in a Jordanian population. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1995 Feb;39(2):179-81.

Hirama Y, Shinriki N, Fujino T, Uedaira H. 1H-NMR spectroscopic analysis of human urine: periodic variation of trimethylamine oxide excretion. Physiol Chem Phys Med NMR 1993;25(3):209-18.

Hollinger MA, Sheikholislam B. Effects of dietary alteration on trimethylaminuria as measured by mass spectrometry. J Int Med Res 1991 Jan-Feb;19(1):63-6.

Itoh K, Kimura T, Yokoi T, Itoh S, Kamataki T. Rat liver flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO): cDNA cloning and expression in yeast. Biochim Biophys Acta 1993 May 28;1173(2):165-71.

Johnson JL. Trimethylamine oxidation in liver tissue is not catalyzed by a molybdenum cofactor-dependent enzyme. Biofactors 1988 Jul;1(2):153-5.

Leopold DA, Preti G, Mozell MM, Youngentob SL, Wright HN. Fish-odor syndrome presenting as dysosmia. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1990 Mar;116(3):354-5.

Lundh T, Akesson B, Skerfving S. Effect of dietary intake of trimethylamine on human metabolism of the industrial catalyst dimethylethylamine. Occup Environ Med 1995 Jul;52(7):478-83.

Maccari F, Ferrari L, Pessotto P, Ramacci MT. L-carnitine interference in gas chromatographic determination of total trimethylamine in urine: a novel assay method. J Chromatogr 1990 Oct 26;532(1):124-9.

Maschke S, Wahl A, Azaroual N, Boulet O, Crunelle V, Imbenotte M, Foulard M, Vermeersch G, Lhermitte M. 1H-NMR analysis of trimethylamine in urine for the diagnosis of fish-odour syndrome. Clin Chim Acta 1997 Jul 25;263(2):139-46.

Matsushita K, Kato K, Ohsaka A, Kanazawa M, Aizawa K. A simple and rapid method for detecting trimethylamine in human urine by proton NMR. Physiol Chem Phys Med NMR 1989;21(1):3-4.

Mayatepek E, Kohlmueller D. Transient trimethylaminuria in childhood [abstract]. J Inherit Metab Dis 1998 Jul;21 Suppl 2:128. Abstract of paper presented at the 36th Annual Symposium of the Society for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism,York, England, UK September 1-4, 1998.

Mayatepek E, Kohlmuller D. Transient trimethylaminuria in childhood. Acta Paediatr Int J Paediatr 1998;87(11):1205-7.

McConnell HW, Mitchell SC, Smith RL, Brewster M. Trimethylaminuria associated with seizures and behavioural disturbance: a case report. Seizure 1997 Aug;6(4):317-21.

Mitchell SC. The fish-odor syndrome. Perspect Biol Med 1996 Summer;39(4):514-26.

Mitchell SC, Zhang A, Smith RL. Fish-odour syndrome and impaired N-oxidation. Biochem Soc Trans 1996 Feb;24(1):96S.

Mitchell SC, Zhang A, Smith RL, Birley AJ. Trimethylamine N-oxide as a probable source of urinary dimethylamine in man; a statistical approach. Biochem Soc Trans 1998 May;26(2):S182.

Mitchell SC, Zhang AQ, Barrett T, Ayesh R, Smith RL. Studies on the discontinuous N-oxidation of trimethylamine among Jordanian, Ecuadorian and New Guinean populations. Pharmacogenetics 1997 Feb;7(1):45-50.

Mitchell SC, Zhang AQ, Noblet JM, Gillespie S, Jones N, Smith RL. Metabolic disposition of [14C]-trimethylamine N-oxide in rat: variation with dose and route of administration. Xenobiotica 1997 Nov;27(11):1187-97.

Pauszek ME. Fishing for a diagnosis. Indiana Med 1991 Feb;84(2):116-7.

Pike MG, King GS, Pettit BR, Leonard JV, Atherton DJ. Lactulose in trimethylaminuria, the fish-odour syndrome. Helv Paediatr Acta 1989 Feb;43(4):345-8.

Preti G, Clark L, Cowart BJ, Feldman RS, Lowry LD, Weber E, Young IM. Non-oral etiologies of oral malodor and altered chemosensation. J Periodontol 1992 Sep;63(9):790-6.

Rebouche CJ, Chenard CA. Metabolic fate of dietary carnitine in human adults: identification and quantification of urinary and fecal metabolites. J Nutr 1991 Apr;121(4):539-46.

Ruocco V, Florio M. Fish-odor syndrome: an olfactory diagnosis. Int J Dermatol 1995 Feb;34(2):92-3.

Ruocco V, Florio M, Ferraiolo S, Zanchini R. [Trimethylaminuria ('fish odour syndrome'): A peculiar eccrine bromhidrosis]. Ann Ital Dermatol Clin E Sper 1996;50(1):11-6. (Ita).

Ruocco V, Florio M, Filioli FG, Guerrera V, Prota G. An unusual case of trimethylaminuria. Br J Dermatol 1989 Mar;120(3):459-61.

Saito S, Hirahata N. [A study on methods of estimating perceived intensity of mixed odors from the component odors]. Jpn J Psych 1991 Jun;62(2):75-81. (Jpn).

Sardas S, Akyol D, Green RL, Mellon T, Gokmen O, Cholerton S. Trimethylamine N-oxidation in Turkish women with bacterial vaginosis. Pharmacogenetics 1996 Oct;6(5):459-63.

Schlenk D, Buhler DR. Immunological characterization of flavin-containing monooxygenases from the liver of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): sexual- and age-dependent differences and the effect of trimethylamine on enzyme regulation. Biochim Biophys Acta 1993 Feb 13;1156(2):103-6.

Sela BA, Trau H, Spira A. [Trimethylaminuria: fish-odor syndrome]. Harefuah 1993 Feb 1;124(3):138-9, 183. (Heb).

Smith JL. Pharmacokinetics of methylamines [dissertation]. Cambridge (MA): Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 1993.

Smith JL, Wishnok JS, Deen WM. Metabolism and excretion of methylamines in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1994 Apr;125(2):296-308.

Spielman AI, Bivona P, Rifkin BR. Halitosis. A common oral problem. N Y State Dent J 1996 Dec;62(10):36-42. Comment in: N Y State Dent J 1997 Mar;63(3):16-7.

Stransky L. Fishy odour syndrome after acute hepatitis B. Dermatosen Beruf Umwelt 1998;46(2):79-80.

Svensson BG, Akesson B, Nilsson A, Paulsson K. Urinary excretion of methylamines in men with varying intake of fish from the Baltic Sea. J Toxicol Environ Health 1994 Apr;41(4):411-20.

Thithapandha A. A pharmacogenetic study of trimethylaminuria in Orientals. Pharmacogenetics 1997 Dec;7(6):497-501.

Tjoa S, Fennessey P. The identification of trimethylamine excess in man: quantitative analysis and biochemical origins. Anal Biochem 1991 Aug 15;197(1):77-82.

Treacy E, Johnson D, Pitt JJ, Danks DM. Trimethylaminuria, fish odour syndrome: a new method of detection and response to treatment with metronidazole. J Inherit Metab Dis 1995;18(3):306-12.

Treacy EP, Akerman BR, Chow LML, Youil R, Bibeau C, Lin J, Bruce AG, Knight M, Danks DM, Cashman JR, Forrest SM. Mutations of the flavin-containing monooxygenase gene (FMO3) cause trimethylaminuria, a defect in detoxication. Hum Mol Genet 1998 May;7(5):839-45.

Treacy EP, Youil R, Forrest S, Knight M, Cotton RG, Cashman J. A fwdarw G substitution in the FMO3 gene, molecular basis for altered pharmacokinetics, association with Trimethylaminuria(?) [abstract]. Am J Hum Genet 1996;59(4 Suppl):A208. Abstract of paper presented at the 46th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Human Genetics.

Walker V. The fish odour syndrome [editorial]. BMJ 1993 Sep 11;307(6905):639-40. Comment on: BMJ 1993 Sep 11;307(6905):655-7.

Yamaguchi S. [Trimethylaminuria]. Ryoikibetsu Shokogun Shirizu 1998;19(Pt 2):673-5. (Jpn).

Zeisel SH, daCosta KA, Youssef M, Hensey S. Conversion of dietary choline to trimethylamine and dimethylamine in rats: dose-response relationship. J Nutr 1989 May;119(5):800-4.

Zeisel SH, Gettner S, Youssef M. Formation of aliphatic amine precursors of N-nitrosodimethylamine after oral administration of choline and choline analogues in the rat. Food Chem Toxicol 1989 Jan;27(1):31-4.

Zhang AQ, Mitchell S, Smith R. Fish odour syndrome: verification of carrier detection test. J Inherit Metab Dis 1995;18(6):669-74.

Zhang AQ, Mitchell SC, Ayesh R, Smith RL. Determination of trimethylamine and related aliphatic amines in human urine by head-space gas chromatography. J Chromatogr 1992 Dec 23;584(2):141-5.

Zhang AQ, Mitchell SC, Ayesh R, Smith RL. Dimethylamine formation in man. Biochem Pharmacol 1993 Jun 9;45(11):2185-8.

Zhang AQ, Mitchell SC, Smith RL. Discontinuous distribution of N-oxidation of dietary-derived trimethylamine in a British population. Xenobiotica 1996 Sep;26(9):957-61.

Zhang AQ, Mitchell SC, Smith RL. Exacerbation of symptoms of fish-odour syndrome during menstruation [letter]. Lancet 1996 Dec 21-28;348(9043):1740-1.

Zuppi C, Messana I, Forni F, Rossi C, Pennacchietti L, Ferrari F, Giardina B. 1H NMR spectra of normal urines: reference ranges of the major metabolites. Clin Chim Acta 1997 Sep 8;265(1):85-97.

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Fish-Malodor Syndrome and Trimethylamines (1970-1987)

Al-Waiz M, Ayesh R, Mitchell SC, Idle JR, Smith RL. A genetic polymorphism of the N-oxidation of trimethylamine in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1987 Nov;42(5):588-94.

Al-Waiz M, Ayesh R, Mitchell SC, Idle JR, Smith RL. Trimethylaminuria (fish-odour syndrome): an inborn error of oxidative metabolism [letter]. Lancet 1987 Mar 14;1(8533):634-5.

Blumenthal I, Lealman GT, Franklyn PP. Fracture of the femur, fish odour, and copper deficiency in a preterm infant. Arch Dis Child 1980 Mar;55(3):229-31.

Brewster MA, Schedewie H. Trimethylaminuria. Ann Clin Lab Sci 1983 Jan-Feb;13(1):20-4.

Burke DG, Halpern B, Malegan D, McCairns E, Danks D, Schlesinger P, Wilken B. Profiles of urinary volatiles from metabolic disorders characterized by unusual odors. Clin Chem 1983 Oct;29(10):1834-8.

Calvert GD. Trimethylaminuria and inherited Noonan's syndrome. Lancet 1973 Feb 10;1(7798):320-1.

Danks DM, Hammond J, Schlesinger P, Faull K, Burke D, Halpern B. Trimethylaminuria: diet does not always control the fishy odor [letter]. N Engl J Med 1976 Oct 21;295(17):962.

Dorland L, de Vries T, van Vossen R, Duran M, Wadman SK, Mienie LJ. Trimethylaminuria, diagnosed by gas chromatography with nitrogen detection. J Inherit Metab Dis 1987;10(4):401-2.

Fenwick GR, Butler EJ, Brewster MA. Are brassica vegetables aggravating factors in trimethylaminuria (fish odour syndrome)? [letter]. Lancet 1983 Oct 15;2(8355):916.

Humbert JA, Hammond KB, Hathaway WE. Trimethylaminuria: the fish-odour syndrome. Lancet 1970 Oct 10;2(7676):770-1.

King GS, Pettit BR, Leonard JV. The analysis of trimethylamine in body fluids by a direct medium resolution mass spectrometric method. Biomed Mass Spectrom 1984 Jan;11(1):1-3.

Lee CW, Yu JS, Turner BB, Murray KE. Trimethylaminuria: fishy odors in children. N Engl J Med 1976 Oct 21;295(17):937-8.

Marks R, Greaves MW, Danks D, Plummer V. Proceedings: Trimethylaminuria or fish odour syndrome in a child. Br J Dermatol 1976 Jul;95 Suppl 14:11-2.

Marks R, Greaves MW, Prottey C, Hartop PJ. Trimethylaminuria: the use of choline as an aid to diagnosis. Br J Dermatol 1977 Apr;96(4):399-402.

Rothschild JG, Hansen RC. Fish odor syndrome: trimethylaminuria with milk as chief dietary factor. Pediatr Dermatol 1985 Nov;3(1):38-9.

Shelley ED, Shelley WB. The fish odor syndrome. Trimethylaminuria. JAMA 1984 Jan 13;251(2):253-5.

Spellacy E, Watts RW, Goolamali SK. Trimethylaminuria. J Inherit Metab Dis 1980;2(4):85-8.

Tada K. [Fish-odor syndrome]. Nippon Rinsho 1977 Spring;35 Suppl 1:1132. (Jpn).

Todd WA. Psychosocial problems as the major complication of an adolescent with trimethylaminuria. J Pediatr 1979 Jun;94(6):936-7.

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Flavin Monooxygenases (1988-1998)

Adali O, Carver G, Philbot R M. Modulation of human liver flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) activity by drugs and other effectors. Exp Toxicol Pathol 1998 May;50(2):89-146.

Adali O, Carver GC, Philpot RM. Modulation of human flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 activity by tricyclic antidepressants and other agents: importance of residue 428. Arch Biochem Biophys 1998 Oct 1;358(1):92-7.

Akerman BR, Chow L, Forrest S, Youil R, Cashman J, Treacy EP. Mutations in the flavin-containing monooxygenase form 3 (FMO3) gene cause trimethylaminuria, fish odour syndrome [abstract]. Am J Hum Genet 1997 Oct;61(4 Suppl):A53. Abstract of paper presented at the 47th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Human Genetics.

Alberati-Giani D, Cesura AM, Broger C, Warren WD, Rover S, Malherbe P. Cloning and functional expression of human kynurenine 3-monooxygenase. FEBS Lett 1997 Jun 30;410(2-3):407-12.

Alberta JA, Andersson LA, Dawson JH. Spectroscopic characterization of secondary amine mono-oxygenase. Comparison to cytochrome P-450 and myoglobin. J Biol Chem 1989 Dec 5;264(34):20467-73.

Anderson AH, Kuttab S, Castagnoli N Jr. Deuterium isotope effect studies on the MAO-B catalyzed oxidation of 4-benzyl-1-cyclopropyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. Biochemistry 1996 Mar 12;35(10):3335-40.

Anjum F, Raman A, Shakoori AR, Gorrod JW. An assessment of cadmium toxicity on cytochrome P-450 and flavin monooxygenase-mediated metabolic pathways of dimethylaniline in male rabbits. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 1992 Jul-Aug;11(4):191-5.

Atta-Asafo-Adjei E, Lawton MP, Philpot RM. Cloning, sequencing, distribution, and expression in Escherichia coli of flavin-containing monooxygenase 1C1. Evidence for a third gene subfamily in rabbits. J Biol Chem 1993 May 5;268(13):9681-9.

Becker D, Schrader T, Andreesen JR. Two-component flavin-dependent pyrrole-2-carboxylate monooxygenase from Rhodococcus sp. Eur J Biochem 1997 Nov 1;249(3):739-47.

Beedham C. The role of non-P450 enzymes in drug oxidation. Pharm World Sci 1997 Dec;19(6):255-63.

Benoit E, Longin-Sauvageon G, Delatour P. Expression of two distinct flavin-containing mono-oxygenases in the liver of sheep [abstract]. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1997;20 Suppl 1:88. Abstract of paper presented at the 7th European Association for Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology International Congress.

Bhagwat SV, Bhamre S, Boyd MR, Ravindranath V. Cerebral metabolism of imipramine and a purified flavin-containing monooxygenase from human brain. Neuropsychopharmacology 1996 Aug;15(2):133-42.

Bhagwat SV, Bhamre S, Boyd MR, Ravindranath V. Further characterization of rat brain flavin-containing monooxygenase. Metabolism of imipramine to its N-oxide. Biochem Pharmacol 1996 Jun 14;51(11):1469-75.

Bhamre S, Bhagwat SV, Shankar SK, Boyd MR, Ravindranath V. Flavin-containing monooxygenase mediated metabolism of psychoactive drugs by human brain microsomes. Brain Res 1995 Feb 20;672(1-2):276-80.

Bhamre S, Bhagwat SV, Shankar SK, Williams DE, Ravindranath V. Cerebral flavin-containing monooxygenase-mediated metabolism of antidepressants in brain: immunochemical properties and immunocytochemical localization. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1993 Oct;267(1):555-9.

Bhamre S, Ravindranath V. Presence of flavin-containing monooxygenase in rat brain. Biochem Pharmacol 1991 Jul 5;42(2):442-4.

Bhamre S, Shankar SK, Bhagwat SV, Ravindranath V. Catalytic activity and immunohistochemical localization of flavin-containing monooxygenase in rat kidney. Life Sci 1993;52(20):1601-7.

Blake BL. Flavin-containing monooxygenases: occurence in brain and role in the hepatic microsomal metabolism of a phenothiazine antipsychotic (cytochrome P-450 [dissertation]. Raleigh: North Carolina State University; 1996. 118 p.

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First published: 22 March 1999
Last updated: 04 March 2002
Date Archived: 31 August 2004
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