Preliminary Client Outcomes Report:
Tables

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Contents

  1. Description of CICH sites
  2. Characteristics of those screened for CICH by site
  3. Characteristics of individuals screened, enrolled into the CICH program, and evaluation participants
  4. Baseline characteristics of national evaluation subjects across sites
  5. Baseline characteristics of those living in their own place at the baseline assessment vs. those not yet living in their own place
  6. Evaluation follow-up interview statistics
  7. Changes in service use and client outcomes for all CICH clients participating in the evaluation
  8. Use of services & client outcomes adjusted for site, baseline characteristics, & non-response using sample weights
  9. Changes in service use by independent housing status (i.e., living in one’s own place) at baseline
  10. Changes in client outcomes by independent housing status (i.e., living in one’s own place) at baseline
  11. Use of services among client sub-groups
  12. Outcomes among client sub-groups
  13. Service use changes by site
  14. Client outcome changes by site
  15. Relationship between client outcomes and site
  16. Relationship between client outcome and use of services (adjusting for site)
  17. Bivariate differences between CICH client and comparison group subjects at 5 sites
  18. Differences in use of services and outcomes between CICH clients and comparison group subjects

Table 1.
Description of CICH sites
Site Description
Broward County Florida ~ HHOPE Program The HHOPE program, a collaboration of the Broward County Human Services Department, Homeless Initiative Partnership Administration, provides scattered site housing and supportive services to severely and persistently mentally ill and chronically homeless individuals through Shelter Plus Care. The project is implementing a Housing First approach and using a modified ACT team.  Their goal is to serve 80 individuals over the life of the project.
Chattanooga, Tennessee ~ The Collaborative Initiative Chattanooga’s Collaborative Initiative, coordinated by the Fortwood Center, serves chronically homeless individuals in scattered site housing.  The Initiative is implementing the Housing First approach and an ACT team to provide wrap-around services for clients in housing.  The goal of the Initiative is to serve 50 individuals over three years, in housing subsidized through Shelter Plus Care.
Chicago, Illinois ~ ACT Resources for Chronically Homeless (ARCH) Led by the Chicago Department of Human Services, ARCH targets chronically homeless individuals with mental health, substance abuse, and/or co-occurring disorders.  They are using Shelter Plus Care vouchers to secure 59 tenant-based permanent housing units. The units are both scattered site and clustered.  ARCH uses a Housing First approach and an ACT team. Their goal is to bring about significant expansion of permanent supportive housing, coordination and maximization of mainstream resources and to expand of evidence-based service strategies
Columbus, Ohio ~ Rebuilding Lives PACT Team Initiative (RLPTI) RLPTI is led by Southeast, which contracts project management to the Community Shelter Board.  The project serves chronically homeless individuals with severe mental disabilities or co-occurring substance abuse and mental illness.  For this initiative, they have five clustered site housing units through a Supportive Housing Program grant and use a Housing First approach. They use a PACT model and have incorporated several evidence-based practices.  One of RLPTI’s main goals is to increase the behavioral healthcare system in Franklin County, particularly by increasing Southeast’s capacity and treatment slots. In addition, they plan to increase income supports and entitlements for the chronically homeless. The goal of the RLPTI is to house and serve 108 individuals.
Contra Costa, California ~ Project Coming Home (PCH) Led by the Contra Costa Office of Homeless Programs, PCH serves chronically homeless individuals using a Health, Housing, and Integrated Services Network (HHISN).  Through Shelter Plus Care, PCH uses a housing first, scattered site model facilitated through partnerships with the housing authority and Shelter Inc.  The goals of PCH include: increasing the effectiveness of integrated systems of care by providing comprehensive services and treatment, linked to housing; increasing the use of mainstream resources; and supporting the development of infrastructures that sustain housing, services treatment, and inter-organizational partnerships beyond the federal initiative.  Over a five-year period, they expect to contact 5,250 chronically homeless individuals and house 155 individuals.
Denver, Colorado ~ Denver Housing First Collaborative (DHFC) DHFC, a Shelter Plus Care grant, is a collaboration of agencies led by Colorado Coalition for the Homeless.  It seeks to provide coordinated housing and treatment to chronically homeless individuals with disabilities, substance abuse, severe and persistent mental illness, co-occurring disorders, and/or chronic physical illness.  DHFC uses a Housing First approach and an ACT team. Housing is both scattered site and clustered.  DHFC aims to serve 100 clients in year one.
Los Angeles, California ~ Skid Row Collaborative The Collaborative, which has a Shelter Plus Care grant, is coordinated by the Skid Row Housing Trust, and seeks to serve chronically homeless and disabled persons.  It uses the Health, Housing, and Integrated Services Network (HHISN) model.  To reach their goal of assisting clients into permanent housing, the Collaborative is expanding mental health and co-occurring treatment services by adding a team of case manager specialists in mental health and substance abuse and peer advocates to provide outreach, engagement, support and recovery services/ treatment, and case management.  They have a goal of housing and serving 62 individuals. The project has already had contact with 140 homeless individuals in its first year.
New York, New York ~ In Homes Now (IN)/Project Renewal IN, a Supportive Housing grant, is coordinated by Project Renewal serves chronically homeless individuals who are active substance abusers in New York City.  IN uses a Housing First approach and an Intensive Integrated Service Team to supplement existing programs (Continuum of Care and Pathways to Housing) for which active substance users are not eligible.  The project’s goal is to house and provide comprehensive services for 40 individuals from the target population in scattered-site SRO apartments located in Manhattan and the Bronx.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ~ Home First With the City of Philadelphia as the lead agency, Home First serves homeless individuals with serious mental illness and/or co-occurring disorders and with the highest number of documented days in the city’s emergency shelter and residential behavioral health system. They use a Housing First approach and an ACT team.  The project intends to serve approximately 85 chronically homeless individuals over the life of the Supportive Housing Program project. 
Portland, Oregon ~ The Community Engagement Program (CEP III)/Central City Concern CEP III, which has a Shelter Plus Care grant, is coordinated by Central City Concern.  The project focuses on the “hardest to serve” of Portland’s chronically homeless population – those with a significant disability (i.e., physical health, mental health, and/or substance abuse issues) and/or co-occurring disorders. Based on ACT and the Housing First approach, clients are housed in scattered site, clustered, or Shelter Plus Care units.  The project’s main goal is to demonstrate an effective model in reducing chronic homelessness for people with co-occurring disorders. CEP III seeks to serve 100 clients in the first year and 150 over the life of the project.
San Francisco, California ~ Direct Access to Housing (DAH) The San Francisco Department of Public Health is the lead agency for the Direct Access to Housing initiative, which has a Supportive Housing Program grant.  They are creating 70 units of permanent supportive housing through an expansion of their DAH program at the Empress Hotel.  DAH serves chronically homeless individuals with disabilities, using a supportive housing model.

Table 2.
Characteristics of those screened for CICH by site
  TOTAL Chattanooga, TN Chicago, IL Columbus, OH Denver, CO Ft. Lauder., FL Los Angeles, CA Martinez, CA New York, NY Philadelphia, PA Portland, OR San Fran., CA ANOVA / Chi-Square
(N=1,430) (N=77) (N=92) (N=93) (N=100) (N=49) (N=146) (N=476) (N=128) (N=72) (N=104) (N=93)
Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD
Pct. N Pct. N Pct. N Pct. N Pct. N Pct. N Pct. N Pct. N Pct. N Pct. N Pct. N Pct. N df F/X2 p
Age (yrs.) 44.7 10 43.3 11 44.4 8 44.7 9 46.8 9 44.6 9 43.3 8 43.8 10 49.8 14 46.6 10 43.2 10 43.43 9.5 10 5 ***
Male 74% 1061 75% 58 77% 71 77% 72 80% 80 69% 34 68% 99 71% 338 84% 108 71% 51 73% 76 80% 74 10 18 n.s.
Race/ethnicity
White 45% 649 60% 46 9% 8 30% 28 46% 46 59% 29 29% 42 64% 306 11% 14 17% 12 63% 66 56% 52 10 257 ***
Black 44% 630 39% 30 89% 82 69% 64 28% 28 39% 19 61% 89 26% 126 67% 86 81% 58 13% 14 37% 34 10 296 ***
Native American 3% 42 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 15% 15 0% 0 2% 3 2% 10 2% 2 0% 0 10% 10 2% 2 10 82 ***
Asian 1% 14 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 3% 5 0% 2 1% 1 1% 1 0% 0 5% 5 10 34 ***
Hawaiian/Other Asian 1% 14 0% 0 1% 1 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 1% 1 2% 8 0% 0 0% 0 1% 1 3% 3 10 13 n.s.
Hispanic 7% 101 0% 0 2% 2 1% 1 11% 11 4% 2 9% 13 7% 34 16% 21 0% 0 13% 14 3% 3 10 49 ***
Treatment Category
Individual 100% 1426 100% 77 99% 91 99% 92 100% 100 100% 49 100% 146 100% 476 100% 128 100% 72 100% 104 98% 91 10 19 *
Parent of minor child 0% 3 0% 0 1% 1 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 2% 2 10 23 *
Homeless Category
Past yr. or longer 69% 980 65% 50 80% 74 74% 69 23% 23 61% 30 86% 125 69% 330 64% 82 75% 54 62% 64 85% 79 10 142 ***
4+ episodes past 3 yrs. 31% 450 35% 27 20% 18 26% 24 77% 77 39% 19 14% 21 31% 146 36% 46 25% 18 38% 40 15% 14 10 142 ***
Disability
Medical problem 34% 488 34% 26 14% 13 20% 19 82% 82 27% 13 42% 61 29% 136 19% 24 51% 37 32% 33 47% 44 10 168 ***
Mental health problem 60% 854 94% 72 42% 39 96% 89 72% 72 90% 44 98% 143 39% 187 10% 13 88% 63 67% 70 67% 62 10 452 ***
Substance abuse prob. 77% 1106 35% 27 83% 76 51% 47 93% 93 53% 26 77% 113 82% 390 97% 124 69% 50 92% 96 69% 64 10 202 ***
Developmental disability 4% 60 3% 2 0% 0 1% 1 1% 1 4% 2 5% 8 5% 26 0% 0 4% 3 5% 5 13% 12 10 35 ***
Enrolled into CICH 87% 1242 79% 61 74% 68 92% 86 100% 100 100% 49 79% 116 94% 448 38% 49 100% 72 99% 103 97% 90 10 368 ***
Contact location
Shelter or mission 26% 374 10% 8 45% 41 54% 50 14% 14 41% 20 6% 9 28% 133 50% 64 22% 16 8% 8 12% 11 10 173 ***
Street, park, outdoors 25% 358 9% 7 4% 4 8% 7 37% 37 10% 5 20% 29 49% 233 21% 27 0% 0 6% 6 3% 3 10 276 ***
Soup kitchen 2% 24 18% 14 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 14% 7 0% 0 0% 0 1% 1 0% 0 2% 2 0% 0 10 193 ***
Drop in center 13% 188 10% 8 4% 4 0% 0 3% 3 6% 3 32% 47 14% 65 3% 4 0% 0 50% 52 2% 2 10 234 ***
Residential tx program 4% 57 3% 2 3% 3 8% 7 4% 4 0% 0 0% 0 2% 10 5% 7 0% 0 7% 7 18% 17 10 71 ***
Mental health agency 5% 77 23% 18 4% 4 17% 16 0% 0 14% 7 1% 2 2% 9 0% 0 7% 5 2% 2 15% 14 10 131 ***
Housing agency 7% 95 1% 1 5% 5 5% 5 26% 26 0% 0 20% 29 3% 13 0% 0 7% 5 1% 1 11% 10 10 138 ***
Health clinic 2% 26 16% 12 4% 4 0% 0 5% 5 4% 2 1% 1 0% 1 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 1% 1 10 108 ***
Hospital 1% 18 1% 1 2% 2 0% 0 2% 2 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 1% 1 3% 3 10% 9 10 68 ***
VA facility 5% 77 6% 5 0% 0 9% 8 0% 0 6% 3 12% 18 1% 6 11% 14 15% 11 3% 3 10% 9 10 69 ***
Jail or prison 0% 5 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 2% 2 0% 0 1% 1 0% 0 0% 0 1% 1 0% 0 1% 1 10 16 n.s.
Other location 9% 131 1% 1 27% 25 0% 0 7% 7 4% 2 7% 10 1% 6 9% 11 46% 33 19% 20 17% 16 10 226 ***
Contact initated by…
Lead agency 27% 390 44% 34 16% 15 29% 27 56% 56 16% 8 3% 4 3% 15 63% 81 61% 44 37% 38 73% 68 10 474 ***
Partnering agency 51% 734 17% 13 10% 9 46% 43 33% 33 35% 17 73% 107 93% 443 29% 37 1% 1 24% 25 6% 6 10 684 ***
Other agency referral 10% 149 34% 26 47% 43 9% 8 11% 11 10% 5 5% 8 2% 8 0% 0 4% 3 34% 35 2% 2 10 303 ***
Evaluation staff 14% 188 11% 8 4% 4 0% 0 3% 3 6% 3 33% 47 14% 65 3% 4 0% 0 50% 52 3% 2 10 227 ***
Self-referral 4% 51 3% 2 11% 10 11% 10 0% 0 16% 8 11% 16 1% 3 2% 2 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 10 102 ***
Other source 4% 56 0% 0 15% 14 5% 5 0% 0 18% 9 5% 7 1% 7 5% 7 0% 0 4% 4 3% 3 10 78 ***
Clinician observations
Medical problem 34% 480 42% 32 20% 18 11% 10 84% 84 43% 21 38% 56 25% 121 23% 29 46% 33 38% 39 40% 37 10 178 ***
Psychotic disorder 20% 286 16% 12 15% 14 52% 48 20% 20 59% 29 28% 41 11% 51 3% 4 54% 39 20% 21 8% 7 10 223 ***
Other SMI disorder 47% 679 81% 62 29% 27 59% 55 56% 56 78% 38 94% 137 33% 156 11% 14 49% 35 54% 56 46% 43 10 309 ***
Alcohol abuse 60% 856 39% 30 64% 59 48% 45 85% 85 51% 25 60% 87 63% 302 76% 97 50% 36 68% 71 20% 19 10 130 ***
Drug abuse 60% 857 29% 22 62% 57 41% 38 42% 42 39% 19 73% 107 71% 339 71% 91 56% 40 67% 70 34% 32 10 139 ***
Developmental disability 6% 82 10% 8 1% 1 4% 4 1% 1 12% 6 8% 12 4% 20 1% 1 4% 3 6% 6 22% 20 10 68 ***
Client response
Taked briefly 5% 65 0% 0 9% 8 1% 1 0% 0 0% 0 36% 52 0% 0 2% 3 1% 1 0% 0 0% 0 10 377 ***
Not interested in svcs 1% 10 1% 1 2% 2 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 2% 3 0% 0 2% 2 0% 0 1% 1 1% 1 10 14 n.s.
Interested in basic svcs 32% 458 4% 3 12% 11 8% 7 2% 2 4% 2 3% 5 72% 343 5% 6 6% 4 5% 5 75% 70 10 717 ***
Interested in full svcs 63% 897 95% 73 77% 71 91% 85 98% 98 96% 47 59% 86 28% 133 91% 117 93% 67 94% 98 24% 22 10 577 ***
Screening group
Not enrolled into CICH 13% 188 21% 16 26% 24 8% 7 0% 0 0% 0 21% 30 6% 28 62% 79 0% 0 1% 1 3% 3 10 368 ***
CICH program only 36% 508 10% 8 7% 6 7% 6 3% 3 2% 1 36% 52 83% 397 0% 0 4% 3 30% 31 1% 1 10 787 ***
Both CICH and evalaluation 51% 734 69% 53 67% 62 86% 80 97% 97 98% 48 44% 64 11% 51 38% 49 96% 69 69% 72 96% 89 10 660 ***
   * p<.05   ** p<.01   *** p<.001

Table 3.
Characteristics of individuals screened, enrolled into the CICH program, and evaluation participants.
[stats as of Feb. 2006]
  TOTAL Not enrolled Enrolled Participant ANOVA /
Chi-sqr.
(N=1,430; 100%) (N=188; 13%) (N=508; 36%) (N=734; 51%)
Mean/% SD/N Mean/% SD/N Mean/% SD/N Mean/% SD/N df F/
Chi-Sq		 p
Age (yrs.) 44.7 10 46.8 13 43.2 10 45.2 9 2 11 ***
Male 74% 1061 80% 151 69% 353 76% 557 2 11 **
Race/ethnicity
White 45% 649 26% 49 60% 305 40% 295 2 80 ***
Black 44% 630 60% 113 30% 153 50% 364 2 69 ***
Native American 3% 42 2% 3 2% 11 4% 28 2 4 n.s.
Asian 1% 14 0% 0 1% 4 1% 10 2 3 n.s.
Hawaiian/Other Asian 1% 14 1% 1 1% 7 1% 6 2 1 n.s.
Hispanic 7% 101 11% 21 7% 37 6% 43 2 6 *
Treatment Category
Individual 100% 1426 99% 186 100% 508 100% 732 2 6 n.s.
Parent of minor child 0% 3 1% 1 0% 0 0% 2 2 2 n.s.
Homeless Category
Past yr. or longer 69% 980 67% 126 72% 368 66% 486 2 6 n.s.
4+ episodes past 3 yrs. 31% 450 33% 62 28% 140 34% 248 2 6 n.s.
Disability
Medical problem 34% 488 23% 44 26% 132 43% 312 2 48 ***
Mental health problem 60% 854 39% 74 48% 243 73% 537 2 117 ***
Substance abuse problem 77% 1106 79% 149 84% 425 72% 532 2 22 ***
Developmental disability 4% 60 1% 1 6% 32 4% 27 2 12 **
Contact location
Shelter or mission 26% 374 36% 67 24% 124 25% 183 2 10 **
Street, park, outdoors 25% 358 23% 43 45% 230 12% 85 2 182 ***
Soup kitchen 2% 24 1% 1 0% 2 3% 21 2 13 **
Drop in center 13% 188 12% 22 18% 93 10% 73 2 19 ***
Residential tx program 4% 57 4% 8 1% 6 6% 43 2 17 ***
Mental health agency 5% 77 3% 5 2% 8 9% 64 2 33 ***
Housing agency 7% 95 1% 2 2% 10 11% 83 2 53 ***
Health clinic 2% 26 4% 7 0% 1 2% 18 2 13 **
Hospital 1% 18 1% 1 0% 1 2% 16 2 10 **
VA facility 5% 77 5% 10 1% 7 8% 60 2 27 ***
Jail or prison 0% 5 0% 0 0% 2 0% 3 2 1 n.s.
Other location 9% 131 12% 22 5% 24 12% 85 2 19 ***
Contact initated by…
Lead agency 27% 390 35% 65 5% 27 41% 298 2 194 ***
Partnering agency 51% 734 41% 77 87% 440 30% 217 2 400 ***
Referral by other agency 10% 149 9% 17 4% 20 15% 112 2 42 ***
Evaluation staff 14% 188 12% 22 18% 93 11% 73 2 16 ***
Self-referral 4% 51 4% 8 1% 6 5% 37 2 13 **
Other source 4% 56 9% 17 3% 13 4% 26 2 16 ***
Clinician observations
Medical problem 34% 480 24% 45 26% 130 42% 305 2 43 ***
Psychotic disorder 20% 286 7% 13 14% 72 27% 201 2 56 ***
Other serious mental d/o 47% 679 35% 65 42% 213 55% 401 2 34 ***
Alcohol abuse 60% 856 64% 121 66% 334 55% 401 2 17 ***
Drug abuse 60% 857 60% 112 74% 376 50% 369 2 70 ***
Developmental disability 6% 82 3% 5 6% 30 6% 47 2 4 n.s.
Client response
Taked briefly 5% 65 14% 27 6% 29 1% 9 2 62 ***
Not interested in svcs 1% 10 3% 6 0% 2 0% 2 2 19 ***
Interested in basic svcs 32% 458 19% 36 63% 321 14% 101 2 353 ***
Interested in full svcs 63% 897 63% 119 31% 156 85% 622 2 375 ***
   * p<.05   ** p<.01   *** p<.001

Table 4.
Baseline characteristics of national evaluation subjects across sites
[stats as of Feb. 2006]
  TOTAL
(N=736)		 CHA
(N=53)		 CHI
(N=61)		 COL
(N=80)		 DEN
(N=97)		 FTL
(N=48)		 LOS
(N=64)		 MAR
(N=50)		 NYC
(N=52)		 PHI
(N=69)		 POR
(N=72)		 SAF
(N=90)		 ANOVA /
Chi-Sqr.
Mean/% SD/N Mean/% SD/N Mean/% SD/N Mean/% SD/N Mean/% SD/N Mean/% SD/N Mean/% SD/N Mean/% SD/N Mean/% SD/N Mean/% SD/N Mean/% SD/N Mean/% SD/N df F/X2 p
Client Eligibility
% Homeless greater than 1 year 86% 630 89% 47 90% 55 78% 62 92% 89 94% 45 88% 56 76% 38 87% 45 99% 68 60% 43 91% 82 10 66 ***
% Homeless 4 or more periods 69% 510 74% 39 67% 41 25% 20 82% 80 96% 46 77% 49 64% 32 40% 21 68% 47 81% 58 86% 77 10 136 ***
% With substance abuse problem 72% 532 49% 26 80% 49 41% 33 94% 91 48% 23 64% 41 72% 36 94% 49 74% 51 90% 65 76% 68 10 118 ***
% With alcohol problem 52% 385 36% 19 57% 35 34% 27 84% 81 42% 20 36% 23 44% 22 65% 34 57% 39 65% 47 42% 38 10 78 ***
% With drug problem 52% 381 34% 18 64% 39 28% 22 43% 42 27% 13 55% 35 52% 26 75% 39 64% 44 65% 47 62% 56 10 68 ***
% With mental health problem 77% 564 100% 53 43% 26 90% 72 73% 71 100% 48 94% 60 66% 33 33% 17 83% 57 74% 53 82% 74 10 152 ***
% With schizophrenia 19% 137 25% 13 10% 6 20% 16 14% 14 19% 9 28% 18 22% 11 0% 0 43% 30 13% 9 12% 11 10 54 ***
% With depression 28% 206 25% 13 20% 12 34% 27 20% 19 38% 18 33% 21 30% 15 27% 14 23% 16 31% 22 32% 29 10 12 n.s.
% With bipolar 19% 139 40% 21 8% 5 28% 22 26% 25 38% 18 11% 7 12% 6 4% 2 13% 9 17% 12 13% 12 10 53 ***
% With ptsd 7% 53 4% 2 3% 2 6% 5 11% 11 6% 3 9% 6 2% 1 0% 0 3% 2 11% 8 14% 13 10 22 *
% With other psychiatric d/o 3% 22 2% 1 2% 1 3% 2 2% 2 0% 0 9% 6 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 1% 1 10% 9 10 33 ***
% Ever hospitalized for psych. 51% 373 70% 37 30% 18 48% 38 44% 43 67% 32 73% 47 42% 21 10% 5 57% 39 51% 37 62% 56 10 27 **
% Ever taken meds for psych. 68% 503 85% 45 39% 24 75% 60 70% 68 100% 48 78% 50 58% 29 27% 14 67% 46 68% 49 78% 70 10 20 *
% Ever SA & MH problem 52% 386 49% 26 30% 18 36% 29 67% 65 48% 23 61% 39 42% 21 33% 17 65% 45 64% 46 63% 57 10 55 ***
% With medical problem 65% 476 79% 42 48% 29 36% 29 82% 80 54% 26 70% 45 76% 38 54% 28 68% 47 63% 45 74% 67 10 75 ***
% With developmental disability 10% 73 23% 12 5% 3 1% 1 1% 1 2% 1 17% 11 8% 4 12% 6 4% 3 13% 9 24% 22 10 58 ***
% Parent/guard. minor child 0% 1 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 1% 1 10 7 n.s.
Mean no. minor children 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 1.3 n.s.
Demographics
Mean age 46 9 44 10 45 8 46 8 47 9 44 9 44 10 49 10 47 9 46 10 44 9 46 10 10 1.9 *
% Male 76% 556 74% 39 77% 47 76% 61 79% 77 71% 34 69% 44 74% 37 87% 45 71% 49 71% 51 80% 72 10 9 n.s.
% Minority (non-caucasian) 62% 458 36% 19 93% 57 70% 56 54% 52 48% 23 84% 54 44% 22 88% 46 83% 57 36% 26 51% 46 10 124 ***
% Single (never married) 48% 351 40% 21 44% 27 36% 29 51% 49 42% 20 59% 38 22% 11 48% 25 68% 47 51% 37 52% 47 10 36 ***
% Married 2% 12 0% 0 3% 2 1% 1 0% 0 0% 0 5% 3 0% 0 6% 3 1% 1 0% 0 2% 2 10 16 n.s.
% Divorced/ separated/ widowed 33% 243 43% 23 20% 12 39% 31 37% 36 40% 19 23% 15 48% 24 35% 18 16% 11 32% 23 34% 31 10 27 **
% Veterans 30% 220 30% 16 26% 16 41% 33 26% 25 21% 10 30% 19 40% 20 37% 19 32% 22 26% 19 23% 21 10 14 n.s.
Mean years homeless (lifetime) 8 6 7 5 7 4 8 7 10 6 6 5 8 6 8 6 8 6 10 6 9 7 9 8 10 2.2 *
Use of Outpatient Services
Mean no. mental health visits 4 11 4 12 3 13 3 7 1 2 9 19 5 12 2 3 2 7 4 10 2 5 9 18 10 4.4 ***
Mean no. substance abuse  visits 6 18 2 7 6 22 0 3 2 10 2 11 6 16 5 19 17 29 5 14 14 23 10 24 10 6.0 ***
Mean no. medical care visits 3 8 4 9 2 12 1 4 4 4 4 15 2 3 3 5 3 6 3 8 3 8 4 11 10 0.9 n.s.
Treatment Outcomes
Housing
% Living in own place 28% 205 30% 16 10% 6 30% 24 41% 40 4% 2 38% 24 12% 6 10% 5 4% 3 4% 3 84% 76 10 233 ***
% Living alone 27% 196 30% 16 8% 5 30% 24 39% 38 4% 2 36% 23 10% 5 10% 5 4% 3 6% 4 79% 71 10 209 ***
% Receiving rental subsidy 27% 200 30% 16 10% 6 29% 23 41% 40 4% 2 36% 23 10% 5 8% 4 4% 3 4% 3 83% 75 10 233 ***
Mean no. days housed (past 90) 5 14 7 16 3 13 5 13 10 21 0 1 4 9 3 14 1 2 2 9 1 6 15 19 10 8.1 ***
Mean no. days homeless(past90) 57 37 49 33 66 37 55 39 61 37 62 36 49 37 62 35 84 18 60 38 61 29 29 34 10 10.6 ***
Employment (past 30 days)
% Worked for pay 16% 121 26% 14 8% 5 18% 14 21% 20 27% 13 14% 9 22% 11 21% 11 7% 5 18% 13 7% 6 10 25 **
Income (past 30 days)
Mean employment income 319 362 251 229 188 276 398 437 342 252 349 454 143 146 654 649 258 227 363 251 160 124 321 449 10 1.7 n.s.
% receiving employment income 14% 103 30% 16 7% 4 14% 11 16% 16 23% 11 11% 7 22% 11 12% 6 6% 4 19% 14 3% 3 10 36 ***
Mean public assistance income 397 268 314 224 252 257 322 248 409 229 241 192 411 199 642 314 225 143 483 195 238 208 641 233 10 22.7 ***
% receiving public assistance 70% 515 74% 39 70% 43 63% 50 47% 46 46% 22 91% 58 66% 33 73% 38 77% 53 81% 58 83% 75 10 66 ***
Mean total income 460 316 402 276 283 287 381 301 453 253 359 357 484 275 746 446 282 193 520 235 297 238 682 227 10 17.3 ***
Physical Health
Mean SF-12 physical health 45 10 41 11 51 8 48 10 43 10 45 12 45 11 41 9 46 9 47 10 43 10 42 10 10 5.6 ***
Mental Health
Mean SF-12 mental health 38 12 34 11 43 10 30 9 42 11 36 12 34 13 39 12 45 10 46 11 34 12 40 11 10 15.4 ***
Mean BSI symptom score 1.7 3.7 2.2 0.8 1.1 0.9 1.7 0.9 1.4 0.8 1.9 0.9 1.6 0.9 1.3 0.8 1.1 0.7 1.2 0.9 1.9 0.9 2.5 10.3 10 1.1 n.s.
Substance Abuse (past 30 days)
Mean no. days drunk 2.1 6.6 0.3 1.1 1.2 4.3 2.9 6.4 5.0 7.9 0.7 2.0 1.1 4.9 1.8 6.2 1.5 4.1 2.3 7.4 1.9 4.6 2.3 11.1 10 3.0 **
% Used illicit drugs 39% 284 30% 16 54% 33 24% 19 41% 40 10% 5 30% 19 26% 13 60% 31 29% 20 54% 39 54% 49 10 66 ***
Mean ASI-alcohol score 0.15 0.27 0.10 0.10 0.14 0.18 0.15 0.19 0.22 0.18 0.11 0.12 0.09 0.12 0.13 0.18 0.17 0.15 0.14 0.21 0.15 0.19 0.19 0.63 10 1.4 n.s.
Mean ASI-drug score 0.08 0.20 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.05 0.08 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.05 0.08 0.11 0.12 0.06 0.07 0.13 0.15 0.15 0.52 10 2.6 **
Incarceration (past 30 days)
Mean no. days in jail 1.5 8.8 3.8 12.9 0.0 0.1 3.6 13.6 1.8 10.8 2.0 13.0 1.1 4.2 0.3 1.7 0.2 1.2 2.2 12.8 0.8 3.1 0.2 2.2 10 1.5 n.s.
Subjective Quality of Life
Mean QOLI overall score (1-7) 4.5 3.9 4.0 1.8 3.8 1.6 4.0 1.7 4.5 1.5 4.3 1.6 4.0 1.7 4.7 1.6 4.8 1.6 4.8 1.7 4.0 1.5 5.7 10.1 10 1.7 n.s.
Observed Psychotic Behavior
Mean rating of psychosis (0-3) 0.22 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.10 0.17 0.06 0.10 0.13 0.21 0.31 0.23 0.33 0.46 0.32 0.25 0.12 0.20 0.08 0.25 0.35 0.33 0.38 0.37 10 14.0 ***
Services integration
% Living in own place 28% 205 30% 16 10% 6 30% 24 41% 40 4% 2 38% 24 12% 6 10% 5 4% 3 4% 3 84% 76 10 233 ***
% Has case manager(s) 89% 652 94% 50 74% 45 84% 67 100% 97 92% 44 80% 51 90% 45 92% 48 72% 50 96% 69 96% 86 10 61 ***
% Rec'd SA tx. for SA problem 44% 324 34% 18 30% 18 24% 19 29% 28 33% 16 42% 27 62% 31 69% 36 48% 33 79% 57 46% 41 10 83 ***
% Rec'd MH svc's for MH prob. 53% 392 81% 43 21% 13 53% 42 34% 33 85% 41 70% 45 46% 23 25% 13 62% 43 54% 39 63% 57 10 40 ***
% Rec'd med. care med. prob. 52% 386 70% 37 33% 20 24% 19 72% 70 38% 18 50% 32 70% 35 37% 19 58% 40 53% 38 64% 58 10 25 **
% Rec'd VA-eligible services 19% 138 13% 7 16% 10 28% 22 12% 12 15% 7 22% 14 20% 10 27% 14 25% 17 14% 10 17% 15 10 15 n.s.
Mean % overall integration 64% 23 71% 21 45% 28 60% 22 61% 22 64% 19 65% 26 67% 17 61% 22 58% 23 66% 17 82% 20 10 13 ***
Days from screening to enroll. 8 49 -7 31 1 5 -2 8 -2 7 33 45 18 30 10 48 5 13 -40 39 8 53 59 86 10 26 ***
Days from enrollment to baseline 30 49 26 34 17 77 17 27 34 36 27 32 39 46 59 66 24 22 63 70 20 27 12 43 10 8 ***
* p<.05   ** p<.01   *** p<.001

Table 5.
Baseline characteristics of those living in their own place at the baseline assessment
vs. those not yet living in their own place
(Least square means from ANCOVA analyses covarying for site)
  Not housed at BL Housed at BL ANCOVA
(N=531; 72%) (N=205; 28%)
Mean SE Mean SE df F p
Socio-demographic
Age 45.77 0.41 45.00 0.70 1 0.78 n.s.
Gender (male) 0.77 0.02 0.71 0.04 1 2.06 n.s.
Race/ethnicity (white=referrent)
Black 0.47 0.02 0.54 0.04 1 2.24 n.s.
Other minority (non-Hispanic) 0.08 0.01 0.05 0.02 1 1.47 n.s.
Hispanic 0.07 0.01 0.10 0.02 1 1.23 n.s.
Education 11.87 0.12 11.62 0.21 1 0.97 n.s.
Income (monthly total) 386 14 362 24 1 0.68 n.s.
Marital status (never married) 0.47 0.02 0.50 0.04 1 0.34 n.s.
Veteran 0.35 0.02 0.18 0.04 1 13.63 ***
Homelessness history
Age first homeless 32.67 0.54 31.94 0.93 1 0.39 n.s.
Yrs homeless (lifetime) 8.09 0.31 8.27 0.53 1 0.08 n.s.
Social support 1.38 0.05 1.45 0.09 1 0.40 n.s.
Disabiling Condition(s)
Medical 0.65 0.02 0.66 0.04 1 0.13 n.s.
Mental health 0.76 0.02 0.79 0.03 1 0.59 n.s.
Substance abuse 0.73 0.02 0.68 0.03 1 1.52 n.s.
Dual mental health & substance abuse 0.53 0.02 0.51 0.04 1 0.15 n.s.
Health Status
Physical Health (SF12-physical) 45.50 0.46 44.32 0.80 1 1.42 n.s.
Mental Health
SF12-mental 38.25 0.36 40.39 0.63 1 7.56 **
BSI 1.59 0.04 1.36 0.07 1 7.14 **
Psychotic behaviors observed 0.22 0.01 0.22 0.02 1 0.00 n.s.
Alcohol & Drug Use
No. days drunk 2.20 0.26 1.68 0.45 1 0.87 n.s.
Used illicit drugs 0.41 0.02 0.32 0.04 1 3.83 n.s.
ASI alc 0.13 0.01 0.10 0.02 1 2.53 n.s.
ASI drug 0.06 0.00 0.04 0.01 1 3.68 n.s.
* p<.05   ** p<.01   *** p<.001

Table 6.
Evaluation follow-up interview statistics
[stats as of May 2006]
Site   BL 3-mo FU 6-mo FU 9-mo FU 12-mo FU
CHA N completed (a) 53 47 47 48 39
N partials (b) 0 6 5 4 12
N forthcoming (c=d-a-b) 0 0 1 1 2
N total (d=N bl's) 53 53 53 53 53
comp rate (a / a+b) 100.0% 88.7% 90.4% 92.3% 76.5%
collect rate (a+b / d) 100.0% 100.0% 98.1% 98.1% 96.2%
CHI N completed 64 47 36 40 40
N partials 0 11 18 11 7
N forthcoming 0 6 10 13 17
N total 64 64 64 64 64
completion rate 100.0% 81.0% 66.7% 78.4% 85.1%
collection rate 100.0% 90.6% 84.4% 79.7% 73.4%
COL N completed 80 77 78 70 58
N partials 0 3 2 10 22
N forthcoming 0 0 0 0 0
N total 80 80 80 80 80
completion rate 100.0% 96.3% 97.5% 87.5% 72.5%
collection rate 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
DEN N completed 97 89 77 66 61
N partials 0 6 12 11 4
N forthcoming 0 2 8 20 32
N total 97 97 97 97 97
completion rate 100.0% 93.7% 86.5% 85.7% 93.8%
collection rate 100.0% 97.9% 91.8% 79.4% 67.0%
FTL N completed 53 45 42 35 29
N partials 0 3 6 6 6
N forthcoming 0 5 5 12 18
N total 53 53 53 53 53
completion rate 100.0% 93.8% 87.5% 85.4% 82.9%
collection rate 100.0% 90.6% 90.6% 77.4% 66.0%
LOS N completed 64 61 59 54 52
N partials 0 3 4 7 9
N forthcoming 0 0 1 3 3
N total 64 64 64 64 64
completion rate 100.0% 95.3% 93.7% 88.5% 85.2%
collection rate 100.0% 100.0% 98.4% 95.3% 95.3%
MAR N completed 54 47 45 45 42
N partials 0 3 2 2 3
N forthcoming 0 4 7 7 9
N total 54 54 54 54 54
completion rate 100.0% 94.0% 95.7% 95.7% 93.3%
collection rate 100.0% 92.6% 87.0% 87.0% 83.3%
NYC N completed 52 49 43 41 38
N partials 0 3 6 6 5
N forthcoming 0 0 3 5 9
N total 52 52 52 52 52
completion rate 100.0% 94.2% 87.8% 87.2% 88.4%
collection rate 100.0% 100.0% 94.2% 90.4% 82.7%
PHI N completed 69 62 64 59 53
N partials 0 7 4 6 5
N forthcoming 0 0 1 4 11
N total 69 69 69 69 69
completion rate 100.0% 89.9% 94.1% 90.8% 91.4%
collection rate 100.0% 100.0% 98.6% 94.2% 84.1%
POR N completed 72 65 63 58 58
N partials 0 7 8 11 8
N forthcoming 0 0 1 3 6
N total 72 72 72 72 72
completion rate 100.0% 90.3% 88.7% 84.1% 87.9%
collection rate 100.0% 100.0% 98.6% 95.8% 91.7%
SAF N completed 98 81 69 66 48
N partials 0 12 15 11 11
N forthcoming 0 5 14 21 39
N total 98 98 98 98 98
completion rate 100.0% 87.1% 82.1% 85.7% 81.4%
collection rate 100.0% 94.9% 85.7% 78.6% 60.2%
Total N completed 756 670 623 582 518
N partials 0 64 82 85 92
N forthcoming 0 22 51 89 146
N total 756 756 756 756 756
completion rate 100.0% 91.3% 88.4% 87.3% 84.9%
collection rate 100.0% 97.1% 93.3% 88.2% 80.7%

Table 7.
Changes in service use and client outcomes for all CICH clients participating in the evaluation (N=736)
[stats as of Feb. 2006]
(Least square means from mixed regression analyses examining main effect of time, covarying for site and following baseline characteristics:  homeless greater than 1 yr. and/or homeless 4+ episodes prior to entering program;  presence of medical problem, substance abuse problem, mental health problem, and/or dual mental health & substance abuse problems;  age;  minority;  single; veteran;  and, yrs. homeless in lifetime)
  Type III test of fixed effect of time
 

bl

3-mo

6-mo

9-mo

12-mo

Num df

Den df

F

 p
Service use
Primary health care
Has usual health care provider 36% 45% 48% 52% 49% 4 2221 12 ***
No. preventive procedures administered during past yr. 7.4 8.0 8.2 8.4 8.4 4 2259 12 ***
No. health behaviors discussed with doctor for those with unhealthy behaviors 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.8 3.9 4 2228 9 ***
No. OP medical visits (past 90) 2.8 3.1 2.8 2.5 2.3 4 2188 1 n.s.
Uninsured 21% 15% 12% 12% 12% 4 2170 13 ***
Mental health/SA treatment
Has primary mh/sa treater 54% 70% 69% 67% 67% 4 2132 20 ***
No. OP mh visits (past 90) 3.5 4.1 3.8 3.2 2.9 4 2195 3 *
No. OP sa visits (past 90) 5.0 4.9 3.7 2.9 3.5 4 2192 3 **
Participated in AA/NA (past 90) 39% 34% 32% 30% 30% 4 2206 5 **
Therapeutic alliance 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.4 4 1425 1 n.s.
Consumer choice scale 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.0 3.9 4 1240 3 *
Case management
Has primary case mgr 30% 33% 25% 25% 21% 4 2169 7 ***
Visited by case mgr in commun (past 90) 45% 72% 70% 71% 67% 4 2017 68 ***
Has money manager 19% 25% 26% 29% 31% 4 2279 13 ***
Any contact with landlord (past 90) 70% 73% 72% 73% 75% 4 1750 1 n.s.
Total service integration
Total no. OP health visits (all kinds) 11.2 12.1 10.4 8.6 8.8 4 2202 5 **
No. service providers 4.1 4.5 4.1 4.0 4.0 4 2161 3 *
Coordination of services scale 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 4 1678 14 ***
Overall svcs integration 64% 81% 81% 79% 78% 4 2121 105 ***
Client outcomes
Housing
Days housed 18 68 81 82 83 4 2127 913 ***
Housed (own place, else's place or hotel) 38% 91% 94% 94% 95% 4 1934 449 ***
Homeless 16% 2% 1% 1% 2% 4 1669 70 ***
Housing satisfaction (1-5) 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.0 4 1721 4 **
Community adjustment
Commun integration 6.8 7.1 7.3 7.2 7.3 4 2236 3 **
Knows any neighbors well 38% 67% 76% 77% 77% 4 1697 36 ***
Social support 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 4 2220 1 n.s.
Days in jail 1.5 0.7 0.9 1.2 0.8 4 1811 2 n.s.
QOL 4.3 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 4 2171 5 ***
Income/Support
Any employment (past 30) 17% 16% 14% 19% 15% 4 2201 3 *
Employment income $43 $60 $50 $73 $58 4 2225 3 *
Any public support (past 30) 70% 81% 84% 85% 83% 4 2205 20 ***
Public support income $316 $390 $454 $460 $478 4 2270 25 ***
Total income $380 $472 $523 $577 $579 4 2236 30 ***
Mental health
SF-12 mental 38.8 39.9 40.3 40.6 40.3 4 2161 5 ***
BSI 1.53 1.39 1.35 1.31 1.29 4 2267 12 ***
Obs psych behav 0.22 0.20 0.22 0.23 0.23 4 2166 1 n.s.
Satisfaction with primary treater 5.2 5.1 5.2 5.1 5.1 4 1374 1 n.s.
Substance abuse
Days intoxicated 2.1 1.6 1.7 1.8 2.1 4 2188 2 n.s.
Any drugs 38% 35% 34% 35% 38% 4 2241 2 n.s.
ASI alc 0.13 0.11 0.10 0.11 0.12 4 2238 4 **
ASI drug 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.05 4 2234 1 n.s.
Physical health
SF-12 physical 45.2 45.2 44.8 44.5 44.8 4 2224 1 n.s.
Trust in physician (1-5) 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 4 984 3 *
Treatment costs
Cost of medical/dental treatment $3,219 $2,500 $1,961 $1,608 $1,512 4 1977 3 *
Cost of mental health services $2,303 $1,949 $1,525 $1,037 $1,138 4 2154 4 **
Cost of substance abuse treatment $1,310 $526 $388 $576 $734 4 1891 10 ***
Total health care cost $6,832 $4,969 $3,869 $3,214 $3,376 4 2040 8 ***
Inpatient care costs $5,776 $3,904 $2,984 $2,400 $2,677 4 2038 7 ***
Outpatient care costs $1,056 $1,060 $883 $808 $698 4 2221 8 ***
* p<.05   ** p<.01   *** p<.001

Table 8.
Use of services & client outcomes adjusted for site, baseline characteristics, & non-response using sample weights
    Type III Fixed Effect statistics

bl

3-mo

6-mo

9-mo

12-mo

Num df

Den df

F

p
Use of services
Uninsured 21% 15% 13% 12% 12% 4 2148 13 ***
Has usual health care provider 36% 45% 47% 52% 49% 4 2189 11 ***
No. preventive procedures 7.4 8.0 8.3 8.4 8.4 4 2235 11 ***
No. health behaviors discussed 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.8 3.9 4 2200 9 ***
No. OP medical visits 2.8 3.2 2.8 2.5 2.4 4 2167 1 n.s.
Has primary mh/sa treater 54% 69% 69% 67% 67% 4 2108 19 ***
No. OP mh visits 3.5 4.1 3.8 3.3 2.9 4 2181 3 *
No. OP sa visits 4.9 4.8 3.7 2.9 3.5 4 2165 3 **
Participated in AA/NA 39% 33% 32% 29% 30% 4 2179 5 ***
Therapeutic alliance 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.4 4 1411 1 n.s.
Consumer choice scale 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.0 4 1232 3 *
Has primary case mgr 30% 33% 25% 25% 21% 4 2157 8 ***
Visited by case mgr in community 45% 72% 70% 72% 67% 4 2009 66 ***
Has money manager 19% 26% 26% 29% 31% 4 2253 13 ***
Any contact with landlord 69% 73% 71% 72% 75% 4 1644 1 n.s.
Total no. outpatient health visits 11.2 12.1 10.3 8.6 8.8 4 2177 5 ***
No. service providers 4.1 4.5 4.1 4.0 3.9 4 2149 3 **
Coordination of services scale 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 4 1664 13 ***
Overall svcs integration 64% 81% 81% 79% 78% 4 2095 100 ***
Outcomes
Days housed 18.1 68.5 81.3 82.1 82.6 4 2104 868 ***
Housed (own place, else's place or hotel) 38% 90% 93% 94% 95% 4 1924 433 ***
Homeless 15% 2% 1% 1% 2% 4 1655 69 ***
Housing satisfaction 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.0 4 1723 3 *
Commun integration 6.8 7.1 7.3 7.2 7.2 4 2207 3 *
Knows any neighbors well 38% 67% 76% 77% 77% 4 1652 33 ***
Social support 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 4 2196 1 n.s.
Days in jail 1.5 0.7 0.9 1.2 0.8 4 1808 2 n.s.
QOL 4.3 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 4 2143 5 **
Any employment 16% 16% 14% 19% 14% 4 2174 3 *
Employment income 43 61 50 73 58 4 2193 3 *
Any public support 71% 81% 84% 85% 84% 4 2178 19 ***
Public support income 315 389 453 456 471 4 2234 24 ***
Total income 379 472 522 573 572 4 2205 29 ***
SF-12 mental 38.8 39.9 40.4 40.6 40.4 4 2132 5 ***
BSI 1.52 1.39 1.35 1.31 1.28 4 2242 11 ***
Obs psych behav 0.22 0.20 0.21 0.23 0.23 4 2136 1 n.s.
Satisfaction with primary treater 5.2 5.1 5.2 5.1 5.1 4 1357 1 n.s.
Days intoxicated 2.0 1.6 1.7 1.8 2.0 4 2159 2 n.s.
Any drugs 38% 35% 34% 35% 38% 4 2213 2 *
ASI alc 0.12 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.12 4 2216 4 **
ASI drug 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.05 4 2198 1 n.s.
SF-12 physical 45.2 45.2 44.8 44.5 44.8 4 2192 1 n.s.
Trust in physician 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 4 979 3 *
Cost of medical/dental treatment $3,210 $2,471 $1,961 $1,620 $1,491 4 1960 3 *
Cost of mental health services $2,300 $1,961 $1,513 $1,038 $1,108 4 2145 4 **
Cost of substance abuse treatment $1,306 $531 $396 $572 $726 4 1875 9 ***
Total health care cost $6,815 $4,957 $3,863 $3,223 $3,316 4 2027 8 ***
Inpatient care costs $5,761 $3,890 $2,975 $2,407 $2,619 4 2208 7 ***
Outpatient care costs $1,054 $1,062 $886 $811 $696 4 2204 8 ***
* p<.05   ** p<.01   *** p<.001

Table 9.
Changes in service use by independent housing status
(i.e., living in one’s own place) at baseline
(Least square means from mixed regression analyses examining main effect of baseline housing status group, covarying for bl value of measure, site, and significant baseline differences between the 2 groups shown in Table 8) – group, time & group*time main effects included in models;  group effects shown below
 

bl

3-mo

6-mo

9-mo

12-mo

 df(N) df(D)

F

p
Service use
Primary health care
Has usual health care provider Not living in own place 0.35 0.44 0.48 0.52 0.48 1 987 1 n.s.
  Living in own place 0.38 0.47 0.47 0.52 0.52        
No. preventive procedures Not living in own place 7.40 8.02 8.28 8.40 8.38 1 912 0 n.s.
  Living in own place 7.54 7.90 8.18 8.39 8.56        
No. health behaviors discussed Not living in own place 3.23 3.47 3.68 3.86 3.90 1 949 0 n.s.
  Living in own place 3.35 3.64 3.76 3.70 3.91        
No. outpatient medical visits Not living in own place 3.24 2.94 2.60 2.36 2.20 1 1075 0 n.s.
  Living in own place 1.72 3.74 3.45 2.98 2.58        
Uninsured Not living in own place 0.20 0.16 0.13 0.13 0.13 1 906 4 n.s.
  Living in own place 0.23 0.12 0.09 0.07 0.08        
Mental health/SA treatment
Has primary mh/sa treater Not living in own place 0.51 0.70 0.70 0.67 0.67 1 965 0 n.s.
  Living in own place 0.60 0.68 0.67 0.67 0.67        
No. OP mental health visits Not living in own place 3.51 4.23 3.49 2.95 2.84 1 1145 2 n.s.
  Living in own place 3.43 3.92 4.66 3.97 3.18        
No. OP substance abuse visits Not living in own place 4.87 5.00 4.01 3.12 3.36 1 1027 0 n.s.
  Living in own place 5.11 4.38 3.16 2.29 4.08        
Participated in AA/NA Not living in own place 0.38 0.33 0.31 0.29 0.28 1 1004 2 n.s.
  Living in own place 0.40 0.33 0.34 0.32 0.36        
Therapeutic alliance Not living in own place 4.62 4.67 4.59 4.51 4.34 1 484 0 n.s.
  Living in own place 4.66 4.51 4.48 4.53 4.62        
Consumer choice scale Not living in own place 4.10 4.13 4.05 4.03 3.88 1 281 0 n.s.
  Living in own place 3.99 4.09 4.02 4.04 3.99        
Case management
Has primary case manager Not living in own place 0.28 0.32 0.26 0.26 0.21 1 1110 0 n.s.
  Living in own place 0.33 0.34 0.22 0.24 0.21        
Visited by case mgr in community Not living in own place 0.37 0.73 0.73 0.75 0.70 1 1014 1 n.s.
  Living in own place 0.65 0.69 0.61 0.63 0.58        
Has money manager Not living in own place 0.19 0.28 0.28 0.30 0.32 1 892 3 n.s.
  Living in own place 0.20 0.20 0.22 0.26 0.29        
Any contact with landlord Not living in own place .(a,b) 0.74 0.72 0.74 0.74 1 808 1 n.s.
  Living in own place 0.68 0.71 0.69 0.70 0.76        
Total service integration
Total no. OP health visits Not living in own place 11.61 12.15 10.07 8.39 8.37 1 1044 0 n.s.
  Living in own place 10.31 12.07 11.37 9.31 9.89        
No. service providers Not living in own place 3.93 4.53 4.08 4.16 3.94 1 1099 0 n.s.
  Living in own place 4.46 4.48 4.28 3.64 4.08        
Coordination of services scale Not living in own place 1.11 1.30 1.31 1.36 1.32 1 705 2 n.s.
  Living in own place 1.15 1.31 1.18 1.28 1.21        
Overall services integration Not living in own place 60% 83% 83% 81% 80% 1 934 12 ***
  Living in own place 75% 74% 74% 72% 71%        
* p<.05   ** p<.01   *** p<.001

Table 10.
Changes in client outcomes by independent housing status (i.e., living in one’s own place) at baseline
(Least square means from mixed regression analyses examining main effect of baseline housing status group, covarying for bl value of measure, site, and significant baseline differences between the 2 groups shown in Table 8) – group, time & group*time main effects included in models;  group effects shown below
  bl 3-mo 6-mo 9-mo 12-mo df(N) df(D) F p
Client outcomes
Housing
Days housed Not living in own place 13.33 63.29 81.66 83.43 84.36 1 975 10 **
  Living in own place 29.60 81.36 80.46 79.00 77.69        
Housed (own, else's or hotel) Not living in own place 0.15 0.88 0.93 0.94 0.95 1 902 140 ***
  Living in own place 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.92        
Homeless Not living in own place 0.22 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 1 569 24 ***
  Living in own place -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.01 0.01        
Housing satisfaction Not living in own place . 4.04 3.98 3.97 3.92 1 734 4 *
  Living in own place 4.09 4.08 4.06 4.08 4.08        
Community adjustment
Commun integration Not living in own place 6.82 7.12 7.29 7.19 7.32 1 971 0 n.s.
  Living in own place 6.80 6.99 7.21 7.32 7.12        
Knows any neighbors well Not living in own place 0.23 1.23 1.23 1.23 1.23 1 238 2 n.s.
  Living in own place 0.41 0.73 0.81 0.78 0.77        
Social support Not living in own place 1.41 1.40 1.38 1.34 1.31 1 894 0 n.s.
  Living in own place 1.35 1.32 1.38 1.40 1.34        
Days in jail Not living in own place 1.46 0.92 0.87 1.29 1.01 1 812 1 n.s.
  Living in own place 1.48 0.22 0.94 0.96 0.11        
QOL Not living in own place 4.22 4.61 4.71 4.66 4.67 1 1011 1 n.s.
  Living in own place 4.65 4.53 4.38 4.47 4.49        
Income/Support
Any employment Not living in own place 0.17 0.16 0.13 0.18 0.14 1 1042 0 n.s.
  Living in own place 0.15 0.18 0.17 0.20 0.15        
Employment income Not living in own place 41 53 51 73 55 1 1071 0 n.s.
  Living in own place 50 81 45 69 57        
Any public support Not living in own place 0.69 0.80 0.83 0.86 0.84 1 910 0 n.s.
  Living in own place 0.73 0.83 0.85 0.82 0.83        
Public support income Not living in own place 310 389 442 462 492 1 978 0 n.s.
  Living in own place 319 377 476 457 464        
Total income Not living in own place 378 466 524 575 589 1 1038 0 n.s.
  Living in own place 376 479 511 577 568        
Mental health
SF-12 mental Not living in own place 38.76 40.41 40.39 41.01 40.17 1 1018 2 n.s.
  Living in own place 38.94 38.78 40.13 39.49 40.75        
BSI Not living in own place 1.55 1.40 1.33 1.30 1.26 1 952 0 n.s.
  Living in own place 1.46 1.37 1.40 1.35 1.35        
Observed psychotic behavior Not living in own place 0.22 0.20 0.20 0.23 0.23 1 923 1 n.s.
  Living in own place 0.20 0.21 0.26 0.23 0.24        
Satisfaction with primary treater Not living in own place 5.31 5.22 5.26 5.11 4.99 1 484 4 n.s.
  Living in own place 5.35 5.16 5.40 5.36 5.46        
Substance abuse
Days intoxicated Not living in own place 2.06 1.44 1.56 1.55 1.71 1 965 6 *
  Living in own place 2.08 2.03 2.09 2.42 2.86        
Any drugs Not living in own place 0.40 0.33 0.33 0.35 0.36 1 979 1 n.s.
  Living in own place 0.36 0.38 0.36 0.35 0.41        
ASI alc Not living in own place 0.13 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.11 1 917 9 **
  Living in own place 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.14        
ASI drug Not living in own place 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 1 944 1 n.s.
  Living in own place 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05        
   * p<.05   ** p<.01   *** p<.001

 

Table 10.
Changes in client outcomes by independent housing status (i.e., living in one’s own place) at baseline (con’t.)
 

bl

3-mo

6-mo

9-mo

12-mo

 df(N) df(D)

F

p
Client outcomes
Physical health
SF-12 physical Not living in own place 45.14 44.71 44.78 43.76 44.49 1 1020 6 *
  Living in own place 45.09 46.33 44.80 46.53 46.04        
Trust in physician Not living in own place 3.79 3.88 3.90 3.82 3.84 1 349 3 n.s.
  Living in own place 3.88 4.11 3.87 3.96 4.03        
Treatment costs
Cost of medical treatment Not living in own place 2,730 2,554 2,117 1,781 1,590 1 1029 0 n.s.
  Living in own place 4,161 2,049 1,668 1,137 1,350        
Cost of mental health services Not living in own place 2,324 2,201 1,463 978 1,314 1 1106 1 n.s.
  Living in own place 2,203 1,269 1,809 1,020 789        
Cost of substance abuse treatment Not living in own place 1,406 488 326 485 480 1 782 2 n.s.
  Living in own place 1,040 590 546 834 1,461        
Total health care cost Not living in own place 6,446 5,227 3,891 3,221 3,379 1 1035 0 n.s.
  Living in own place 7,454 3,962 4,047 3,043 3,631        
Inpatient care costs Not living in own place $5,379 $4,135 $3,061 $2,427 $2,704 1 1043 0 n.s.
  Living in own place $6,418 $2,965 $3,013 $2,163 $2,885        
Outpatient care costs Not living in own place $1,067 $1,087 $825 $788 $672 1 1077 1 n.s.
  Living in own place $1,038 $999 $1,049 $879 $754        
   * p<.05   ** p<.01   *** p<.001

Table 11.
Use of services among client sub-groups
(Mixed models;  least square means;  group & time as class variables, 10 site dummy codes as covariates)
  Psychiatric disability group Age group Racial/ethnic group
1 2 3      
mh prob sa prob dual prob tukey <50 yrs. 50+ yrs. p minority white p
Service use measures (N=170; 24%) (N=137;  20%) (N=367; 52%)   (N=462; 66%) (N=238; 34%)   (N=439; 63%) (N=261; 37%)  
Uninsured 12% 20% 12% 1,3<2 15% 14% n.s. 15% 14% n.s.
Has usual health care provider 46% 41% 48% 2<3 44% 49% * 47% 45% n.s.
No. preventive procedures 8.1 7.6 8.3 2<3 7.8 8.6 *** 8.2 7.9 n.s.
No. health behaviors discussed 3.3 3.3 4.0 1,2<3 3.7 3.5 n.s. 3.7 3.5 n.s.
No. OP medical visits 2.7 2.3 2.9 n.s. 2.5 3.3 ** 3.0 2.3 *
Has primary mh/sa treater 69% 50% 71% 1,3>2 67% 62% * 66% 64% n.s.
No. outpatient mental health visits 3.4 1.5 4.5 2<1<3 3.8 3.0 * 3.4 3.7 n.s.
No. outpatient SA visits 1.6 4.0 5.3 1<2<3 3.9 4.2 n.s. 3.8 4.3 n.s.
Participated in AA/NA 10% 33% 45% 1<2<3 33% 32% n.s. 34% 31% n.s.
Therapeutic alliance 4.3 4.5 4.5 n.s. 4.5 4.5 n.s. 4.5 4.5 n.s.
Consumer choice scale 3.9 4.1 4.0 1<2,3 4.0 4.0 n.s. 4.0 4.0 n.s.
Has primary case manager 27% 22% 29% 2<3 28% 24% * 26% 28% n.s.
Visited by case manager in the community 64% 62% 66% n.s. 65% 64% n.s. 64% 66% n.s.
Has money manager 24% 19% 29% 2<3 26% 26% n.s. 27% 24% n.s.
Any contact with landlord 71% 76% 72% n.s. 72% 73% n.s. 73% 72% n.s.
Total no. outpatient health visits 7.8 7.8 12.7 1,2<3 10.1 10.5 n.s. 10.2 10.3 n.s.
No. service providers 4.2 3.8 4.3 2<3 4.1 4.2 n.s. 4.0 4.3 n.s.
Coordination of services scale 1.3 1.3 1.2 2>3 1.3 1.3 n.s. 1.3 1.2 n.s.
Overall svcs integration 80% 72% 76% 2<3<1 76% 77% n.s. 77% 76% n.s.
* p<.05   ** p<.01   *** p<.001

Table 11.
Use of services among client sub-groups (con’t.)
  Legal status group Military group Gender group
Service use measures jailed not jailed p veteran non-veteran p female male p
(N=476; 71%) (N=194; 29%)   (N=212; 30%) (N=488; 70%)   (N=171; 24%) (N=529; 76%)  
Uninsured 15% 14% n.s. 3% 19% *** 14% 14% n.s.
Has usual health care provider 43% 52% ** 55% 42% *** 52% 44% **
No. preventive procedures 8.1 8.2 n.s. 8.5 7.9 ** 8.7 7.9 ***
No. health behaviors discussed 3.7 3.5 n.s. 3.9 3.5 ** 3.7 3.6 n.s.
No. OP medical visits 2.7 2.8 n.s. 2.6 2.8 n.s. 3.0 2.6 n.s.
Has primary mh/sa treater 66% 64% n.s. 66% 64% n.s. 69% 64% *
No. outpatient mental health visits 3.6 3.4 n.s. 3.8 3.4 n.s. 4.1 3.3 *
No. outpatient SA visits 5.0 1.9 *** 5.5 3.3 ** 4.3 3.9 n.s.
Participated in AA/NA 37% 22% *** 38% 30% ** 31% 34% n.s.
Therapeutic alliance 4.5 4.5 n.s. 4.4 4.5 n.s. 4.6 4.4 n.s.
Consumer choice scale 4.0 4.0 n.s. 4.0 4.0 n.s. 4.0 4.0 n.s.
Has primary case manager 27% 26% n.s. 25% 27% n.s. 30% 26% *
Visited by case manager in the community 64% 64% n.s. 63% 66% n.s. 66% 64% n.s.
Has money manager 26% 26% n.s. 22% 28% * 32% 24% **
Any contact with landlord 73% 73% n.s. 75% 71% * 71% 73% n.s.
Total no. outpatient health visits 11.2 8.0 ** 11.8 9.5 ** 11.6 9.8 n.s.
No. service providers 4.1 4.3 n.s. 4.3 4.0 * 4.2 4.1 n.s.
Coordination of services scale 1.3 1.3 n.s. 1.3 1.2 n.s. 1.2 1.3 n.s.
Overall svcs integration 76% 77% n.s. 77% 76% n.s. 77% 76% n.s.
* p<.05   ** p<.01   *** p<.001

Table 12.
Outcomes among client sub-groups
(Mixed models;  least square means;  group & time as class variables, 10 site dummy codes as covariates)
  Psychiatric disability group Age group Racial/ethnic group
1 2 3      
Outcome measures mh prob sa prob dual prob tukey <50 yrs. 50+ yrs. p minority white p
(N=170; 24%) (N=137;  20%) (N=367; 52%)   (N=462; 66%) (N=238; 34%)   (N=439; 63%) (N=261; 37%)  
Days housed 68 66 66 n.s. 67 65 n.s. 68 64 **
Housed (own, else's or hotel) 84% 81% 82% n.s. 83% 80% n.s. 83% 80% *
Homeless 4% 7% 4% 2>3 4% 4% n.s. 4% 6% n.s.
Housing satisfaction 4.0 4.1 4.0 2>1,3 4.0 4.0 n.s. 4.0 4.0 n.s.
Commun integration 6.8 7.4 7.2 1<2 7.2 7.1 n.s. 7.2 7.0 n.s.
Knows any neighbors well 59% 75% 68% 1<3<2 67% 67% n.s. 68% 65% n.s.
Social support 1.1 1.5 1.5 1<2,3 1.4 1.3 n.s. 1.4 1.3 **
Days in jail 0.4 1.1 1.4 1<3 1.3 0.5 * 1.1 0.8 n.s.
Subjective quality of life 4.5 4.9 4.4 1,3<2 4.5 4.6 n.s. 4.7 4.4 ***
Any employment 13% 21% 16% 1<2 17% 14% n.s. 17% 14% n.s.
Employment income $52 $90 $49 1,3<2 $56 $58 n.s. $65 $42 n.s.
Any public support 87% 73% 80% 1>3>2 82% 78% n.s. 81% 81% n.s.
Public support income $470 $327 $429 1,3>2 $392 $475 *** $424 $414 n.s.
Total income $562 $444 $503 2<3<1 $474 $571 *** $509 $502 n.s.
SF-12 mental 41.2 42.4 38.2 1,2>3 39.3 41.3 *** 40.4 39.3 **
BSI 1.28 0.93 1.64 2<1<3 1.46 1.21 *** 1.34 1.43 n.s.
Observed psychotic behavior 0.29 0.15 0.21 2<3<1 0.23 0.21 n.s. 0.21 0.23 n.s.
Satisfaction with primary treater 5.0 5.1 5.2 1<3 5.2 5.1 n.s. 5.2 5.1 n.s.
Days intoxicated 0.4 2.5 2.4 1<2,3 1.9 1.7 n.s. 1.7 2.1 n.s.
Any drugs 24% 35% 44% 1<2<3 40% 29% *** 37% 35% n.s.
ASI alcohol 0.03 0.13 0.15 1<2<3 0.12 0.10 n.s. 0.11 0.12 n.s.
ASI drug 0.02 0.04 0.06 1<2<3 0.05 0.04 ** 0.05 0.05 n.s.
SF-12 physical 43.3 45.8 45.2 1<2,3 45.9 42.8 *** 44.9 44.9 n.s.
Trust in physician 3.8 4.0 3.9 1<2,3 3.9 3.8 n.s. 3.9 3.9 n.s.
Cost of medical/dental treatment $2,403 $1,105 $2,551 2<3 $1,799 $2,881 * $1,716 $2,908 *
Cost of mental health services $1,383 $1,342 $1,846 n.s. $1,729 $1,314 n.s. $1,476 $1,782 n.s.
Cost of substance abuse treatment $88 $667 $1,049 1<2,3 $748 $623 n.s. $706 $705 n.s.
Total health care cost $3,869 $3,104 $5,442 1,2<3 $4,272 $4,812 n.s. $3,892 $5,391 *
Inpatient care cost $3,216 $2,471 $4,284 2<3 $3,347 $3,949 n.s. $2,954 $4,543 *
Outpatient care cost $653 $636 $1,151 1,2<3 $922 $860 n.s. $936 $842 n.s.
* p<.05   ** p<.01   *** p<.001

Table 12.
Outcomes among client sub-groups (con’t.)
  Legal status group Military group Gender group
Outcome measures jailed not jailed p veteran non-veteran p female male p
  (N=476; 71%) (N=194; 29%)   (N=212; 30%) (N=488; 70%)   (N=171; 24%) (N=529; 76%)  
Days housed 66 67 n.s. 66 67 n.s. 69 66 **
Housed (own place, else's place or hotel) 82% 83% n.s. 80% 83% * 86% 81% **
Homeless 5% 3% * 5% 4% n.s. 4% 5% n.s.
Housing satisfaction 4.0 4.0 n.s. 4.0 4.0 n.s. 4.0 4.0 n.s.
Commun integration 7.2 7.0 n.s. 7.6 6.9 *** 6.8 7.2 *
Knows any neighbors well 69% 62% * 64% 68% n.s. 64% 68% n.s.
Social support 1.4 1.3 n.s. 1.3 1.4 n.s. 1.4 1.4 n.s.
Days in jail 1.4 0.1 *** 0.7 1.2 n.s. 0.6 1.2 n.s.
Subjective quality of life 4.6 4.5 n.s. 4.4 4.6 * 4.7 4.5 *
Any employment 16% 15% n.s. 18% 15% n.s. 12% 18% **
Employment income $55 $57 n.s. $72 $50 n.s. $38 $63 *
Any public support 80% 80% n.s. 71% 85% *** 85% 79% *
Public support income $421 $407 n.s. $493 $388 *** $424 $419 n.s.
Total income $505 $504 n.s. $599 $466 *** $492 $511 n.s.
SF-12 mental 39.8 40.5 n.s. 40.0 40.0 n.s. 40.3 39.9 n.s.
BSI 1.43 1.23 ** 1.37 1.38 n.s. 1.44 1.35 n.s.
Observed psychotic behavior 0.21 0.25 * 0.22 0.22 n.s. 0.25 0.21 *
Satisfaction with primary treater 5.2 5.1 n.s. 5.1 5.2 n.s. 5.2 5.1 n.s.
Days intoxicated 2.1 1.2 ** 1.8 1.9 n.s. 1.6 1.9 n.s.
Any drugs 39% 27% *** 34% 37% n.s. 37% 36% n.s.
ASI alcohol 0.12 0.09 * 0.12 0.11 n.s. 0.10 0.12 n.s.
ASI drug 0.05 0.03 *** 0.04 0.05 n.s. 0.06 0.04 n.s.
SF-12 physical 44.5 45.5 n.s. 44.9 44.8 n.s. 42.8 45.5 ***
Trust in physician 3.9 3.8 n.s. 3.9 3.9 n.s. 3.9 3.9 n.s.
Cost of medical/dental treatment $1,977 $2,626 n.s. $2,420 $2,048 n.s. $1,846 $2,264 n.s.
Cost of mental health services $1,499 $1,740 n.s. $1,611 $1,581 n.s. $2,204 $1,393 **
Cost of substance abuse treatment $823 $467 * $697 $710 n.s. $722 $701 n.s.
Total health care cost $4,299 $4,824 n.s. $4,721 $4,335 n.s. $4,759 $4,354 n.s.
Inpatient care cost $3,355 $4,011 n.s. $3,746 $3,462 n.s. $3,808 $3,465 n.s.
Outpatient care cost $940 $811 n.s. $962 $874 n.s. $957 $883 n.s.
* p<.05   ** p<.01   *** p<.001

Table 13.
Service use changes by site
(Mixed model LS means (sitenum, funum & sitenum*funum effects;  no covariates)
  Type III Tests of Fixed Effects
(main effect of site)
  CHA CHI COL DEN FTL LOS MAR NYC PHI POR SAF Num df

Den df

F

p
Program services
Primary health care
Has usual health care provider bl 44% 11% 21% 18% 19% 44% 52% 29% 66% 38% 54% 10 853 16 ***
3-mo 52% 23% 32% 24% 42% 44% 42% 55% 70% 46% 66%        
6-mo 50% 29% 32% 22% 59% 36% 46% 69% 72% 52% 68%        
9-mo 52% 52% 32% 26% 55% 43% 48% 72% 67% 55% 82%        
12-mo 31% 46% 30% 31% 50% 43% 52% 63% 68% 50% 81%        
No. preventive procedures bl 8.7 6.0 6.2 7.4 7.3 8.1 6.9 9.4 7.4 6.4 8.6 10 766 10 ***
3-mo 9.3 7.3 6.4 8.6 8.1 8.0 6.5 11.0 7.9 7.1 8.5        
6-mo 9.1 8.3 6.9 8.9 9.2 8.3 7.0 10.7 8.0 7.0 8.4        
9-mo 9.5 8.3 7.7 9.0 8.7 9.0 6.5 10.6 7.9 7.3 8.2        
12-mo 9.8 8.5 7.9 9.2 8.9 9.4 6.3 10.5 7.5 7.0 8.0        
No. health behaviors discussed bl 3.9 3.3 2.2 3.3 3.7 3.2 2.9 3.7 3.3 3.3 3.7 10 792 8 ***
3-mo 4.0 3.4 2.1 4.0 4.6 3.4 3.1 4.0 3.5 3.7 3.6        
6-mo 4.0 4.0 2.5 4.1 4.5 3.7 3.2 4.3 3.7 3.9 3.6        
9-mo 4.2 3.3 2.8 4.1 4.6 4.4 3.1 4.4 4.1 3.7 3.6        
12-mo 4.5 4.2 3.2 4.2 4.8 4.4 2.9 4.4 3.6 3.6 3.4        
No. OP medical visits bl 4.1 2.0 1.4 3.4 3.7 1.6 2.8 3.0 2.9 3.5 2.8 10 956 7 ***
3-mo 4.0 1.0 1.6 3.8 2.0 2.2 2.5 3.2 2.3 4.0 6.5        
6-mo 2.5 1.6 2.3 2.3 2.1 1.1 2.8 2.0 1.9 3.4 7.6        
9-mo 1.8 2.0 1.6 1.8 1.5 3.6 2.6 2.0 1.2 2.2 6.5        
12-mo 1.7 1.0 2.5 2.1 0.8 1.6 2.8 1.9 1.3 3.0 5.5        
Uninsured bl 6% 62% 28% 9% 13% 11% 4% 12% 10% 41% 33% 10 750 32 ***
3-mo 4% 66% 19% 1% 2% 1% 2% 4% 12% 28% 23%        
6-mo 4% 61% 15% 1% 1% 0% 2% 7% 8% 23% 17%        
9-mo 2% 61% 14% 3% 0% 0% 9% 6% 2% 25% 12%        
12-mo 2% 57% 11% 6% 0% 0% 4% 6% 3% 25% 17%        
Mental health/SA treatment
Has primary mh/sa treater bl 50% 9% 26% 98% 64% 60% 38% 43% 57% 62% 62% 10 854 35 ***
3-mo 79% 39% 86% 99% 101% 72% 29% 41% 66% 74% 58%        
6-mo 80% 36% 78% 94% 100% 78% 18% 68% 66% 78% 48%        
9-mo 87% 40% 71% 90% 97% 65% 22% 46% 63% 77% 58%        
12-mo 94% 52% 69% 89% 93% 67% 19% 53% 67% 65% 56%        
* p<.05   ** p<.01   *** p<.001

Table 13.
Service use changes by site (con’t.)
  Type III Tests of Fixed Effects
(main effect of site)
   

CHA

CHI

COL

DEN

FTL

LOS

MAR

NYC

PHI

POR

SAF

Num df

Den df

F

p
No. OP mh visits (past 90) bl 3.4 2.3 3.0 1.0 6.4 4.7 1.5 2.6 4.3 2.3 6.9 10 976 10 ***
3-mo 4.6 2.6 3.7 2.1 8.8 4.3 1.6 4.0 3.5 4.6 6.5        
6-mo 5.1 1.5 3.5 2.9 6.3 4.6 1.3 2.7 3.4 2.6 7.3        
9-mo 5.5 1.8 3.2 2.5 5.7 2.5 1.2 1.1 3.0 2.5 6.2        
12-mo 6.8 1.2 2.5 2.4 5.1 2.2 1.3 1.9 2.4 2.6 4.0        
No. OP sa visits (past 90) bl 1.6 3.5 0.3 1.2 2.2 5.4 4.0 14.4 4.3 12.1 6.8 10 828 22 ***
3-mo 0.5 1.4 0.0 1.0 2.1 7.5 4.2 12.4 2.2 19.8 3.2        
6-mo 1.6 -0.3 0.3 0.1 0.2 3.6 4.9 12.1 3.4 14.5 1.9        
9-mo 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.4 -0.1 1.9 3.4 6.7 0.9 15.2 1.7        
12-mo 1.6 1.9 0.8 1.0 0.0 1.2 2.5 9.7 4.2 12.1 4.8        
Participated in AA/NA bl 26% 29% 26% 12% 43% 42% 61% 55% 46% 66% 38% 10 811 12 ***
3-mo 19% 33% 20% 9% 35% 38% 63% 43% 31% 68% 27%        
6-mo 24% 47% 19% 14% 33% 27% 48% 39% 24% 59% 31%        
9-mo 21% 36% 16% 15% 35% 32% 39% 44% 23% 55% 26%        
12-mo 20% 33% 14% 25% 36% 42% 42% 32% 28% 49% 22%        
Therapeutic alliance bl 4.9 4.5 4.3 4.7 4.8 4.4 4.4 5.0 4.3 4.7 4.4 10 697 6 ***
3-mo 4.5 4.3 3.9 4.8 5.0 4.0 4.2 4.7 4.5 4.9 4.1        
6-mo 4.3 5.1 3.9 4.8 5.2 3.9 4.6 4.2 4.5 4.7 4.3        
9-mo 4.2 4.5 4.0 4.6 5.2 4.4 4.6 4.2 4.4 4.7 4.3        
12-mo 4.2 4.6 3.8 4.8 5.3 4.1 4.7 4.0 4.1 4.6 4.5        
Consumer choice scale bl 4.0 4.3 4.5 4.3 4.1 3.7 3.8 4.0 4.1 3.9 3.9 10 655 13 ***
3-mo 3.8 4.1 4.7 4.3 4.0 3.7 3.7 3.8 4.1 4.1 4.0        
6-mo 3.8 4.5 4.5 4.2 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.8 4.1 3.8 4.0        
9-mo 3.9 4.3 4.5 4.2 3.8 3.6 3.6 3.7 4.1 3.9 4.1        
12-mo 3.9 4.0 4.2 4.2 3.7 3.5 3.6 3.8 4.2 3.9 4.0        
Case management
Has primary case mgr bl 54% 20% 9% 1% 47% 48% 25% 35% 27% 40% 42% 10 1020 29 ***
3-mo 49% 34% 17% 1% 65% 61% 19% 63% 14% 25% 45%        
6-mo 28% 33% 32% 0% 59% 26% 2% 39% 9% 24% 37%        
9-mo 21% 32% 39% 5% 57% 26% 2% 49% 10% 23% 31%        
12-mo 31% 38% 13% 2% 42% 12% 5% 44% 7% 26% 27%        
Visited by case mgr in commun. bl 70% 58% 54% 39% 36% 31% 29% 57% 42% 69% 14% 10 887 128 ***
3-mo 97% 84% 93% 74% 98% 13% 77% 98% 80% 92% 10%        
6-mo 97% 95% 80% 60% 100% 16% 86% 98% 91% 86% 2%        
9-mo 93% 96% 80% 74% 100% 18% 81% 93% 95% 84% 6%        
12-mo 89% 90% 72% 51% 100% 15% 76% 92% 96% 83% 12%        
* p<.05   ** p<.01   *** p<.001

 

Table 13.
Service use changes by site (con’t.)
  Type III Tests of Fixed Effects
(main effect of site)
   

CHA

CHI

COL

DEN

FTL

LOS

MAR

NYC

PHI

POR

SAF

Num df

Den df

F

p
Has money manager bl 6% 4% 11% 7% 6% 18% 23% 2% 28% 3% 85% 10 796 74 ***
3-mo 8% 10% 16% 8% 10% 19% 25% 4% 42% 15% 99%        
6-mo 12% 10% 25% 8% 12% 16% 21% 4% 42% 9% 99%        
9-mo 14% 8% 39% 10% 13% 19% 28% 4% 44% 10% 97%        
12-mo 20% 10% 49% 13% 13% 19% 28% 7% 41% 9% 99%        
Any contact with landlord bl 53% 78% 44% 82% 98% 67% 69% 49% 51% 110% 99% 10 1235 64 ***
3-mo 72% 80% 19% 85% 93% 98% 69% 59% 45% 91% 100%        
6-mo 76% 73% 4% 95% 95% 91% 70% 74% 37% 78% 99%        
9-mo 79% 89% 14% 95% 92% 96% 58% 66% 34% 82% 100%        
12-mo 80% 84% 31% 98% 93% 92% 73% 60% 31% 79% 100%        
Total service integration
Total no. outpatient health visits bl 9.1 7.8 4.8 5.6 12.3 11.7 8.3 20.0 11.6 18.0 16.5 10 861 16 ***
3-mo 9.0 4.9 5.3 7.0 12.9 14.0 8.3 19.7 7.9 28.4 16.2        
6-mo 9.1 2.9 6.0 5.2 8.6 9.3 9.1 16.7 8.8 20.5 17.1        
9-mo 8.0 4.3 4.9 4.6 7.2 7.9 7.2 9.8 5.0 19.8 14.7        
12-mo 10.0 4.1 5.7 5.4 5.9 4.9 6.5 13.5 7.8 17.7 14.5        
No. service providers bl 5.1 1.9 1.4 3.2 5.0 5.0 5.0 2.8 3.4 5.6 6.9 10 1006 31 ***
3-mo 5.0 3.4 2.6 3.7 6.4 5.2 4.4 4.8 2.8 6.3 6.0        
6-mo 5.0 3.0 2.1 3.7 5.5 3.9 3.4 6.2 3.1 4.5 5.8        
9-mo 5.1 3.3 1.4 3.5 5.7 4.5 3.2 5.8 3.9 3.9 5.0        
12-mo 4.9 3.5 1.7 4.2 5.0 3.8 3.0 4.1 3.5 4.0 6.3        
Coordination of services scale bl 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.2 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.0 10 767 27 ***
3-mo 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.8 1.6 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.2        
6-mo 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.9 1.6 0.9 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.0        
9-mo 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.9 1.6 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.1        
12-mo 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.8 1.6 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.1        
Overall svcs integration bl 71% 48% 60% 62% 63% 66% 66% 60% 57% 66% 82% 10 808 7 ***
3-mo 83% 69% 86% 76% 92% 75% 83% 80% 76% 87% 80%        
6-mo 84% 78% 84% 76% 91% 76% 82% 79% 77% 86% 78%        
9-mo 82% 76% 77% 74% 90% 76% 77% 79% 77% 84% 77%        
12-mo 84% 71% 78% 76% 90% 72% 75% 76% 78% 81% 76%        
* p<.05   ** p<.01   *** p<.001

Table 14.
Client outcome changes by site
(Mixed model LS means (sitenum, funum & sitenum*funum effects no covariates)
  Type III Tests of Fixed Effects
(main effect of site)
  CHA CHI COL DEN FTL LOS MAR NYC PHI POR SAF Num df

Den df

F

p
Client outcomes
Housing
Days housed Bl 27 15 21 18 9 17 13 5 11 10 42 10 871 12 ***
3-mo 74 66 77 77 75 56 61 76 50 49 85        
6-mo 85 79 83 85 89 71 87 88 73 71 86        
9-mo 83 84 87 81 88 73 82 88 74 80 87        
12-mo 85 83 84 82 90 78 84 83 78 80 82        
Housed (own, else's or hotel) Bl 56% 24% 48% 48% 13% 55% 19% 16% 13% 12% 87% 10 773 14 ***
3-mo 97% 84% 93% 96% 98% 76% 98% 100% 82% 75% 100%        
6-mo 97% 96% 95% 97% 99% 82% 96% 100% 88% 84% 100%        
9-mo 91% 95% 97% 92% 100% 86% 91% 100% 88% 92% 100%        
12-mo 99% 98% 99% 92% 100% 88% 88% 97% 91% 89% 100%        
Homeless Bl 24% 16% 11% 27% 17% 8% 13% 16% 1% 35% 2% 10 554 5 ***
3-mo 0% 2% 3% 2% 0% 3% 2% 0% 2% 6% 0%        
6-mo 0% 0% 3% 1% 0% 2% 0% 0% 2% 5% 0%        
9-mo 4% 0% 1% 3% 0% 1% 0% 0% 0% 4% 0%        
12-mo 0% 0% 0% 3% 0% 2% 2% 0% 2% 7% 0%        
Housing satisfaction Bl 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.8 3.9 3.6 3.7 4.2 4.2 4.0 10 954 9 ***
3-mo 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.3 4.5 4.0 3.8 3.9 4.1 4.2 4.0        
6-mo 4.0 3.9 4.0 4.2 4.5 3.8 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 3.9        
9-mo 4.0 3.9 4.0 4.2 4.5 3.8 3.7 3.8 4.0 4.0 3.9        
12-mo 4.1 3.9 3.9 4.1 4.6 3.7 3.5 3.8 3.9 3.9 4.1        
Community adjustment
Commun integration bl 5.3 7.2 5.6 6.5 6.5 7.8 6.8 7.9 6.4 7.1 8.1 10 817 11 ***
3-mo 6.2 8.1 5.5 7.0 6.8 8.0 7.0 7.9 7.0 7.3 7.9        
6-mo 5.9 8.2 6.2 7.3 7.1 8.4 6.9 8.7 6.5 6.9 8.1        
9-mo 6.3 8.1 6.2 7.2 7.2 7.8 6.8 8.6 6.3 7.0 8.3        
12-mo 6.1 7.8 6.4 7.6 7.3 7.7 6.4 8.7 6.4 7.4 8.1        
Knows any neighbors well bl 42% 79% 54% 29% -10% 35% 24% 32% -15% 5% 41% 10 1083 4 ***
3-mo 78% 70% 71% 73% 78% 61% 56% 81% 54% 54% 66%        
6-mo 82% 64% 88% 83% 84% 69% 65% 86% 62% 65% 74%        
9-mo 82% 90% 82% 74% 87% 78% 69% 95% 67% 68% 68%        
12-mo 73% 89% 84% 74% 92% 69% 77% 83% 66% 70% 72%        
Social support bl 1.2 2.0 0.6 1.1 1.5 1.1 1.4 1.7 2.1 1.8 1.3 10 777 19 ***
3-mo 1.2 2.4 0.7 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.3 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.3        
6-mo 1.2 2.7 0.8 1.2 1.5 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.3        
9-mo 1.2 2.4 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.2 2.0 1.2 1.5 1.3        
12-mo 1.2 2.3 1.0 1.1 1.4 1.1 1.1 2.0 1.1 1.4 1.3        
   * p<.05   ** p<.01   *** p<.001

Table 14.
Client outcome changes by site (con’t.)
  Type III Tests of Fixed Effects
(main effect of site)
   

CHA

CHI

COL

DEN

FTL

LOS

MAR

NYC

PHI

POR

SAF

Num df

Den df

F

p
Days in jail bl 4.0 0.0 3.6 1.4 2.0 1.1 0.3 0.2 2.3 0.8 0.2 10 695 2 *
3-mo 2.2 0.1 0.7 0.6 0.0 1.2 0.1 0.1 1.6 1.1 0.3        
6-mo 1.4 0.0 1.2 0.4 0.3 2.3 0.1 0.2 0.7 1.9 0.9        
9-mo 2.0 0.0 2.0 1.1 2.2 1.1 0.8 0.8 1.7 1.0 0.5        
12-mo 1.0 0.8 1.8 0.0 -0.1 1.1 0.1 0.1 2.4 0.8 0.0        
QOL bl 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.5 4.3 4.1 4.6 4.7 4.9 4.0 4.7 10 839 5 ***
3-mo 4.2 4.6 4.2 4.8 4.6 4.6 4.8 4.9 5.1 4.3 4.6        
6-mo 4.4 4.8 4.3 4.8 4.5 4.5 4.9 5.2 4.9 4.2 4.4        
9-mo 4.4 5.2 4.3 4.5 4.7 4.6 5.0 5.0 4.8 4.0 4.5        
12-mo 4.4 4.8 4.4 4.6 4.4 4.7 4.6 5.1 5.0 4.1 4.8        
Income/Support
Any employment bl 28% 11% 18% 19% 26% 15% 21% 20% 7% 19% 6% 10 870 4 ***
3-mo 17% 28% 16% 16% 12% 13% 18% 24% 8% 28% 7%        
6-mo 18% 17% 13% 14% 19% 18% 13% 20% 2% 21% 9%        
9-mo 27% 27% 16% 22% 30% 14% 17% 19% 6% 27% 9%        
12-mo 22% 24% 13% 11% 18% 9% 11% 20% 5% 25% 11%        
Employment income bl $80 $19 $55 $50 $81 $16 $108 $30 $22 $33 $13 10 934 2 **
3-mo $46 $131 $62 $57 $74 $20 $101 $108 $40 $39 $31        
6-mo $59 $10 $60 $65 $109 $31 $66 $106 $3 $46 $11        
9-mo $74 $99 $67 $81 $127 $27 $72 $125 $6 $115 $56        
12-mo $58 $32 $37 $50 $80 $10 $59 $142 $11 $137 $43        
Any public support bl 74% 76% 62% 47% 47% 90% 67% 73% 76% 79% 84% 10 765 3 **
3-mo 91% 83% 83% 61% 91% 91% 69% 82% 76% 86% 88%        
6-mo 88% 80% 87% 68% 91% 87% 75% 88% 83% 85% 91%        
9-mo 90% 85% 86% 80% 92% 87% 77% 86% 87% 85% 81%        
12-mo 92% 88% 90% 81% 96% 78% 74% 79% 86% 76% 85%        
Public support income bl $249 $187 $227 $210 $149 $439 $523 $162 $432 $220 $584 10 857 23 ***
3-mo $298 $208 $305 $273 $265 $465 $617 $423 $488 $285 $626        
6-mo $341 $213 $428 $306 $272 $549 $650 $447 $580 $293 $800        
9-mo $426 $222 $453 $367 $322 $640 $694 $439 $533 $314 $606        
12-mo $392 $231 $537 $395 $340 $667 $703 $464 $526 $347 $575        
Total income bl $359 $208 $286 $279 $236 $472 $698 $219 $453 $272 $646 10 894 27 ***
3-mo $358 $345 $370 $342 $360 $530 $775 $544 $515 $338 $734        
6-mo $420 $226 $507 $392 $397 $651 $772 $583 $535 $355 $831        
9-mo $515 $338 $524 $461 $481 $705 $858 $635 $545 $438 $840        
12-mo $483 $268 $576 $495 $445 $817 $803 $634 $545 $439 $788        
   * p<.05   ** p<.01   *** p<.001

Table 14.
Client outcome changes by site (con’t.)
  Type III Tests of Fixed Effects
(main effect of site)
   

CHA

CHI

COL

DEN

FTL

LOS

MAR

NYC

PHI

POR

SAF

Num df

Den df

F

p
Mental health
SF-12 mental bl 36.5 40.9 33.9 41.2 38.0 36.8 39.4 41.5 42.9 36.0 40.5 10 870 14 ***
3-mo 38.7 41.8 34.3 43.9 38.7 38.2 40.7 41.9 42.2 38.6 40.7        
6-mo 39.8 40.5 36.0 44.5 37.1 40.9 41.3 40.5 41.9 38.6 40.9        
9-mo 40.0 43.0 36.6 45.1 38.7 40.6 42.1 42.5 40.3 38.2 39.6        
12-mo 39.1 41.4 38.0 44.1 36.6 39.7 41.2 41.0 40.6 38.8 41.5        
BSI bl 2.2 1.1 1.7 1.4 1.9 1.6 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.9 1.3 10 762 15 ***
3-mo 1.9 1.0 1.6 1.2 1.6 1.6 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.7 1.3        
6-mo 2.0 0.8 1.6 1.3 1.6 1.5 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.7 1.4        
9-mo 1.7 0.8 1.5 1.3 1.6 1.6 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.8 1.3        
12-mo 1.5 0.8 1.6 1.3 1.5 1.5 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.7 1.2        
Obs psych behav bl 0.30 0.10 0.06 0.13 0.31 0.31 0.32 0.12 0.08 0.35 0.35 10 771 44 ***
3-mo 0.24 0.04 0.10 0.10 0.33 0.24 0.22 0.10 0.06 0.41 0.41        
6-mo 0.19 0.03 0.06 0.12 0.33 0.28 0.16 0.05 0.07 0.46 0.56        
9-mo 0.14 0.03 0.06 0.16 0.32 0.32 0.11 0.13 0.11 0.57 0.51        
12-mo 0.10 0.02 0.06 0.15 0.27 0.36 0.17 0.17 0.10 0.59 0.47        
Satisfaction with primary treater bl 5.4 5.0 4.7 5.8 5.4 5.0 5.1 5.5 4.6 5.3 5.2 10 683 9 ***
3-mo 4.8 4.7 4.9 5.7 5.3 4.8 4.8 4.7 5.0 5.4 4.7        
6-mo 4.7 4.9 4.8 5.8 5.3 4.8 4.9 4.9 5.2 5.5 5.1        
9-mo 4.9 4.9 4.7 5.5 5.5 5.2 5.1 4.6 5.1 5.2 5.0        
12-mo 4.9 4.8 4.5 5.6 5.5 4.9 5.3 4.6 5.1 5.2 5.2        
Substance abuse
Days intoxicated bl 0.3 1.3 2.9 5.0 0.7 1.0 1.9 1.6 2.4 2.0 1.3 10 773 7 ***
3-mo 0.2 2.3 1.8 4.4 1.0 0.9 1.7 0.7 1.4 1.0 0.9        
6-mo 1.1 0.8 1.1 4.2 1.2 0.9 2.1 0.6 1.3 2.3 1.8        
9-mo 0.6 1.2 0.5 5.9 1.6 0.3 3.2 1.1 1.5 1.6 1.6        
12-mo 0.6 1.1 3.0 4.9 2.3 1.5 3.3 0.8 1.0 2.1 0.9        
Any drugs bl 30% 55% 24% 40% 9% 29% 25% 63% 30% 54% 56% 10 786 11 ***
3-mo 24% 32% 24% 34% 11% 28% 31% 45% 30% 48% 62%        
6-mo 13% 40% 25% 30% 13% 26% 25% 54% 30% 46% 61%        
9-mo 14% 40% 18% 28% 17% 29% 28% 51% 39% 51% 66%        
12-mo 21% 29% 31% 37% 20% 40% 29% 49% 32% 56% 63%        
ASI alc bl 0.09 0.12 0.13 0.21 0.09 0.06 0.11 0.15 0.13 0.15 0.10 10 733 5 ***
3-mo 0.06 0.10 0.09 0.20 0.08 0.06 0.09 0.13 0.08 0.10 0.10        
6-mo 0.07 0.10 0.08 0.19 0.10 0.05 0.09 0.12 0.09 0.12 0.10        
9-mo 0.08 0.10 0.06 0.21 0.10 0.05 0.15 0.14 0.12 0.12 0.10        
12-mo 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.19 0.10 0.08 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.14 0.09        
   * p<.05   ** p<.01   *** p<.001

Table 14.
Client outcome changes by site (con’t.)
  Type III Tests of Fixed Effects
(main effect of site)
   

CHA

CHI

COL

DEN

FTL

LOS

MAR

NYC

PHI

POR

SAF

Num df

Den df

F

p
ASI drug bl 0.04 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.05 0.03 0.10 0.05 0.10 0.06 10 756 8 ***
3-mo 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.06 0.02 0.07 0.04 0.09 0.07        
6-mo 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.08 0.09        
9-mo 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.06 0.03 0.07 0.05 0.08 0.07        
12-mo 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.10 0.07        
Physical health
SF-12 physical bl 41.9 51.6 48.1 43.8 45.0 45.2 41.2 46.5 47.3 43.8 42.6 10 806 8 ***
3-mo 40.7 50.3 49.2 45.4 45.2 43.8 42.7 45.7 47.4 42.6 43.1        
6-mo 41.1 48.1 47.8 44.7 46.9 41.9 43.6 47.1 48.2 41.0 42.5        
9-mo 39.2 48.5 47.3 42.4 45.4 42.7 45.5 45.7 47.0 42.5 43.7        
12-mo 40.5 48.6 46.3 43.2 47.2 40.9 44.0 47.6 48.1 43.2 45.2        
Trust in physician bl 3.7 3.6 3.9 3.9 4.2 3.7 3.6 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.9 10 528 4 ***
3-mo 4.0 3.8 4.4 3.9 4.2 4.0 3.5 3.9 4.0 3.5 4.1        
6-mo 3.7 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2 3.8 3.6 3.8 3.9 3.7 3.9        
9-mo 3.8 3.9 4.0 3.7 4.2 3.6 3.6 3.9 4.0 3.7 3.9        
12-mo 3.8 4.0 3.7 4.0 4.2 3.8 3.5 3.9 4.2 3.6 4.0        
Treatment costs
Cost of medical/dental treatment bl $2,596 $1,013 $2,671 $2,944 $4,551 $1,375 $5,352 $2,358 $3,661 $1,739 $6,489 10 770 1 n.s.
3-mo $4,985 $1,177 $1,340 $1,445 $1,172 $611 $2,501 $2,920 $3,163 $4,730 $3,709        
6-mo $1,919 $838 $302 $2,230 $821 $2,592 $1,602 $2,643 $2,843 $2,799 $2,752        
9-mo $3,437 $429 $831 $1,560 $266 $2,102 $1,176 $1,175 $2,098 $1,422 $2,569        
12-mo $1,953 $510 $609 $1,021 $72 $1,627 $3,642 $893 $2,569 $2,085 $977        
Cost of mental health services bl $1,958 $478 $1,771 $376 $3,983 $3,100 $2,334 $350 $6,257 $1,054 $3,537 10 984 6 ***
3-mo $1,950 $1,359 $537 $968 $1,735 $3,269 $775 $2,498 $4,874 $2,006 $1,687        
6-mo $1,880 $1,060 $609 $983 $818 $4,377 $312 $289 $3,075 $1,616 $1,435        
9-mo $1,035 $213 $748 $473 $581 $1,238 $268 $646 $3,322 $959 $1,377        
12-mo $1,150 $91 $1,437 $551 $552 $2,630 $330 $969 $2,885 $413 $964        
Cost of substance abuse treatment bl $366 $928 $1,165 $1,063 $1,351 $552 $2,072 $3,196 $920 $2,822 $546 10 677 2 *
3-mo $165 $1,068 $141 $410 $1,599 $315 $436 $212 $419 $752 $612        
6-mo $114 $973 $120 $403 $535 $186 $801 $67 $208 $918 $211        
9-mo $400 $420 $83 $485 $343 $1,497 $990 $764 $618 $669 $213        
12-mo $101 $539 $106 $578 $364 $2,070 $493 $2,478 $115 $591 $1,022        
Total health care cost bl $4,920 $2,419 $5,607 $4,384 $9,884 $5,026 $9,757 $5,903 $10,838 $5,614 $10,572 10 837 3 **
3-mo $7,092 $3,614 $2,021 $2,823 $4,513 $4,190 $3,715 $5,630 $8,393 $7,469 $6,022        
6-mo $3,914 $2,869 $1,032 $3,622 $2,146 $7,150 $2,708 $2,994 $6,128 $5,297 $4,397        
9-mo $4,864 $1,073 $1,673 $2,518 $1,174 $4,827 $2,431 $2,600 $6,033 $3,014 $4,130        
12-mo $3,203 $1,140 $2,146 $2,142 $981 $6,322 $4,450 $4,345 $5,542 $3,086 $2,936        
   * p<.05   ** p<.01   *** p<.001

Table 14.
Client outcome changes by site (con’t.)
  Type III Tests of Fixed Effects
(main effect of site)
  CHA

CHI

COL

DEN

FTL

LOS

MAR

NYC

PHI

POR

SAF

Num df

Den df

F

p
Inpatient care cost bl $3,792 $1,732 $5,006 $3,874 $8,192 $3,659 $8,766 $5,005 $9,574 $4,328 $9,131 10 845 2 *
3-mo $5,951 $2,636 $1,438 $2,279 $3,256 $2,577 $3,072 $4,853 $7,433 $5,480 $4,698        
6-mo $2,968 $2,348 $468 $3,052 $1,202 $5,930 $2,070 $2,449 $5,294 $3,843 $3,036        
9-mo $4,022 $576 $1,159 $1,993 $340 $3,497 $1,839 $2,173 $5,132 $1,902 $2,895        
12-mo $2,272 $748 $1,627 $1,645 $193 $5,401 $3,993 $3,785 $4,835 $2,131 $1,988        
Outpatient care cost bl $1,128 $687 $601 $509 $1,692 $1,367 $991 $899 $1,264 $1,286 $1,441 10 929 10 ***
3-mo $1,129 $971 $581 $544 $1,254 $1,614 $646 $777 $913 $1,984 $1,330        
6-mo $942 $525 $563 $562 $934 $1,226 $601 $545 $835 $1,426 $1,398        
9-mo $836 $518 $506 $520 $829 $1,327 $569 $417 $905 $1,082 $1,234        
12-mo $932 $401 $510 $495 $783 $915 $453 $564 $694 $948 $956        
* p<.05   ** p<.01   *** p<.001

Table 15.
 Relationship between client outcomes and site
(Mixed model tests for main effect of site, adjusting for service use
char’s bivariately associated with each outcome)
  Type III Tests of Fixed Effect statistics
Client outcomes Num df Den df F p
Days housed 10 860 7 ***
Days homeless 10 781 5 ***
Housed (own, else’s or hotel) 10 814 13 ***
Homeless 10 756 5 ***
Housing satisfaction 10 542 8 ***
Community integration 10 676 3 **
Knows any neighbors well. 10 774 3 **
Social support 10 659 10 ***
Days in jail 10 741 2 *
Subjective quality of life 10 616 3 **
Any employment (past 30) 10 700 3 **
Employment income 10 1060 2 *
Any public support (past 30) 10 895 4 ***
Public support income 10 604 4 ***
Total income 10 584 5 ***
SF-12 mental 10 661 5 ***
BSI 10 632 8 ***
Observed psychotic behavior 10 531 13 ***
Satisfaction with primary treater 10 508 5 ***
Days intoxicated 10 745 4 ***
Any drugs 10 687 5 ***
ASI alcohol 10 721 4 ***
ASI drug 10 615 5 ***
SF-12 physical 10 581 3 **
Trust in physician (1-5) 10 305 2 *
Cost of medical/dental treatment 10 903 0 n.s.
Cost of mental health services 10 1272 5 ***
Cost of substance abuse treatment 10 789 1 n.s.
Total health care costs 10 1039 2 n.s.
Inpatient care costs 10 1018 2 n.s.
Outpatient care costs 10 754 4 ***
* p<.05   ** p<.01   *** p<.001

Table 16.
Relationship between client outcome and use of services (adjusting for site)
(Mixed Type III main effect coefficients & significance statistics for bivariately sign serv use measures, adjusting for site)
  Service use measure codes (1-19)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Days housed 3.8* n.s. n.s. n.s.   n.s.   n.s. -8.1***     -2.5* 4.1** -3.5*       3.6*** 27***
% Housed   n.s. n.s. n.s.   -0.01**   n.s. -0.1***       0.1*** n.s.     n.s. 0.03** 0.7***
% Homeless                                      
Housing satisfaction     n.s. n.s.           0.1*** 0.1***   n.s. n.s. n.s.   n.s. 0.2*** n.s.
Commun integration   n.s. 0.01** 0.1** n.s.     0.01* 0.3*     n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s.   n.s.    
Knows neighbors well -0.1**   n.s. n.s.     n.s.     n.s.   n.s. n.s. n.s.       n.s. n.s.
Social support n.s. n.s. n.s. 0.03*         0.1** 0.04*   n.s. n.s.   n.s.   n.s.    
Days in jail   -0.6* n.s.                                
QOL   n.s. n.s.             0.2*** n.s.   n.s. n.s.       0.2**  
% Employed   -0.05**     n.s.       0.04*   0.03**     n.s.   n.s.      
Employment income 34* n.s.     n.s.     n.s.           n.s.   n.s. n.s. n.s.  
% Receiving public assist. n.s.   n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. 0.002**       n.s. n.s. 0.1**     n.s.   0.1**
Public assistance income -141*** n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s.   n.s.       n.s.   n.s. 255***   n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s.
Total income -157*** 50* n.s. n.s. n.s.   n.s.   n.s.   n.s.   n.s. 228*** n.s.     n.s. n.s.
SF-12 mental -1.7* n.s. n.s.   0.1*   n.s.   n.s. 0.5**   n.s.     1.5**     0.9* n.s.
BSI n.s.     0.04*** n.s.   n.s. n.s. 0.1* -0.03*   0.1*         n.s. -0.1** -0.3*
Obs psych behav     -0.01** n.s. n.s.     n.s.   n.s. -0.04*** 0.03* n.s. 0.1* n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s.  
Satisfaction with treater   n.s.             0.1* 0.6*** 0.1*** n.s.   n.s. n.s.     n.s. n.s.
Days intoxicated   n.s. n.s.       n.s. n.s.       n.s.       n.s. n.s. n.s.  
Any drugs n.s. n.s.   n.s. n.s.     0.004* n.s. -0.02**   n.s. n.s. n.s.   n.s. n.s. -0.04*  
ASI alc   n.s. n.s. n.s.         n.s.     n.s.           n.s.  
ASI drug   n.s.   n.s. n.s.     0.001** n.s. -0.005**   n.s. n.s. n.s.   n.s. n.s. -0.01*  
SF-12 physical n.s. -1.3* -0.3** n.s. -0.1* n.s.   n.s.     n.s. n.s.   n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s.  
Trust in physician n.s. n.s. n.s. 0.03*         n.s. n.s. 0.1*             0.1**  
Cost of med. treatment n.s.     n.s. 118*** -1232*               1297*     n.s.   n.s.
Cost of mh treatment n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s.   1033*** 112*** n.s. 730**     n.s. -898** 696*   n.s. 97**   n.s.
Cost of sa treatment     n.s. n.s.         1206***     374**         n.s.   n.s.
Total health care cost n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. 163**   124*   1463*     n.s. n.s. 2219*   -61* 215* n.s. n.s.
Inpatient care cost n.s.   n.s. n.s. n.s.       n.s.     n.s. n.s. 2199**     214**    
Outpatient care cost -169* n.s. n.s. n.s. 77*** n.s. 100*** n.s. 477***     98* n.s. n.s. n.s. --- n.s. n.s. n.s.
* p<.05   ** p<.01   *** p<.001        n.s. …  significant on bivariate analyses, but not on multivariate analyses; blank cell …  not significant on bivariate analyses, and therefore excluded from multivariate analyses
 
Legend for service use measure codes
1 Uninsured 11 Consumer choice scale
2 Has usual health care provider 12 Has primary case mgr
3 No. preventive procedures administered during past yr. 13 Visited by case mgr in commun (past 90)
4 No. health behaviors discussed with doctor for those with unhealthy behaviors 14 Has money manager
5 No. OP medical visits (past 90) 15 Any contact with landlord (past 90)
6 Has primary mh/sa treater 16 Total no. outpatient health visits (all kinds)
7 No. OP mh visits (past 90) 17 No. service providers
8 No. OP sa visits (past 90) 18 Coordination of services scale
9 Participated in AA/NA (past 90) 19 Overall svcs integration
10 Therapeutic alliance    

Table 17.
Bivariate differences between CICH client and comparison group subjects at 5 sites
(CHA, LOS, MAR, NYC, and POR)
  CICH Comp t-test for
Equality of Means

(N=296)

(N=118)
Mean SD Mean SD t df p
Category of homelessness
Homeless 4+ periods past 3 yrs. 0.68 0.47 0.54 0.50 2.62 202 **
Race/ethnicity
Asian/Pacific Islander 0.03 0.16 0.00 0.00 2.86 295 **
Work history (past 3 yrs.)
Primarily unemployed 0.46 0.50 0.34 0.48 2.35 226 *
Access to healthcare (past 90)
Uninsured 0.17 0.38 0.34 0.48 -3.45 179 **
Usual source of medical care 0.76 0.43 0.90 0.30 -3.74 298 ***
No. service providers 4.73 3.35 3.69 3.45 2.80 211 **
Mental health diagnoses
Diagnosed with bipolar disorder 0.37 0.48 0.12 0.33 5.76 297 ***
Diagnosed with anxiety disorder 0.44 0.50 0.22 0.42 4.34 252 ***
No. MH & SA diagnoses (0-11) 3.57 2.16 2.63 1.82 4.49 254 ***
Supportive services (past 90)
Recvd housing services 0.91 0.29 0.42 0.49 10.17 150 ***
Recvd voc rehab services 0.13 0.33 0.25 0.43 -2.73 174 **
Recvd case mgr visit in commun. 0.52 0.50 0.04 0.20 13.74 412 ***
Other
Days hospitalized (past 90) 2.17 8.97 0.58 1.96 2.89 357 **
Religious faith scale (0-3) 1.90 0.87 2.14 0.86 -2.51 218 *
* p<.05     ** p<.01     *** p<.001

Table 18.
Differences in use of services and outcomes between CICH clients and comparison group subjects (as of 11/8/06)
(Mixed models:  LS means with group, time and group*time interaction terms;  covariates = bl value of DV + 4 site dummy codes + 14 bl covar's in Table 17)
  CICH clients
(N=296)		 Comparison group subjects
(N=118)		 group time group* time
Service use bl 3-mo 6-mo 9-mo 12-mo bl 3-mo 6-mo 9-mo 12-mo p p p
Uninsured 21% 13% 12% 14% 13% 24% 20% 23% 28% 21% ** ** ns
Has usual health care provider 41% 46% 48% 52% 46% 46% 52% 46% 35% 40% ns ns *
No. preventive procedures 7.8 8.2 8.3 8.6 8.6 8.0 8.4 8.1 7.9 7.4 ns ns ns
No. health behaviors discussed 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.9 3.9 3.5 3.7 3.4 3.3 3.4 ns ns ns
No. OP medical visits 3.0 3.2 2.3 2.4 2.2 2.7 2.7 2.7 1.4 2.2 ns ns ns
Has primary mh/sa treater 47% 55% 60% 55% 53% 41% 46% 36% 40% 30% *** ns *
No. outpatient mental health visits 2.4 3.4 2.8 2.4 2.6 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.2 1.7 ns ns ns
No. outpatient SA visits 7.3 8.8 7.4 5.7 4.8 7.8 7.6 5.9 6.5 4.6 ns ns ns
Participated in AA/NA 49% 45% 39% 37% 36% 45% 43% 31% 38% 23% ns *** ns
Therapeutic alliance 4.6 4.6 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.4 4.5 4.7 3.8 5.1 ns ns ns
Consumer choice scale 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.8 4.1 4.2 4.2 ns ns ns
Has primary case manager 36% 39% 21% 21% 19% 25% 27% 25% 19% 20% ns ** ns
Visited by case manager in commun. 47% 71% 70% 68% 65% 16% 22% 29% 31% 27% *** *** *
Has money manager 8% 14% 11% 14% 15% 14% 14% 15% 18% 19% ns ns ns
Any contact with landlord 65% 75% 76% 81% 89% 85% 56% 77% 79% 73% ns ns ns
Total no. outpatient health visits 12.7 15.4 12.5 10.3 9.6 12.6 12.4 10.4 10.3 8.7 ns * ns
No. service providers 4.6 5.2 4.4 4.3 3.7 3.9 4.2 3.5 3.3 3.4 * * ns
Coordination of services scale 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.0 ns ns ns
Overall svcs integration 64% 79% 79% 77% 75% 59% 59% 58% 57% 56% *** *** ***
Outcomes
Days housed 14 62 79 80 81 17 28 35 49 50 *** *** ***
Homeless 23% 4% 3% 4% 5% 28% 15% 13% 12% 11% ** *** ns
Housing satisfaction 4.0 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.4 3.7 3.6 3.8 3.5 ns ns ns
Commun integration 7.1 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 6.9 7.7 7.0 6.3 7.1 ns ** *
Knows any neighbors well 39% 67% 76% 78% 70% 61% 31% 75% 52% 49% ns ns ns
Social support 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 ns ns ns
Days in jail 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.0 2.3 0.5 4.0 0.5 2.1 ns ** *
Subjective quality of life 4.3 4.6 4.7 4.5 4.6 4.1 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.2 ns ** ns
Any employment 21% 22% 20% 23% 19% 22% 21% 28% 17% 10% ns ns ns
Employment income $58 $70 $68 $91 $88 $31 $93 $143 $105 $136 ns * ns
Any public support 76% 81% 82% 82% 78% 76% 75% 71% 73% 76% ns ns ns
Public support income $317 $411 $441 $493 $484 $327 $344 $348 $392 $408 * *** ns
Total income $412 $515 $557 $636 $626 $421 $525 $600 $609 $662 ns *** ns
SF-12 mental 38.2 40.0 40.7 40.8 40.2 39.1 40.3 40.4 41.6 41.1 ns ** ns
BSI 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 ns ** ns
Observed psychotic behavior 0.26 0.24 0.24 0.27 0.29 0.30 0.26 0.25 0.24 0.31 ns ns ns
Satisfaction with primary treater 5.3 5.1 5.1 5.0 4.9 5.2 5.1 5.2 4.7 5.3 ns ns ns
Days intoxicated 1.5 1.1 1.6 1.6 2.0 2.3 0.9 2.1 0.9 1.5 ns * ns
Any drugs 41% 38% 35% 37% 41% 44% 43% 35% 35% 32% ns ns ns
ASI alcohol 0.11 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.10 ns ns ns
ASI drug 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 ns ** ns
SF-12 physical 43.5 42.8 42.7 42.9 43.0 42.8 43.0 43.6 44.2 43.1 ns ns ns
Trust in physician 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.7 ns ns ns
Cost of medical/dental treatment $3,148 $2,811 $1,967 $1,698 $2,191 $1,926 $2,082 $2,468 $1,813 $1,788 ns ns ns
Cost of mental health services $1,330 $1,920 $1,706 $634 $912 $1,795 $1,352 $1,291 $1,189 $1,213 ns ns ns
Cost of substance abuse treatment $1,653 $332 $392 $868 $1,110 $764 $1,288 $1,205 $305 $983 ns ns **
Total health care cost $6,156 $5,080 $4,073 $3,202 $4,127 $4,433 $4,717 $4,929 $3,540 $4,036 ns ns ns
Inpatient care cost $5,111 $3,868 $3,127 $2,343 $3,396 $3,464 $3,766 $4,047 $2,960 $3,393 ns ns ns
Outpatient care cost $1,044 $1,206 $938 $841 $725 $979 $950 $885 $570 $649 ns ** ns
* p<.05     ** p<.01     *** p<.001

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