|
Antidumping Duties (AD) are duties levied
by an importing country on imports when imports are determined
to be priced at less than their fair or "normal
value" and these imports have caused, or threaten
to cause, injury to domestic industry in the importing
country.
Category Management is a distributor/supplier
process of managing food and beverage categories as strategic
business units, producing enhanced business results by
focusing on delivering consumer value.
Convenience Stores usually sell
a wide range of goods with extended opening hours. Examples
of this format include 7-Eleven and QuikTrip (see Excel
table).
Countervailing Duties (CVD)
are duties levied by an importing country to offset public
subsidies by an exporting country for the manufacture,
production, or export of any merchandise after determining
such a subsidy exists and that the subsidized import has
caused, or threatens to cause, injury to domestic industry.
Discounters are comprised of hard discounters and soft discounters. Hard discounters are typically 300-900 square meters (3,229-9,688 square feet) stocking fewer than 1,000 product lines, primarily in packaged groceries from private-label or budget brands. Soft discounters are slightly larger than hard discounters, stocking 1,000 to 4,000 product lines, commonly carrying leading brands at discounted prices. Discounters exclude mass merchandisers and warehouse clubs. Example brands include Aldi, Lidl, Pls, Penny, and Netto.
Food Manufacturers convert bulky, perishable animal and
crop material into shelf-stable, palatable foods or potable
beverages. Increasing palatability, storability, and convenience
are all aspects of "adding value."
Food Retailers provide a market outlet where consumers can
purchase food products. Based on the nature of products
sold and the size of operation, food retail outlets range
from convenience stores to warehouse-style discount outlets.
Foodservice Outlets dispense prepared meals and snacks intended
for on-premise or immediate consumption.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is the movement
of capital across national frontiers in a manner that
grants the investor control over the acquired asset. Firms
that use FDI are known as multinational enterprises. Production
in the foreign country is largely financed by the multinational.
Profits accrue to the multinational through sales made
by the foreign affiliate.
High-Value Food Products are processed food products
and perishable foods such as meats and fresh fruits and
vegetables. See the briefing room overview
for a more detailed discussion.
High-Income Countries are countries in which the
per capita gross national income in 2005 was $10,726 or
more, according to World
Development Indicators 2007.
Hypermarkets are stores with
a sales area of over 2,500 square meters (26,910 square feet), with
at least 35 percent of selling space devoted to nonfoods, according
to Euromonitor International.
Independent (nonchain) Food Stores have selling
space of less than 400 square meters (4,306 square feet)
and usually specialize in packaged groceries, where food
accounts for at least 50 percent of total retail sales,
according to Euromonitor International.
Low-Income Countries are countries in which the
per capita gross national income per capita in 2005 was $875 or less, according to World
Development Indicators 2007.
Lower Middle-Income Countries are countries in
which the per capita gross national income per capita
in 2005 was between $876 and $3,465, according to World
Development Indicators 2007.
Multinational retail chain refers to a retailer who operates
in more than one foreign country simultaneously.
Normal Value is defined by the World
Trade Organization as the comparable price for an import,
in the ordinary course of trade, when destined for domestic
consumption in the exporting country.
Packaged Food Products
are sold through retail establishments primarily in the
form of prepared foods for home preparations or direct
consumption such as baked, canned, frozen, or dried food
products. Fresh products such as fruit, vegetables, and
meat, or basic ingredients such as sugar, flour, and salt
are not included.
Petrol/Gas/Service Outlets are roadside establishments
selling fuel and other products to motorists via a convenience
store attached to the fueling station.
Private Retail Brands are
the store brands that retailers use to market products
under their own label.
Processed Food
Products have undergone a transformation from their
raw forms either to extend shelf-life—such as the
freezing or dehydration of fruits and vegetables—or
to improve consumer palatability of raw commodities—such
as transforming grain and animal products into bakery
and meat products. See Excel
table for more examples.
Processed Food Trade products are classified as
Food and Kindred Products (SIC 20), according to the Standard
Industrial Classification industry nomenclature. SIC 20
includes all products produced from food industries ranging
from semiprocessed products such as animal feeds, flour,
and cornstarch to finished products such as cheese, meat,
bakery products, and confectionery.
Special Safeguards are measures that
World Trade Organization (WTO) member countries have a right to
take as temporary actions to restrict imports for certain agricultural
products—that underwent tariffication during the Uruguay Round
of trade negotiations—when either a sudden surge in imports
or drop in price exceed preset trigger levels, provided that the
country reserved the right to make use of this measure in its tariff
schedule. This right will lapse at the end of the Uruguay Round
reform period if there is no agreement for continued use in the
current Doha Round of WTO negotiations.
Staple Food Products are commodities, like rice
and wheat, that have a long history of production and
consumption in a particular region. These commodities
may account for a large share of the diet of local low-income
households.
Supermarkets are defined as stores
with a selling area of between 400 square meters (4,306 square feet)
and 2,500 square meters (26,910 square feet), selling at least 70
percent food and everyday commodities, according to Euromonitor
International. Outlets below 400 square meters may also be included
in certain countries, on the basis of format, product mix, and opening
hours.
Upper Middle-Income Countries are countries in
which the per capita gross national income in 2005 was between $3,466 and $10,725, according to World
Development Indicators 2007.
Value-Added Food Products are foods that have
increased in value (price) from the post-harvest stage
of production due to alterations in size, shape, appearance,
location, or convenience.
Wholesalers buy and resell food (from a variety of producers
and manufacturers), assemble it for distribution, load it onto trucks,
and deliver it to retailers, foodservice establishments, institutional
buyers, or the export market, making profits on the services they
provide.
For Additional Definitions, See:
Food Marketing System in the U.S.: Glossary
The U.S. Food Marketing System: Recent Developments, 1997-2006
|
