Among S&E doctorate holders who hold academic faculty positions in 4-year colleges and universities, females are less likely than their male colleagues to be found in the highest faculty ranks.

• Females are less likely than males to be full professors and more likely to be assistant professors.
• The differences in rank vary by time since earning the doctorate. Few differences in rank exist between males and females in their early careers and greater differences exist between 15 and 20 years after receipt of the doctorate.