List of Figures

List of figures by chapter, with image and source data available for download. Figures in each section can also be previewed using the thumbnail gallery view provided for each chapter.

• Overview
• Chapters
• 1. Elementary and Secondary Education
• 2. Higher Education in Science and Engineering
• 3. Science and Engineering Labor Force
• 4. Research and Development: National Trends and International Linkages
• 5. Academic Research and Development
• 6. Industry, Technology, and the Global Marketplace
• 7. Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Understanding
• 8. State Indicators

Overview

Figure	Title	Image	Data
O-1	Real GDP growth, by region/country: 1985–95 and 1995–2005
O-2	World GDP shares, by region/country: 1985–2005
O-3	Real GDP growth and population increase, by region/country: 1985–2005
O-4	Per capita GDP, by region/country: 1985–2005
O-5	Per capita GDP gap with United States, by region: 1985–2005
O-6	Per capita GDP gap with United States relative to region's GDP: 1985–2005
O-7	Productivity output per employed individual: 1985–2005
O-8	Inflation-adjusted productivity gap with United States, by region: 1985–2005
O-9	High-technology manufacturing share of total manufacturing, by region/country: 1985–2005
O-10	World share of high-technology manufacturing, by region/country: 1985–2005
O-11	Export volume of high-technology manufactures, by region/country: 1985–2005
O-12	World share of high-technology manufacturing exports, by region/country: 1985–2005
O-13	U.S. trade balance in high-technology goods: 2000–06
O-14	U.S. advanced technology product trade balance, by region: 2000–06
O-15	U.S. receipts and payments of royalties and fees for intellectual property: 1986–2005
O-16	USPTO patent applications, by region/country: 1985–2005
O-17	Proportion of total USPTO patent applications from Asia and EU: 1985–2005
O-18	Scientific and technical articles in peer-reviewed journals, by region/country: 1995–2005
O-19	Estimated R&D expenditures and share of world total, by region: 2002
O-20	Gross domestic expenditures on R&D, by selected region/country: 1995–2006
O-21	Share of industrial R&D, by industry sector and selected region/country: 2003 or 2004
O-22	OECD industry R&D, by funding sector: 1981–2004
O-23	Industrial R&D financed by foreign sources: 1981–2005
O-24	Composition of GDP and R&D/GDP ratio for selected countries, by sector: 2006 or most recent year
O-25	R&D share of gross domestic product, by selected countries: 1981–2006
O-26	Basic research share of gross domestic product, by country/economy: 2003 or 2004
O-27	Basic research share of R&D, by country/economy: 2003 or 2004
O-28	R&D performed by U.S. affiliates of foreign companies in U.S., by investing region, and performed by foreign affiliates of U.S. multinational corporations, by host region: 2004 or most recent year
O-29	R&D performed in Asia by majority-owned affiliates of U.S. parent companies, by region and selected country: 1994–2004
O-30	National R&D, by performing and funding sectors, 1953–2006
O-31	National R&D expenditures, by funding sector: 1953–2006
O-32	Federal R&D budget authority, by budget function: FY 1980–2008
O-33	National R&D expenditures, by character of work, and basic research, by performer and source of funds: 2006
O-34	Population 15 years old or older with tertiary education, by country/region: 1980 and 2000
O-35	Researchers in OECD and selected non-OECD locations: 1995–2005
O-36	Science and technology employment: 1950–2000
O-37	Average annual growth rates of S&E occupations versus all workers: 1960–2000
O-38	U.S. workforce in S&E occupations: 1983–2006
O-39	Largest sectors of employment for individuals in S&E occupations, by NAICS sector: May 2005
O-40	Workers in S&E occupations, by age group: 1950–2000
O-41	S&E workers by cohort and age group
O-42	Bachelor's degree-level S&E knowledge needed by individuals in workforce with highest degree in S&E: 2003
O-43	Employment sector for individuals with highest degree in S&E and S&E doctorate holders: 2003
O-44	Distribution of S&E degree holders with R&D as major or significant work activity, by field of highest degree and occupation: 2003
O-45	Total tertiary degree attainment by 25–64-year-olds, by country: 2004
O-46	Difference in total tertiary degree attainment between 25–34-year-olds and 25–64-year-olds, by country: 2004
O-47	Attainment of tertiary-type A and advanced research degrees by 25–64-year-olds, by country: 2004
O-48	Attainment of tertiary-type A and advanced research degrees by 25–34-year-olds, by country: 2004
O-49	First university natural sciences and engineering degrees, by selected country: 1985–2005
O-50	Natural sciences and engineering doctoral degrees, by selected country: 1985–2005
O-51	S&E doctoral degrees earned by foreign students, by selected industrialized country and field: 2005 or most recent year
O-52	Foreign-born individuals in U.S. S&E workforce, by degree level: 1990, 2000, and 2005
O-53	Student, exchange, and other high-skill-related U.S. temporary visas issued: 1998–2006
O-54	Average mathematics score of students in grades 4 and 8: Selected years, 1990–2005
O-55	U.S. and international math and science scores for grades 4 and 8 and 15-year-old students: 2003

1. Elementary and Secondary Education

Figure	Title	Image	Data
1-1	Proficiency in specific mathematics knowledge and skill areas of students in grades 3 and 5: 2002 and 2004
1-2	Proficiency in specific mathematics knowledge and skill areas of students in grades 10 and 12: 2002 and 2004
1-3	Average mathematics score of students in grades 4 and 8: Selected years, 1990–2005
1-4	Proficiency in mathematics and science, grades 4, 8, and 12: Selected years, 1990–2005
1-5	High school graduates completing advanced mathematics courses, by subject: Selected years, 1990–2005
1-6	High school graduates completing advanced S&E courses, by subject: Selected years, 1990–2005
1-7	High school graduates completing advanced mathematics courses, by sex and race/ethnicity: 2005
1-8	High school graduates completing advanced S&E courses, by sex and race/ethnicity: 2005
1-9	High school graduates completing advanced mathematics and other S&E courses, by school poverty level: 2005
1-10	Practice teaching of public middle and high school teachers with less than 5 years of teaching experience: Academic years 1999–2000 and 2003–04
1-11	Preparedness for first-year teaching of public middle and high school mathematics and science teachers with less than 5 years of experience, by participation in practice teaching: Academic year 2003–04
1-12	Professional development of public middle and high school teachers during past 12 months, by topic: Academic year 2003–04
1-13	Professional development of public middle and high school teachers during past 12 months, by topic and time spent: Academic year 2003–04
1-14	Professional development of public middle and high school teachers during past 12 months, by format: Academic year 2003–04
1-15	Collaborative professional development activities of public middle and high school teachers: Academic year 2003–04
1-16	Teaching vacancies at public secondary schools, by subject: Academic years 1999–2000 and 2003–04
1-17	Public middle and high school mathematics and science teachers not satisfied with salary, by minority enrollment and school poverty level: Academic year 2003–04
1-18	One-year attrition rate of public school teachers: Selected academic years, 1988–89 to 2004–05
1-19	1992–93 bachelor's degree recipients working in April 1994 in same or different occupation in 2003
1-20	Perceptions of working conditions of public middle and high school mathematics and science teachers, by minority enrollment and school poverty level: Academic year 2003–04
1-21	Serious student problems reported by public middle and high school mathematics and science teachers, by minority enrollment and school poverty level: Academic year 2003–04
1-22	High school completion rates of 18–24-year-olds, by race/ethnicity: Selected years, 1975–2005
1-23	High school graduates enrolled in college in October after completing high school, by sex and type of institution: 1975–2005
1-24	High school graduation rates, by OECD country: 2004

2. Higher Education in Science and Engineering

Figure	Title	Image	Data
2-1	Higher education faculty employed part time, by highest degree: Fall 1992 and fall 2003
2-2	Average annual tuition, fees, room, and board for public 4-year institutions, total student aid dollars, and disposable personal income: 1997–2006
2-3	Grants and loans as percentage of undergraduate student aid: 1991–92 to 2005–06
2-4	Full-time S&E graduate students, by field and mechanism of primary support: 2005
2-5	Full-time S&E graduate students with primary support from federal government, by field: 2005
2-6	Primary mechanisms of support for S&E doctorate recipients, by citizenship, sex, and race/ethnicity: 2005
2-7	Freshmen intending S&E major, by race/ethnicity: Selected years, 1985–2006
2-8	Foreign students, by field of study: 1996–97 to 2005–06
2-9	Foreign undergraduate student enrollment in U.S. universities, by field (S&E and all fields) for top 10 places of origin: April 2007
2-10	U.S. engineering enrollment, by level: 1985–2005
2-11	First-time full-time graduate enrollment in engineering and computer sciences and unemployment rate of all workers: 1980–2004
2-12	S&E graduate enrollment, by citizenship and race/ethnicity: Selected years, 1985–2005
2-13	Underrepresented minority share of S&E degrees, by degree level and field: 2005
2-14	S&E bachelor’s degrees, by field: 1985–2005
2-15	Female share of S&E bachelor’s degrees, by field: 1985–2005
2-16	Minority share of S&E bachelor’s degrees, by race/ethnicity: 1985–2005
2-17	S&E master’s degrees, by field: 1985–2005
2-18	S&E master’s degrees, by sex: 1985–2005
2-19	S&E master’s degrees, by race/ethnicity and citizenship: 1985–2005
2-20	S&E doctoral degrees earned in U.S. universities, by field: 1985–2005
2-21	U.S. citizen female share of doctoral degrees, by field: 1985, 1995, and 2005
2-22	U.S. citizen underrepresented minority S&E doctoral degrees, by race/ethnicity: 1985–2005
2-23	S&E doctoral degrees, by sex, race/ethnicity, and citizenship: 1985–2005
2-24	Foreign share of U.S. S&E degrees, by degree and field: 2005
2-25	U.S. S&E doctoral degree recipients, by selected Asian country/economy of origin: 1985–2005
2-26	U.S. S&E doctoral degree recipients, by selected Western European country: 1985–2005
2-27	U.S. S&E doctoral degree recipients from Europe, by region: 1985–2005
2-28	U.S. S&E doctoral degree recipients from Canada and Mexico: 1985–2005
2-29	Plans of foreign recipients of U.S. S&E doctorates to stay in United States: 1985–2005
2-30	Short-term stay rates of foreign recipients of U.S. S&E doctorates, by place of origin: 1994–97 and 2002–05
2-31	Postdoctoral students at U.S. universities, by field: 2005
2-32	Postdoctoral students at U.S. universities, by citizenship status: 1985–2005
2-33	Attainment of tertiary-type A and advanced research programs, by country and age group: 2004
2-34	First university S&E degrees in Asia, Europe, and North and Central America, by field: 2004
2-35	First university natural sciences and engineering degrees, by selected countries: 1985–2005
2-36	S&E doctoral degrees earned in Europe, Asia, and North America, by field: 2004 or most recent year
2-37	Natural sciences and engineering doctoral degrees, by selected country: 1985–2005
2-38	Foreign students enrolled in tertiary education, by country: 2004
2-39	S&E foreign graduate student enrollment, by selected industrialized country and field: 2005
2-40	S&E doctoral degrees earned by foreign students, by selected industrialized country and field: 2005 or most recent year

3. Science and Engineering Labor Force

Figure	Title	Image	Data
3-1	Science and technology employment: 1950–2000
3-2	Average annual growth rates of S&E occupations versus all workers: 1960–2000
3-3	Annual average growth rate of degree production and occupational employment, by S&E field: 1980–2000
3-4	U.S. workforce in S&E occupations: 1983–2006
3-5	Projected increase in employment, for S&E and selected other occupations: 2004–14
3-6	Projected job openings as percentage of 2004 employment, for S&E and selected other occupations: 2004–14
3-7	Inflation-adjusted change in mean salary 1–5 years after degree, by field and level of highest degree: 1993–2003
3-8	Mean salaries of S&E and S&E-related degree recipients 1–5 years after degree, by field and level of highest degree: 2003
3-9	Median salaries for bachelor’s degree holders, by years since degree: 2003
3-10	Individuals with highest degree in S&E employed in jobs closely or somewhat related to highest degree, by years since highest degree: 2003
3-11	S&E bachelor’s degree holders employed in jobs closely related to degree, by field and years since degree: 2003
3-12	Unemployment rate, by occupation: 1983–2006
3-13	Unemployment rates for individuals with highest degree in S&E, by years since highest degree: 1999 and 2003
3-14	Involuntarily out-of-field rates of individuals with highest degree in S&E, by years since highest degree: 1999 and 2003
3-15	Employment distribution across science and technology or STEM occupations: May 2006
3-16	Employment sector for individuals with highest degree in S&E: 2003
3-17	Largest sectors of employment for individuals in S&E occupations, by NAICS sectors: May 2006
3-18	Individuals with highest degree in S&E employed in private business, by employer size: 2003
3-19	Educational distribution, by nonacademic S&E occupations: 2005
3-20	Distribution of S&E degree holders with R&D as major work activity, by level of education: 2003
3-21	Distribution of S&E degree holders with R&D as major work activity, by field of highest degree: 2003
3-22	S&E doctorate holders with R&D as major work activity, by field and years since degree: 2003
3-23	Salary distribution of S&E degree holders employed full time, by degree level: 2003
3-24	Median salaries of S&E graduates, by degree level and years since degree: 2003
3-25	Age distribution of individuals in S&E occupations, by sex: 2003
3-26	Age distribution of doctorate holders in S&E occupations, by sex: 2003
3-27	College-educated women and ethnic minorities in nonacademic S&E occupations: 1980, 1990, 2000, and 2005
3-28	Women and ethnic minority doctorate holders in nonacademic S&E occupations: 1990, 2000, and 2005
3-29	Women as proportion of S&E workforce, by broad field of occupation: 1993 and 2003
3-30	Age distribution of individuals in S&E occupations, by race/ethnicity: 2003
3-31	Age distribution of S&E doctorate holders in S&E occupations, by race/ethnicity: 2003
3-32	Recent S&E recipients in career-path jobs within 3 months of degree, by field: 1999
3-33	Doctorate recipients holding tenure and tenure-track appointments at academic institutions 4–6 years after degree, by field: 1993–2006
3-34	Field of doctorate of U.S.-educated S&E doctorate recipients in postdoc positions: 2006
3-35	Proportion ever holding a postdoc among S&E doctorate holders, by field and year of doctorate: 2006
3-36	Median time spent in postdoc postions for S&E doctorate recipients completing postdocs, by field and year of doctorate: 2006
3-37	Growth of job benefits for S&E doctorate holders in postdoc positions, by field and year of doctorate: 2006
3-38	Former or current postdocs who took first postdoc position because other employment not available, by field and year of doctorate: 2006
3-39	Former postdocs’ evaluation of degree to which postdoc position helped career, by year of doctorate: 2006
3-40	S&E doctorate holders in tenured or tenure-track positions in 2006, by field, postdoc status, and year of doctorate: 2006
3-41	S&E doctorate holders in 1997–2001 graduation cohort in tenured or tenure-track positions, by degree field and postdoc status: 2006
3-42	S&E doctorate holders in 1997–2001 graduation cohort with R&D as primary or secondary work activity, by degree field and postdoc status: 2006
3-43	S&E doctorate holders in 1997–2001 graduation cohort with job closely related to degree field, by degree field and postdoc status: 2006
3-44	Salary of former postdocs relative to nonpostdocs for S&E doctorate holders in 1992–96 graduation cohort, by degree field and sector of employment: 2006
3-45	Age distribution of individuals in labor force with highest degree in S&E: 2003
3-46	Age distribution of individuals in labor force with highest degree in S&E, by degree level: 2003
3-47	Cumulative age distribution of individuals in labor force with highest degree in S&E, by degree level: 2003
3-48	Age distribution of S&E doctorate holders in labor force: 1993 and 2003
3-49	Employed S&E degree holders older than 50, by selected field: 2003
3-50	Older S&E degree holders working full time, by degree level: 2003
3-51	Researchers in OECD countries: Selected years, 1993–2002
3-52	Tertiary-educated population more than 15 years old: 2000 or most recent year
3-53	R&D employment of U.S. MNCs at their foreign affiliates and foreign MNCs at their U.S. affiliates: 1994, 1999, and 2004
3-54	R&D employment of U.S. MNCs in United States and at their foreign affiliates: 1994, 1999, and 2004
3-55	Canadian awards of permanent residency to university graduates, by degree level: 1996–2005
3-56	Stock of workers in Canada on high-skilled temporary work visas, by skill level: 1996–2005
3-57	High-skilled workers with visas in Japan, by region of origin: Selected years,1992–2003
3-58	Foreign-born individuals with highest degree in S&E living in United States, by place of birth: 2003
3-59	Citizenship of junior and guest scientists at Max Planck Institutes: 2005
3-60	Foreign-born S&E degree holders with highest degree from foreign institution, by year of entry to United States: 2003
3-61	Distribution of foreign-born S&E degree holders, by citizenship/visa status and year of entry to United States: 2003
3-62	Distribution of occupations of new recipients of U.S. H-1B temporary work visas: FY 2006
3-63	Country of citizenship for new recipients of U.S. H-1B temporary work visas: 2006
3-64	Country of citizenship for new recipients of U.S. H-1B temporary work visas holding doctorates: FY 2006
3-65	Five-year stay rates for U.S. S&E doctorate recipients with temporary visas, by place of origin: 1992–2005
3-66	Top countries of origin of persons with tertiary-level education or better who reside abroad in OECD countries: 2000

4. Research and Development: National Trends and International Linkages

Figure	Title	Image	Data
4-1	National R&D, by performing sector and source of funds, 1953–2006
4-2	Shares of national R&D expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 2006
4-3	National R&D expenditures, by funding sector: 1953–2006
4-4	National R&D, by character of work, and basic research, by funding and performing sectors: 2006
4-5	R&D performing and funding sectors, by character of work: 2006
4-6	Projected federal obligations for R&D, by agency and character of work: FY 2007
4-7	Federal obligations for R&D, by performing sector: FY 1955–2007
4-8	Estimated federal obligations for research, by agency and major S&E field: FY 2007
4-9	Difference in U.S. performer- and agency-reported federal R&D: 1980–2006
4-10	External users at Department of Energy facilities, by science program: FY 2006
4-11	Federal R&D budget authority, by budget function: FY 1980–2008
4-12	Research and experimentation credit claims as percentage of industry-funded R&D: 1990–2003
4-13	U.S. states with credits for company-funded R&D: 1982–2005
4-14	Estimated R&D expenditures and share of world total, by region: 2002
4-15	R&D expenditures of United States and G-7 and OECD countries: 1985–2006
4-16	Composition of gross domestic product for selected countries, by sector: 2005 or 2006
4-17	R&D share of gross domestic product: 1953–2006
4-18	R&D share of gross domestic product, by selected countries: 1981–2006
4-19	Basic research share of gross domestic product, by country/economy: 2003 or 2004
4-20	Basic research share of R&D, by country/economy: 2003 or 2004
4-21	Total OECD R&D, by funding sector: 1981–2004
4-22	Share of industrial R&D for selected countries and European Union, by industry sector: 2003 or 2004
4-23	OECD industry R&D, by funding sector: 1981–2004
4-24	Industrial R&D financed, by foreign sources: 1981–2005
4-25	Industrial R&D by information and communications technologies sector for selected countries and European Union: 2003 or 2004
4-26	Academic R&D share of all R&D for selected countries/economies and all OECD: Most recent year
4-27	Academic R&D financed by industry for selected countries and all OECD: 1981–2006
4-28	Government R&D support for selected countries, by socioeconomic objective: 2005 or 2006
4-29	R&D performed by U.S. affiliates of foreign companies in U.S., by investing region, and performed by foreign affiliates of U.S. multinational corporations, by host region: 2004 or latest year
4-30	Regional shares of R&D performed abroad by foreign affiliates of U.S. MNCs: 1994–2004
4-31	R&D contracted out in United States by manufacturing companies as ratio of company-funded and -performed R&D: 1993–2005
4-32	U.S. trade in research, development, and testing services: 2001–05
4-33	Worldwide industrial technology alliances and those with at least one U.S.-owned company: 1980–2003
4-34	SBIR awards and funding: 1983–2005

5. Academic Research and Development

Figure	Title	Image	Data
5-1	Academic R&D, basic and applied research, and basic research as share of total of each category: 1970–2006
5-2	Academic R&D expenditures, by character of work, and national R&D expenditures, by performer and character of work: 2006
5-3	Average annual R&D growth, by performing sector: 1970–2006 and 2000–06
5-4	Federal and nonfederal academic R&D expenditures: 1973–2006
5-5	Sources of academic R&D funding: 1973–2006
5-6	Academic R&D expenditures, by field: 1975–2006
5-7	Changes in share of academic R&D in selected S&E fields: 1975–2006 and 1996–2006
5-8	Federal agency academic research obligations, by field: FY 2005
5-9	Major agency field shares of federal academic research obligations: FY 2005
5-10	Sources of academic R&D funding for public and private institutions: 2006
5-11	Share of academic R&D, by rank of university and college academic R&D expenditures: 1986–2006
5-12	Components of institutional R&D expenditures for public and private academic institutions: 1980–2006
5-13	Academic institutions receiving federal R&D support, by selected Carnegie classification: 1971–2005
5-14	Current fund expenditures for research equipment at academic institutions, by field: 1985–2006
5-15	Source of funds for new construction of S&E research space: 1986–87 to 2004–05
5-16	Average annual growth rate for employment of S&E doctorate holders: 1973–2006
5-17	S&E doctorate holders employed in academia, by degree field: 1973–2006
5-18	S&E doctorate holders, by type of academic appointment: 1973–2006
5-19	Share of doctoral S&E faculty positions held by women, by rank: Selected years, 1973–2006
5-20	Share of underrepresented minorities among S&E doctorate holders employed in academia, by citizenship status and years since degree: Selected years, 1973–2006
5-21	Share of Asians/Pacific Islanders among S&E doctorate holders employed in academia, by citizenship status and years since degree: Selected years, 1973–2006
5-22	Share of all whites and white males among S&E doctorate holders employed in academia, by years since degree: Selected years, 1973–2006
5-23	Age distribution of S&E doctorate holders employed in U.S. academic institutions: 2006
5-24	S&E doctorate holders with recent degrees employed at academic institutions, by type of position: 1973–2006
5-25	Faculty and tenure-track status of S&E doctorate holders employed in academia 4–7 years after receiving degree: 1973–2006
5-26	S&E doctorate holders employed in academia with research or teaching as primary or secondary work activity, by degree field: 1973 and 2006
5-27	S&E article output, by major S&E publishing region/country: 1988–2005
5-28	Worldwide output of S&E articles, by number of article-producing countries: 2005
5-29	Worldwide S&E articles, institutional authors, and author names: 1988–2005
5-30	Share of worldwide S&E articles coatuthored domestically and internationally: 1988–2005
5-31	S&E article output of U.S. nonacademic sectors: 1995–2005
5-32	S&E articles from FFRDCs, by field: 2005
5-33	S&E articles and citations in all fields, by selected region/country: 1995 and 2005
5-34	United States, European Union, and Asia-10 share of cited papers, by citation percentile: 1995, 2000, and 2005
5-35	Index of highly cited articles, by selected region/country: 1995, 2000, and 2005
5-36	U.S. academic share of patenting by U.S. private and nonprofit sectors: 1981–2005
5-37	Median net royalties from academic patenting activities: 1996–2005

6. Industry, Technology, and the Global Marketplace

Figure	Title	Image	Data
6-1	Average annual GDP growth for United States, EU, and Japan: 1991–2005
6-2	GDP per capita for United States, EU, and Japan: 1989–2005
6-3	GDP per hour worked for United States, EU, and Japan: 1989–2005
6-4	Hourly compensation costs for manufacturing production workers for United States, EU-15, and Japan: 1989–2005
6-5	Services and goods shares of global economic activity: 1980–2003
6-6	Value-added revenue and world share of market-oriented knowledge-intensive service industries, by selected regions/countries: 1989–2005
6-7	Global value-added revenue of communication services and world share of selected regions: 1989–2005
6-8	Global value-added revenue and world share of selected service industries, by selected regions/countries: 2005
6-9	Global high-technology manufacturing industry gross revenue and share of all manufacturing industries: 1986–2005
6-10	Value-added revenue and world share of high-technology manufacturing industries, by selected regions/countries: 1989–2005
6-11	World share of apparent consumption of high-technology manufacturing industries: 1995–2005
6-12	Value-added share of gross revenue of U.S. manufacturing industries: 1989–2005
6-13	High-technology share of all manufacturing industry value-added revenue for selected regions/countries: 1990, 2000, and 2005
6-14	Global value-added revenue of communications equipment and world share of selected regions/countries: 1995–2005
6-15	Global value-added revenue of computer manufacturing industry and world share of selected regions/countries: 1995–2005
6-16	U.S. industry investment in capital equipment and share of equipment type: 1992–2006
6-17	Global exports of high-technology manufacturing industries and world share of selected regions/countries: 1989–2005
6-18	U.S. world export share for individual high-technology manufacturing industries: 2000 and 2005
6-19	Trade balance and share of gross revenue for U.S. high-technology manufacturing industries: 1989–2005
6-20	U.S. trade balance for individual high-technology manufacturing industries: 2005
6-21	U.S. merchandise trade balance, by product type: 1990–2006
6-22	U.S. advanced technology product trade balance, by world and region: 2000–06
6-23	U.S. trade balance, by technology area: 2004, 2005, and 2006
6-24	U.S. receipts and payments of trade for intellectual property and receipts share of trade volume: 1989–2005
6-25	U.S. trade in intellectual property between unaffiliated companies: 2005
6-26	U.S. S&E articles by authors in private industry as share of all U.S. S&E articles, by selected field: 1988–2005
6-27	U.S. S&E basic research articles by authors in private industry as share of all U.S. S&E basic research articles, by selected field: 1988–2005
6-28	Industry S&E basic research articles as share of all industry S&E articles, by selected field: 1988–2005
6-29	S&E articles with industry authors, by institutional author type: 1988, 1995, and 2005
6-30	Industry-coauthored S&E articles, by sector of coauthorship: 1988, 1995, and 2005
6-31	USPTO patent applications and share of total, by inventors from selected regions/countries/economies: 1989–2005
6-32	Average annual growth rate of USPTO patent applications for inventors from selected regions/countries/economies: 1980–2005
6-33	USPTO patents granted per capita for inventors from selected U.S. states: 2005
6-34	USPTO patents granted, by type of ownership: 1992, 1999, and 2005
6-35	EPO patent applications and share of total, by inventors from selected regions/countries/economies: 1989–2004
6-36	USPTO ICT patents granted and share of total, by inventors from selected regions/countries/economies: 1990–2006
6-37	USPTO biotechnology patents granted and share of total, by inventors from selected regions/countries: 1990–2006
6-38	Triadic patent applications and share of total, by inventors from selected regions/countries: 1989–2003
6-39	U.S. high-technology small business formation: 1992–2004
6-40	U.S. high-technology small business formation, by share of selected technology areas: 1997–2004
6-41	Share of angel and venture capital investment, by financing stage: 2005–06
6-42	Angel and venture capital investment: 2001–06
6-43	Angel investment, by share of seed-startup and early activities: 2002–06
6-44	Share of top three technology areas receiving angel capital investment: 2003–06
6-45	U.S. venture capital investment, by stage of investment: 1996–2006
6-46	U.S. venture capital investment, by share of selected industry: 1996–2006

7. Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Understanding

Figure	Title	Image	Data
7-1	Primary source of information, by use: 2006
7-2	Primary source of current news events and science and technology information: 2006
7-3	Primary source of information about specific scientific issues: 2001, 2004, and 2006
7-4	Network nightly news coverage of science and technology: 1988–2006
7-5	Attendance at informal science institutions, by institution type and education level: 2006
7-6	Correct answers to scientific literacy questions: 1992–2006
7-7	Correct answers to polar and nanotechnology questions, by factual knowledge of science: 2006
7-8	Correct answers to scientific literacy questions, by country/region: Most recent year
7-9	Scientific literacy in Europe: 2005
7-10	Public assessment of scientific research: 1979–2006
7-11	Attitudes toward government funding of scientific research: 1981–2006
7-12	Importance of process, credentials, and external validation to belief that something is scientific, by education level: 2006
7-13	European perceptions of scientific nature of various fields: 2005
7-14	Worry about quality of environment: 2001–07
7-15	Public priorities for environmental protection versus economic growth: 1984–2007
7-16	U.S. and Canadian views on credibility of sources of information on biotechnology: 2005
7-17	Trust in information sources about genetically modified foods: 2006
7-18	Public attitudes toward stem cell research: 2001–06

8. State Indicators

Figure	Title	Image	Data
8-1	Fourth grade mathematics performance: 2005
8-2	Fourth grade mathematics proficiency: 2005
8-3	Fourth grade science performance: 2005
8-4	Fourth grade science proficiency: 2005
8-5	Eighth grade mathematics performance: 2005
8-6	Eighth grade mathematics proficiency: 2005
8-7	Eighth grade science performance: 2005
8-8	Eighth grade science proficiency: 2005
8-9	Public school teacher salaries: 2005
8-10	Elementary and secondary public school current expenditures as share of gross domestic product: 2005
8-11	Current expenditures per pupil for elementary and secondary public schools: 2005
8-12	Share of public high school students taking Advanced Placement Exams: 2006
8-13	Share of public high school students scoring 3 or higher on at least one Advanced Placement Exam: 2006
8-14	High school graduates or higher among individuals 25–44 years old: 2005
8-15	Bachelor's degrees conferred per 1,000 individuals 18–24 years old: 2005
8-16	Bachelor's degrees in natural sciences and engineering conferred per 1,000 individuals 18–24 years old: 2005
8-17	S&E degrees as share of higher education degrees conferred: 2005
8-18	S&E graduate students per 1,000 individuals 25–34 years old: 2005
8-19	Advanced S&E degrees as share of S&E degrees conferred: 2005
8-20	Average undergraduate charge at public 4-year institutions: 2006
8-21	Average undergraduate charge at public 4-year institutions as share of disposable personal income: 2006
8-22	State expenditures on student aid per full-time undergraduate student: 2006
8-23	Associate's degree holders or higher among individuals 25–44 years old: 2005
8-24	Bachelor's degree holders or higher among individuals 25–44 years old: 2005
8-25	Bachelor's degree holders potentially in the workforce: 2005
8-26	Individuals in S&E occupations as share of workforce: 2006
8-27	Employed S&E doctorate holders as share of workforce: 2006
8-28	Engineers as share of workforce, by state: 2006
8-29	Life and physical scientists as share of workforce: 2006
8-30	Computer specialists as share of workforce: 2006
8-31	R&D as share of gross domestic product: 2004
8-32	Federal R&D obligations per civilian worker: 2005
8-33	Federal R&D obligations per individual in S&E occupation: 2005
8-34	Industry-performed R&D as share of private-industry output: 2005
8-35	Academic R&D per $1,000 of gross domestic product: 2005
8-36	S&E Doctorates Conferred per 1,000 S&E Doctorate Holders: 2005 and 2006
8-37	Academic article output per 1,000 S&E doctorate holders in academia: 2005 and 2006
8-38	Academic article output per $1 million of academic R&D: 2005
8-39	Academic patents awarded per 1,000 S&E doctorate holders in academia: 2005 and 2006
8-40	Patents awarded per 1,000 individuals in S&E occupations: 2006
8-41	High-technology share of all business establishments: 2004
8-42	Net high-technology business formations as share of all business establishments: 2004
8-43	Employment in high-technology establishments as share of all employment: 2004
8-44	Average annual federal SBIR funding per $1 million of gross domestic product: 2003–05
8-45	Venture capital disbursed per $1,000 of gross domestic product: 2006
8-46	Venture capital deals as share of high-technology business establishments: 2004
8-47	Venture capital disbursed per venture capital deal: 2006

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Science and Engineering Indicators 2008 Arlington, VA (NSB 08-01; NSB 08-01A) | January 2008