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Nuclear Power Plants
RadTown USA Topics
The page discusses how nuclear material is used to create power and the types of waste created by nuclear power plants.
On this page:
Overview
In the United States, over 100 nuclear reactors supply about 20% of our electricity. Worldwide, over 400 reactors provide 17% of the world’s electricity.
Nuclear power plants produce electricity through a heat-generating process known as "fission," in which neutrons split uranium atoms to produce large amounts of energy. This process also creates some hazardous by-products, which are contained within the fuel cladding, the reactor vessel, and the thick concrete and steel walls of the containment building.
Among the radioactive materials found at nuclear power plants you will find enriched uranium, low-level waste, and spent nuclear fuel.
- Enriched uranium, in the form of a pellet roughly one-inch-long, serves as the fuel for nuclear power plants; there may be over 100 tons of fuel pellets present in a single reactor. One pellet can generate approximately the same amount of electricity as one ton of coal. Uranium fuel is only mildly radioactive and can be handled safely without shielding, unlike spent fuel, which is extremely radioactive.
- Low-level radioactive waste includes items that have become contaminated with radioactive material. This waste typically consists of contaminated protective shoe covers and clothing, wiping rags, mops, filters, reactor water treatment residues, and equipment and tools. Low-level waste is stored at the nuclear power plant until either the radioactivity in the waste decays away, allowing it to be disposed of as ordinary trash, or there is enough waste for shipment to a low-level waste disposal site.
- Spent nuclear fuel includes many highly radioactive byproducts of the fission process. The fuel is stored at the nuclear power plant site in specially designed pools resembling large swimming pools or in specially designed dry storage containers. In the pools the water cools the fuel and acts as a radiation shield. The storage containers can also cool the fuel and contain the radiation emitted by the used fuel.
Who is protecting you
State and Local Authorities
State and local authorities maintain off-site emergency response plans, which are closely coordinated with the plant's on-site emergency response plan. They also conduct off-site radiological emergency preparedness exercises at each commercial nuclear power station every two years.
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
NRC issues licenses and policies governing safe operation of nuclear reactors and the commercial use of radioactive materials. NRC also performs inspections and oversees emergency response programs for licensees.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
In 1989 under the Clean Air Act, EPA published standards limiting radionuclide emissions from all federal and industrial facilities. EPA also sets environmental standards for offsite radiation due to the disposal of spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste.
Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
FEMA evaluates both the state and local off-site emergency response plans and the off-site radiological emergency preparedness exercises that are conducted at each commercial nuclear power station every two years.
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)
DOE is responsible for the development and implementation of the disposal system for spent nuclear fuel from the nation’s nuclear power plants. This activity is totally funded by a tax paid by the users of nuclear-generated electricity.
What you can do to protect yourself
Be Informed
Nuclear power plants are designed and built with public safety as a priority, and the buildings are constructed to contain all the radiation. Emissions of radioactive materials from routine operations of nuclear power plants should not require any protective actions on your part. If you live within 10 miles of a nuclear power plant, however, in the event of an accident or a significant unplanned release you may be instructed to evacuate or shelter-in-place. During such an event you should listen to the radio or television for information and instructions provided by your local emergency management directors and/or your elected officials.
If you live with ten miles of a nuclear power plant, you may be issued potassium iodide (KI) tablets. In the event of a release of radioactive iodine, these tablets can prevent radioactive iodine from concentrating in your thyroid. You should only take KI when instructed to do so by local emergency management directors and/or your elected officials. These tablets only protect you from radioactive iodine and will provide no protection from direct radiation exposure or other airborne radioactivity. You should not take KI if you are allergic to iodine.
Caution
KI tablets only protect the thyroid from radioactive iodine. They do not protect against any other radiation. Only take KI when instructed to do so by local emergency management directors or your elected officials.Resources
| Man-Made
Radiation: Medicine and Nuclear Power (PDF) in Radiation Risks and Realities (22p, 1.12Mb ) [EPA 402-K-07-006] May 2007 - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency This booklet provides basic information on radioactive material used in medicine and nuclear power and in other areas. |
| Fact
Sheet on Radiation Monitoring at Nuclear Power Plants and
the “Tooth Fairy” Issue 7 January 2005. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission This page gives information on NRC’s strict limits on the radioactive emissions allowed to be released from nuclear power plants, focusing on Strontium-90. |
| FEMA:
Nuclear Power Plant Emergency 21 March 2006. U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Federal Emergency Management Agency This page provides information on nuclear power plants, and what would happen and what to do during a nuclear power plant emergency. |
| Nuclear
Power Plants Operating in the US as of December 31, 2004 21 February 2006. U.S. Department of Energy This site lists the nuclear power plants operating in the United States as of December 31, 2004. |
| Nuclear Energy (Uranium) Energy from Atoms April 2005. U.S. Department of Energy This kid’s page gives information of how uranium is made into energy and the basics of how nuclear reactors work. |
| Nuclear Regulatory Commission 17 February 2006. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission This site has NRC’s mission statement and provides links that provide additional insight into the role NRC plays in radiation protection. |
| NRC Nuclear Reactors 9 November 2006. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission This site lists links that brings you to information on NRC’s role in the nuclear power industry. |