RxNorm Names
Review RxNorm Normal Forms
zidovudine (Zidovudine) tablet, film coated
zidovudine (Zidovudine) capsule
zidovudine (Zidovudine) syrup
[Aurobindo Pharma Limited]
WARNING
ZIDOVUDINE HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH HEMATOLOGIC TOXICITY INCLUDING NEUTROPENIA AND SEVERE ANEMIA PARTICULARLY IN PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) DISEASE (SEE WARNINGS). PROLONGED USE OF ZIDOVUDINE HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH SYMPTOMATIC MYOPATHY.
LACTIC ACIDOSIS AND SEVERE HEPATOMEGALY WITH STEATOSIS, INCLUDING FATAL CASES, HAVE BEEN REPORTED WITH THE USE OF NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGUES ALONE OR IN COMBINATION, INCLUDING ZIDOVUDINE AND OTHER ANTIRETROVIRALS (SEE WARNINGS).
DESCRIPTION
Zidovudine (formerly called azidothymidine [AZT]), is a pyrimidine nucleoside analogue active against HIV.
Tablets: Zidovudine tablets are for oral administration. Each film-coated tablet contains 300 mg of zidovudine and the inactive ingredients hypromellose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, sodium starch glycolate, and titanium dioxide.
Capsules: Zidovudine capsules are for oral administration. Each capsule contains 100 mg of zidovudine and the inactive ingredients microcrystalline cellulose, pregelatinised starch, sodium starch glycolate, and magnesium stearate. The 100 mg empty hard gelatin capsule, printed with edible black ink, consists of black iron oxide, shellac. The capsule consists of titanium dioxide, sodium lauryl sulfate, and gelatin.
Syrup: Zidovudine oral solution is for oral administration. Each teaspoonful (5 mL) of zidovudine oral solution contains 50 mg of zidovudine and the inactive ingredients sodium benzoate 0.2% (added as a preservative), citric acid anhydrous, strawberry cream flavor, glycerin, and sucrose.
The chemical name of zidovudine is 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine; it has the following structural formula:
Zidovudine is a white to beige, odorless, crystalline solid with a molecular weight of 267.24 and a solubility of 20.1 mg/mL in water at 25°C. The molecular formula is C10H13N5O4.
MICROBIOLOGY
Mechanism of Action
Zidovudine is a synthetic nucleoside analogue. Intracellularly, zidovudine is phosphorylated to its active 5'-triphosphate metabolite, zidovudine triphosphate (ZDV-TP). The principal mode of action of ZDV-TP is inhibition of RT via DNA chain termination after incorporation of the nucleotide analogue. ZDV-TP is a weak inhibitor of the cellular DNA polymerases α and γ and has been reported to be incorporated into the DNA of cells in culture.
Antiviral Activity
The antiviral activity of zidovudine against HIV-1 was assessed in a number of cell lines (including monocytes and fresh human peripheral blood lymphocytes). The EC50 and EC90 values for zidovudine were 0.01 to 0.49 µM (1 µM = 0.27 mcg/mL) and 0.1 to 9 µM, respectively. HIV from therapy-naive subjects with no mutations associated with resistance gave median EC50 values of 0.011 µM (range: 0.005 to 0.11 µM) from Virco (n = 93 baseline samples from COLA40263) and 0.02 µM (0.01 to 0.03 µM) from Monogram Biosciences (n = 135 baseline samples from ESS30009). The EC50 values of zidovudine against different HIV-1 clades (A-G) ranged from 0.00018 to 0.02 µM, and against HIV-2 isolates from 0.00049 to 0.004 µM. In cell culture drug combination studies, zidovudine demonstrates synergistic activity with the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) abacavir, didanosine, lamivudine, and zalcitabine; the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) delavirdine and nevirapine; and the protease inhibitors (PIs) indinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, and saquinavir; and additive activity with interferon alfa. Ribavirin has been found to inhibit the phosphorylation of zidovudine in cell culture.
Resistance
Genotypic analyses of the isolates selected in cell culture and recovered from zidovudine-treated patients showed mutations in the HIV-1 RT gene resulting in 6 amino acid substitutions (M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215Y or F, and K219Q) that confer zidovudine resistance. In general, higher levels of resistance were associated with greater number of mutations. In some patients harboring zidovudine-resistant virus at baseline, phenotypic sensitivity to zidovudine was restored by 12 weeks of treatment with lamivudine and zidovudine. Combination therapy with lamivudine plus zidovudine delayed the emergence of mutations conferring resistance to zidovudine.
Cross-Resistance
In a study of 167 HIV-infected patients, isolates (n = 2) with multi-drug resistance to didanosine, lamivudine, stavudine, zalcitabine, and zidovudine were recovered from patients treated for ≥1 year with zidovudine plus didanosine or zidovudine plus zalcitabine. The pattern of resistance-associated mutations with such combination therapies was different (A62V, V75I, F77L, F116Y, Q151M) from the pattern with zidovudine monotherapy, with the Q151M mutation being most commonly associated with multi-drug resistance. The mutation at codon 151 in combination with mutations at 62, 75, 77, and 116 results in a virus with reduced susceptibility to didanosine, lamivudine, stavudine, zalcitabine, and zidovudine. Thymidine analogue mutations (TAMs) are selected by zidovudine and confer cross-resistance to abacavir, didanosine, stavudine, tenofovir, and zalcitabine.
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
Pharmacokinetics
Adults
The pharmacokinetic properties of zidovudine in fasting patients are summarized in Table 1. Following oral administration, zidovudine is rapidly absorbed and extensively distributed, with peak serum concentrations occurring within 0.5 to 1.5 hours. Binding to plasma protein is low. Zidovudine is primarily eliminated by hepatic metabolism. The major metabolite of zidovudine is 3'-azido-3'-deoxy-5'-O-β-D-glucopyranuronosylthymidine (GZDV). GZDV area under the curve (AUC) is about 3-fold greater than the zidovudine AUC. Urinary recovery of zidovudine and GZDV accounts for 14% and 74%, respectively, of the dose following oral administration. A second metabolite, 3'-amino-3'-deoxythymidine (AMT), has been identified in the plasma following single-dose intravenous (IV) administration of zidovudine. The AMT AUC was one fifth of the zidovudine AUC. Pharmacokinetics of zidovudine were dose independent at oral dosing regimens ranging from 2 mg/kg every 8 hours to 10 mg/kg every 4 hours.
The extent of absorption (AUC) was equivalent when zidovudine was administered as zidovudine tablets or syrup compared to zidovudine capsules.
| *Median [range]. †Approximate range. |
|
|
Parameter |
Mean ± SD (except where noted) |
|
Oral bioavailability (%) |
64 ± 10 (n = 5) |
|
Apparent volume of distribution (L/kg) |
1.6 ± 0.6 (n = 8) |
|
Plasma protein binding (%) |
<38 |
|
CSF: plasma ratio* |
0.6 [0.04 to 2.62] (n = 39) |
|
Systemic clearance (L/hr/kg) |
1.6 ± 0.6 (n = 6) |
|
Renal clearance (L/hr/kg) |
0.34 ± 0.05 (n = 9) |
|
Elimination half-life (hr)† |
0.5 to 3 (n = 19) |
Adults With Impaired Renal Function
Zidovudine clearance was decreased resulting in increased zidovudine and GZDV half-life and AUC in patients with impaired renal function (n = 14) following a single 200 mg oral dose (Table 2). Plasma concentrations of AMT were not determined. A dose adjustment should not be necessary for patients with creatinine clearance (CrCl) ≥15 mL/min.
| * Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. |
||
|
Parameter |
Control Subjects (Normal Renal Function) (n = 6) |
Patients With Renal Impairment (n = 14) |
|
CrCl (mL/min) |
120 ± 8 |
18 ± 2 |
|
Zidovudine AUC (ng•hr/mL) |
1,400 ± 200 |
3,100 ± 300 |
|
Zidovudine half-life (hr) |
1 ± 0.2 |
1.4 ± 0.1 |
The pharmacokinetics and tolerance of zidovudine were evaluated in a multiple-dose study in patients undergoing hemodialysis (n = 5) or peritoneal dialysis (n = 6) receiving escalating doses up to 200 mg 5 times daily for 8 weeks. Daily doses of 500 mg or less were well tolerated despite significantly elevated GZDV plasma concentrations. Apparent zidovudine oral clearance was approximately 50% of that reported in patients with normal renal function. Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis appeared to have a negligible effect on the removal of zidovudine, whereas GZDV elimination was enhanced. A dosage adjustment is recommended for patients undergoing hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION: Dose Adjustment).
Adults With Impaired Hepatic Function
Data describing the effect of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of zidovudine are limited. However, because zidovudine is eliminated primarily by hepatic metabolism, it is expected that zidovudine clearance would be decreased and plasma concentrations would be increased following administration of the recommended adult doses to patients with hepatic impairment (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION: Dose Adjustment).
Pediatrics
Zidovudine pharmacokinetics have been evaluated in HIV-infected pediatric patients (Table 3).
Patients From 3 Months to 12 Years of Age: Overall, zidovudine pharmacokinetics in pediatric patients greater than 3 months of age are similar to those in adult patients. Proportional increases in plasma zidovudine concentrations were observed following administration of oral solution from 90 to 240 mg/m2 every 6 hours. Oral bioavailability, terminal half-life, and oral clearance were comparable to adult values. As in adult patients, the major route of elimination was by metabolism to GZDV. After intravenous dosing, about 29% of the dose was excreted in the urine unchanged, and about 45% of the dose was excreted as GZDV (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION: Pediatrics).
Patients Younger Than 3 Months of Age: Zidovudine pharmacokinetics have been evaluated in pediatric patients from birth to 3 months of life. Zidovudine elimination was determined immediately following birth in 8 neonates who were exposed to zidovudine in utero. The half-life was 13 ± 5.8 hours. In neonates ≤14 days old, bioavailability was greater, total body clearance was slower, and half-life was longer than in pediatric patients >14 days old. For dose recommendations for neonates, see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION: Neonatal Dosing.
| *Data presented as mean ± standard deviation except where noted. †Median [range]. |
|||
|
Parameter |
Birth to 14 Days of Age |
14 Days to 3 Months of Age |
3 Months to 12 Years of Age |
|
Oral bioavailability (%) |
89 ± 19 (n = 15) |
61 ± 19 (n = 17) |
65 ± 24 (n = 18) |
|
CSF: plasma ratio |
no data |
no data |
0.68 [0.03 to 3.25]† (n = 38) |
|
CL (L/hr/kg) |
0.65 ± 0.29 (n = 18) |
1.14 ± 0.24 (n = 16) |
1.85 ± 0.47 (n = 20) |
|
Elimination half-life (hr) |
3.1 ± 1.2 (n = 21) |
1.9 ± 0.7 (n = 18) |
1.5 ± 0.7 (n = 21) |
Pregnancy
Zidovudine pharmacokinetics have been studied in a Phase 1 study of 8 women during the last trimester of pregnancy. As pregnancy progressed, there was no evidence of drug accumulation. Zidovudine pharmacokinetics were similar to those of nonpregnant adults. Consistent with passive transmission of the drug across the placenta, zidovudine concentrations in neonatal plasma at birth were essentially equal to those in maternal plasma at delivery. Although data are limited, methadone maintenance therapy in 5 pregnant women did not appear to alter zidovudine pharmacokinetics. However, in another patient population, a potential for interaction has been identified (see PRECAUTIONS).
Nursing Mothers
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that HIV-infected mothers not breastfeed their infants to avoid risking postnatal transmission of HIV. After administration of a single dose of 200 mg zidovudine to 13 HIV-infected women, the mean concentration of zidovudine was similar in human milk and serum (see PRECAUTIONS: Nursing Mothers).
Geriatric Patients
Zidovudine pharmacokinetics have not been studied in patients over 65 years of age.
Gender
A pharmacokinetic study in healthy male (n = 12) and female (n = 12) subjects showed no differences in zidovudine exposure (AUC) when a single dose of zidovudine was administered as the 300 mg zidovudine tablet.
Effect of Food on Absorption
Zidovudine may be administered with or without food. The extent of zidovudine absorption (AUC) was similar when a single dose of zidovudine was administered with food.
Drug Interactions
See Table 4 and PRECAUTIONS: Drug Interactions.
Zidovudine Plus Lamivudine
No clinically significant alterations in lamivudine or zidovudine pharmacokinetics were observed in 12 asymptomatic HIV-infected adult patients given a single dose of zidovudine (200 mg) in combination with multiple doses of lamivudine (300 mg every 12 hours).
| ↑ = Increase; ↓ = Decrease; ↔ = no significant change; AUC = area under the concentration versus time curve; CI = confidence interval. * This table is not all inclusive. † Estimated range of percent difference. |
|||||
|
Coadministered Drug and Dose |
Zidovudine Dose |
n |
Zidovudine Concentrations |
Concentration of Coadministered Drug |
|
|
AUC |
Variability |
||||
|
Atovaquone 750 mg q 12 hr with food |
200 mg q 8 hr |
14 |
↑AUC 31% |
Range 23% to 78%† |
↔ |
|
Fluconazole 400 mg daily |
200 mg q 8 hr |
12 |
↑AUC 74% |
95% CI: 54% to 98% |
Not Reported |
|
Methadone 30 to 90 mg daily |
200 mg q 4 hr |
9 |
↑AUC 43% |
Range 16% to 64%† |
↔ |
|
Nelfinavir 750 mg q 8 hr x 7 to 10 days |
single 200 mg |
11 |
↓AUC 35% |
Range 28% to 41% |
↔ |
|
Probenecid 500 mg q 6 hr x 2 days |
2 mg/kg q 8 hr x 3 days |
3 |
↑AUC 106% |
Range 100% to 170%† |
Not Assessed |
|
Rifampin 600 mg daily x 14 days |
200 mg q 8 hr x 14 days |
8 |
↓AUC 47% |
90% CI: 41% to 53% |
Not Assessed |
|
Ritonavir 300 mg q 6 hr x 4 days |
200 mg q 8 hr x 4 days |
9 |
↓AUC 25% |
95% CI: 15% to 34% |
↔ |
|
Valproic acid 250 mg or 500 mg q 8 hr x 4 days |
100 mg q 8 hr x 4 days |
6 |
↑AUC 80% |
Range 64% to 130%† |
Not Assessed |
Ribavirin
In vitro data indicate ribavirin reduces phosphorylation of lamivudine, stavudine, and zidovudine. However, no pharmacokinetic (e.g., plasma concentrations or intracellular triphosphorylated active metabolite concentrations) or pharmacodynamic (e.g., loss of HIV/HCV virologic suppression) interaction was observed when ribavirin and lamivudine (n = 18), stavudine (n = 10), or zidovudine (n = 6) were co-administered as part of a multi-drug regimen to HIV/HCV co-infected patients (see WARNINGS).
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Zidovudine in combination with other antiretroviral agents is indicated for the treatment of HIV infection.
Maternal-Fetal HIV Transmission
Zidovudine is also indicated for the prevention of maternal-fetal HIV transmission as part of a regimen that includes oral zidovudine beginning between 14 and 34 weeks of gestation, intravenous zidovudine during labor, and administration of zidovudine oral solution to the neonate after birth. The efficacy of this regimen for preventing HIV transmission in women who have received zidovudine for a prolonged period before pregnancy has not been evaluated. The safety of zidovudine for the mother or fetus during the first trimester of pregnancy has not been assessed (see Description of Clinical Studies).
Description of Clinical Studies
Therapy with zidovudine has been shown to prolong survival and decrease the incidence of opportunistic infections in patients with advanced HIV disease and to delay disease progression in asymptomatic HIV-infected patients.
Combination Therapy in Adults
Zidovudine in combination with other antiretroviral agents has been shown to be superior to monotherapy for one or more of the following endpoints: delaying death, delaying development of AIDS, increasing CD4+ cell counts, and decreasing plasma HIV-1 RNA. The clinical efficacy of a combination regimen that includes zidovudine was demonstrated in study ACTG320. This study was a multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial that compared zidovudine 600 mg/day plus lamivudine 300 mg/day to zidovudine plus lamivudine plus indinavir 800 mg t.i.d. The incidence of AIDS-defining events or death was lower in the triple-drug–containing arm compared to the 2-drug–containing arm (6.1% versus 10.9%, respectively).
The complete prescribing information for each drug should be consulted before combination therapy that includes zidovudine is initiated.
Monotherapy in Adults
In controlled studies of treatment-naive patients conducted between 1986 and 1989, monotherapy with zidovudine, as compared to placebo, reduced the risk of HIV disease progression, as assessed using endpoints that included the occurrence of HIV-related illnesses, AIDS-defining events, or death. These studies enrolled patients with advanced disease (BW002), and asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic disease in patients with CD4+ cell counts between 200 and 500 cells/mm3 (ACTG016 and ACTG019). A survival benefit for monotherapy with zidovudine was not demonstrated in the latter 2 studies.
Subsequent studies showed that the clinical benefit of monotherapy with zidovudine was time limited.
Pediatric Patients
ACTG300 was a multi-center, randomized, double-blind study that provided for comparison of lamivudine plus zidovudine to didanosine monotherapy. A total of 471 symptomatic, HIV-infected therapy-naive pediatric patients were enrolled in these 2 treatment arms. The median age was 2.7 years (range 6 weeks to 14 years), the mean baseline CD4+ cell count was 868 cells/mm3, and the mean baseline plasma HIV-1 RNA was 5 log10 copies/mL. The median duration that patients remained on study was approximately 10 months. Results are summarized in Table 5.
|
Endpoint |
Lamivudine plus Zidovudine (n = 236) |
Didanosine (n = 235) |
|
HIV disease progression or death (total) Physical growth failure Central nervous system deterioration CDC Clinical Category C Death |
15 (6.4%) 7 (3%) 4 (1.7%) 2 (0.8%) 2 (0.8%) |
37 (15.7%) 6 (2.6%) 12 (5.1%) 8 (3.4%) 11 (4.7%) |
Pregnant Women and Their Neonates
The utility of zidovudine for the prevention of maternal-fetal HIV transmission was demonstrated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (ACTG076) conducted in HIV-infected pregnant women with CD4+ cell counts of 200 to 1,818 cells/mm3 (median in the treated group: 560 cells/mm3) who had little or no previous exposure to zidovudine. Oral zidovudine was initiated between 14 and 34 weeks of gestation (median 11 weeks of therapy) followed by IV administration of zidovudine during labor and delivery. Following birth, neonates received oral zidovudine syrup for 6 weeks. The study showed a statistically significant difference in the incidence of HIV infection in the neonates (based on viral culture from peripheral blood) between the group receiving zidovudine and the group receiving placebo. Of 363 neonates evaluated in the study, the estimated risk of HIV infection was 7.8% in the group receiving zidovudine and 24.9% in the placebo group, a relative reduction in transmission risk of 68.7%. Zidovudine was well tolerated by mothers and infants. There was no difference in pregnancy-related adverse events between the treatment groups.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Zidovudine tablets, capsules, and syrup are contraindicated for patients who have potentially life-threatening allergic reactions to any of the components of the formulations.
WARNINGS
COMBIVIR and TRIZIVIR are combination product tablets that contain zidovudine as one of their components. Zidovudine should not be administered concomitantly with COMBIVIR or TRIZIVIR.
The incidence of adverse reactions appears to increase with disease progression; patients should be monitored carefully, especially as disease progression occurs.
Bone Marrow Suppression
Zidovudine should be used with caution in patients who have bone marrow compromise evidenced by granulocyte count <1,000 cells/mm3 or hemoglobin <9.5 g/dL. In patients with advanced symptomatic HIV disease, anemia and neutropenia were the most significant adverse events observed. There have been reports of pancytopenia associated with the use of zidovudine, which was reversible in most instances after discontinuance of the drug. However, significant anemia, in many cases requiring dose adjustment, discontinuation of zidovudine, and/or blood transfusions, has occurred during treatment with zidovudine alone or in combination with other antiretrovirals.
Frequent blood counts are strongly recommended in patients with advanced HIV disease who are treated with zidovudine. For HIV-infected individuals and patients with asymptomatic or early HIV disease, periodic blood counts are recommended. If anemia or neutropenia develops, dosage adjustments may be necessary (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).
Myopathy
Myopathy and myositis with pathological changes, similar to that produced by HIV disease, have been associated with prolonged use of zidovudine.
Lactic Acidosis/Severe Hepatomegaly with Steatosis
Lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis, including fatal cases, have been reported with the use of nucleoside analogues alone or in combination, including zidovudine and other antiretrovirals. A majority of these cases have been in women. Obesity and prolonged exposure to antiretroviral nucleoside analogues may be risk factors. Particular caution should be exercised when administering zidovudine to any patient with known risk factors for liver disease; however, cases have also been reported in patients with no known risk factors. Treatment with zidovudine should be suspended in any patient who develops clinical or laboratory findings suggestive of lactic acidosis or pronounced hepatotoxicity (which may include hepatomegaly and steatosis even in the absence of marked transaminase elevations).
Use With Interferon- and Ribavirin-Based Regimens
In vitro studies have shown ribavirin can reduce the phosphorylation of pyrimidine nucleoside analogues such as zidovudine. Although no evidence of a pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interaction (e.g., loss of HIV/HCV virologic suppression) was seen when ribavirin was coadministered with zidovudine in HIV/HCV co-infected patients (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY: Drug Interactions), hepatic decompensation (some fatal) has occurred in HIV/HCV co-infected patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy for HIV and interferon alfa with or without ribavirin. Patients receiving interferon alfa with or without ribavirin and zidovudine should be closely monitored for treatment-associated toxicities, especially hepatic decompensation, neutropenia, and anemia. Discontinuation of zidovudine should be considered as medically appropriate. Dose reduction or discontinuation of interferon alfa, ribavirin, or both should also be considered if worsening clinical toxicities are observed, including hepatic decompensation (e.g., Childs Pugh >6) (see the complete prescribing information for interferon and ribavirin).
PRECAUTIONS
General
Zidovudine is eliminated from the body primarily by renal excretion following metabolism in the liver (glucuronidation). In patients with severely impaired renal function (CrCl<15 mL/min), dosage reduction is recommended. Although the data are limited, zidovudine concentrations appear to be increased in patients with severely impaired hepatic function which may increase the risk of hematologic toxicity (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY: Pharmacokinetics and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).
Immune Reconstitution Syndrome
Immune reconstitution syndrome has been reported in patients treated with combination antiretroviral therapy, including zidovudine. During the initial phase of combination antiretroviral treatment, patients whose immune system responds may develop an inflammatory response to indolent or residual opportunistic infections (such as Mycobacterium avium infection, cytomegalovirus, Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia [PCP], or tuberculosis), which may necessitate further evaluation and treatment.
Fat Redistribution
Redistribution/accumulation of body fat, including central obesity, dorsocervical fat enlargement (buffalo hump), peripheral wasting, facial wasting, breast enlargement, and “cushingoid appearance,” have been observed in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. The mechanism and long-term consequences of these events are currently unknown. A causal relationship has not been established.
Information for Patients
Zidovudine is not a cure for HIV infection, and patients may continue to acquire illnesses associated with HIV infection, including opportunistic infections. Therefore, patients should be advised to seek medical care for any significant change in their health status.
The safety and efficacy of zidovudine in women, intravenous drug users, and racial minorities is not significantly different than that observed in white males.
Patients should be informed that the major toxicities of zidovudine are neutropenia and/or anemia. The frequency and severity of these toxicities are greater in patients with more advanced disease and in those who initiate therapy later in the course of their infection. They should be told that if toxicity develops, they may require transfusions or drug discontinuation. They should be told of the extreme importance of having their blood counts followed closely while on therapy, especially for patients with advanced symptomatic HIV disease. They should be cautioned about the use of other medications, including ganciclovir and interferon alfa, which may exacerbate the toxicity of zidovudine (see PRECAUTIONS: Drug Interactions). Patients should be informed that other adverse effects of zidovudine include nausea and vomiting. Patients should also be encouraged to contact their physician if they experience muscle weakness, shortness of breath, symptoms of hepatitis or pancreatitis, or any other unexpected adverse events while being treated with zidovudine.
Zidovudine tablets, capsules, and syrup are for oral ingestion only. Patients should be told of the importance of taking zidovudine exactly as prescribed. They should be told not to share medication and not to exceed the recommended dose. Patients should be told that the long-term effects of zidovudine are unknown at this time.
Pregnant women considering the use of zidovudine during pregnancy for prevention of HIV transmission to their infants should be advised that transmission may still occur in some cases despite therapy. The long-term consequences of in utero and infant exposure to zidovudine are unknown, including the possible risk of cancer.
HIV-infected pregnant women should be advised not to breastfeed to avoid postnatal transmission of HIV to a child who may not yet be infected.
Patients should be advised that therapy with zidovudine has not been shown to reduce the risk of transmission of HIV to others through sexual contact or blood contamination.
Patients should be informed that redistribution or accumulation of body fat may occur in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy and that the cause and long-term health effects of these conditions are not known at this time.
Drug Interactions
See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY section (Table 4) for information on zidovudine concentrations when coadministered with other drugs. For patients experiencing pronounced anemia or other severe zidovudine-associated events while receiving chronic administration of zidovudine and some of the drugs (e.g., fluconazole, valproic acid) listed in Table 4, zidovudine dose reduction may be considered.
Antiretroviral Agents
Concomitant use of zidovudine with stavudine should be avoided since an antagonistic relationship has been demonstrated in vitro.
Some nucleoside analogues affecting DNA replication, such as ribavirin, antagonize the in vitro antiviral activity of zidovudine against HIV; concomitant use of such drugs should be avoided.
Doxorubicin
Concomitant use of zidovudine with doxorubicin should be avoided since an antagonistic relationship has been demonstrated in vitro (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY for additional drug interactions).
Phenytoin
Phenytoin plasma levels have been reported to be low in some patients receiving zidovudine, while in one case a high level was documented. However, in a pharmacokinetic interaction study in which 12 HIV-positive volunteers received a single 300 mg phenytoin dose alone and during steady-state zidovudine conditions (200 mg every 4 hours), no change in phenytoin kinetics was observed. Although not designed to optimally assess the effect of phenytoin on zidovudine kinetics, a 30% decrease in oral zidovudine clearance was observed with phenytoin.
Overlapping Toxicities
Coadministration of ganciclovir, interferon alfa, and other bone marrow suppressive or cytotoxic agents may increase the hematologic toxicity of zidovudine.
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
Zidovudine was administered orally at 3 dosage levels to separate groups of mice and rats (60 females and 60 males in each group). Initial single daily doses were 30, 60, and 120 mg/kg/day in mice and 80, 220, and 600 mg/kg/day in rats. The doses in mice were reduced to 20, 30, and 40 mg/kg/day after day 90 because of treatment-related anemia, whereas in rats only the high dose was reduced to 450 mg/kg/day on day 91 and then to 300 mg/kg/day on day 279.
In mice, 7 late-appearing (after 19 months) vaginal neoplasms (5 nonmetastasizing squamous cell carcinomas, 1 squamous cell papilloma, and 1 squamous polyp) occurred in animals given the highest dose. One late-appearing squamous cell papilloma occurred in the vagina of a middle-dose animal. No vaginal tumors were found at the lowest dose.
In rats, 2 late-appearing (after 20 months), nonmetastasizing vaginal squamous cell carcinomas occurred in animals given the highest dose. No vaginal tumors occurred at the low or middle dose in rats. No other drug-related tumors were observed in either sex of either species.
At doses that produced tumors in mice and rats, the estimated drug exposure (as measured by AUC) was approximately 3 times (mouse) and 24 times (rat) the estimated human exposure at the recommended therapeutic dose of 100 mg every 4 hours.
Two transplacental carcinogenicity studies were conducted in mice. One study administered zidovudine at doses of 20 mg/kg/day or 40 mg/kg/day from gestation day 10 through parturition and lactation with dosing continuing in offspring for 24 months postnatally. The doses of zidovudine employed in this study produced zidovudine exposures approximately 3 times the estimated human exposure at recommended doses. After 24 months, an increase in incidence of vaginal tumors was noted with no increase in tumors in the liver or lung or any other organ in either gender. These findings are consistent with results of the standard oral carcinogenicity study in mice, as described earlier. A second study administered zidovudine at maximum tolerated doses of 12.5 mg/day or 25 mg/day (~1,000 mg/kg nonpregnant body weight or ~450 mg/kg of term body weight) to pregnant mice from days 12 through 18 of gestation. There was an increase in the number of tumors in the lung, liver, and female reproductive tracts in the offspring of mice receiving the higher dose level of zidovudine.
It is not known how predictive the results of rodent carcinogenicity studies may be for humans.
Zidovudine was mutagenic in a 5178Y/TK+/- mouse lymphoma assay, positive in an in vitro cell transformation assay, clastogenic in a cytogenetic assay using cultured human lymphocytes, and positive in mouse and rat micronucleus tests after repeated doses. It was negative in a cytogenetic study in rats given a single dose.
Zidovudine, administered to male and female rats at doses up to 7 times the usual adult dose based on body surface area considerations, had no effect on fertility judged by conception rates.
Pregnancy
Teratogenic Effects
Pregnancy Category C. Oral teratology studies in the rat and in the rabbit at doses up to 500 mg/kg/day revealed no evidence of teratogenicity with zidovudine. Zidovudine treatment resulted in embryo/fetal toxicity as evidenced by an increase in the incidence of fetal resorptions in rats given 150 or 450 mg/kg/day and rabbits given 500 mg/kg/day. The doses used in the teratology studies resulted in peak zidovudine plasma concentrations (after one half of the daily dose) in rats 66 to 226 times, and in rabbits 12 to 87 times, mean steady-state peak human plasma concentrations (after one sixth of the daily dose) achieved with the recommended daily dose (100 mg every 4 hours). In an in vitro experiment with fertilized mouse oocytes, zidovudine exposure resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in blastocyst formation. In an additional teratology study in rats, a dose of 3,000 mg/kg/day (very near the oral median lethal dose in rats of 3,683 mg/kg) caused marked maternal toxicity and an increase in the incidence of fetal malformations. This dose resulted in peak zidovudine plasma concentrations 350 times peak human plasma concentrations. (Estimated area under the curve [AUC] in rats at this dose level was 300 times the daily AUC in humans given 600 mg/day.) No evidence of teratogenicity was seen in this experiment at doses of 600 mg/kg/day or less.
Two rodent transplacental carcinogenicity studies were conducted (see Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility).
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in HIV-infected pregnant women to determine the utility of zidovudine for the prevention of maternal-fetal HIV-transmission (see INDICATIONS AND USAGE: Description of Clinical Studies). Congenital abnormalities occurred with similar frequency between neonates born to mothers who received zidovudine and neonates born to mothers who received placebo. Abnormalities were either problems in embryogenesis (prior to 14 weeks) or were recognized on ultrasound before or immediately after initiation of study drug.
Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry
To monitor maternal-fetal outcomes of pregnant women exposed to zidovudine, an Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry has been established. Physicians are encouraged to register patients by calling 1-800-258-4263.
Nursing Mothers
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that HIV-infected mothers not breastfeed their infants to avoid risking postnatal transmission of HIV. Zidovudine is excreted in human milk (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY: Pharmacokinetics: Nursing Mothers). Because of both the potential for HIV transmission and the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants, mothers should be instructed not to breastfeed if they are receiving zidovudine (see Pediatric Use and INDICATIONS AND USAGE: Maternal-Fetal HIV Transmission).
Pediatric Use
Zidovudine has been studied in HIV-infected pediatric patients over 3 months of age who had HIV-related symptoms or who were asymptomatic with abnormal laboratory values indicating significant HIV-related immunosuppression. Zidovudine has also been studied in neonates perinatally exposed to HIV (see ADVERSE REACTIONS, DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, INDICATIONS AND USAGE: Description of Clinical Studies, and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY: Pharmacokinetics).
Geriatric Use
Clinical studies of zidovudine did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.
ADVERSE REACTIONS
Adults
The frequency and severity of adverse events associated with the use of zidovudine are greater in patients with more advanced infection at the time of initiation of therapy.
Table 6 summarizes events reported at a statistically significant greater incidence for patients receiving zidovudine in a monotherapy study:
| *Reported in ≥5% of study population. † Not statistically significant versus placebo. |
||
|
Adverse Event |
Zidovudine 500 mg/day (n = 453) |
Placebo (n = 428) |
|
Body as a whole Asthenia Headache Malaise |
8.6%† 62.5% 53.2% |
5.8% 52.6% 44.9% |
|
Gastrointestinal Anorexia Constipation Nausea Vomiting |
20.1% 6.4%† 51.4% 17.2% |
10.5% 3.5% 29.9% 9.8% |
In addition to the adverse events listed in Table 6, other adverse events observed in clinical studies were abdominal cramps, abdominal pain, arthralgia, chills, dyspepsia, fatigue, hyperbilirubinemia, insomnia, musculoskeletal pain, myalgia, and neuropathy.
Selected laboratory abnormalities observed during a clinical study of monotherapy with zidovudine are shown in Table 7.
| ULN = Upper limit of normal. |
||
|
Adverse Event |
Zidovudine 500 mg/day (n = 453) |
Placebo (n = 428) |
|
Anemia (Hgb<8 g/dL) Granulocytopenia (<750 cells/mm3) Thrombocytopenia (platelets<50,000/mm3) ALT (>5 x ULN) AST (>5 x ULN) Alkaline phosphatase (>5 x ULN) |
1.1% 1.8% 0% 3.1% 0.9% 0% |
0.2% 1.6% 0.5% 2.6% 1.6% 0% |
Pediatrics: Study ACTG300
Selected clinical adverse events and physical findings with a ≥5% frequency during therapy with lamivudine 4 mg/kg twice daily plus zidovudine 160 mg/m2 3 times daily compared with didanosine in therapy-naive (≤56 days of antiretroviral therapy) pediatric patients are listed in Table 8.
| * Includes pain, discharge, erythema, or swelling of an ear. |
||
|
Adverse Event |
Lamivudine plus Zidovudine (n = 236) |
Didanosine (n = 235) |
|
Body as a whole Fever |
25% |
32% |
|
Digestive Hepatomegaly Nausea & vomiting Diarrhea Stomatitis Splenomegaly |
11% 8% 8% 6% 5% |
11% 7% 6% 12% 8% |
|
Respiratory Cough Abnormal breath sounds/wheezing |
15% 7% |
18% 9% |
|
Ear, Nose, and Throat Signs or symptoms of ears* Nasal discharge or congestion |
7% 8% |
6% 11% |
|
Other Skin rashes Lymphadenopathy |
12% 9% |
14% 11% |
Selected laboratory abnormalities experienced by therapy-naive (≤56 days of antiretroviral therapy) pediatric patients are listed in Table 9.
| ULN = Upper limit of normal. ANC = Absolute neutrophil count. |
||
|
Test (Abnormal Level) |
Lamivudine plus Zidovudine |
Didanosine |
|
Neutropenia (ANC<400 cells/mm3) Anemia (Hgb<7 g/dL) Thrombocytopenia (platelets<50,000/mm3) ALT (>10 x ULN) AST (>10 x ULN) Lipase (>2.5 x ULN) Total amylase (>2.5 x ULN) |
8% 4% 1% 1% 2% 3% 3% |
3% 2% 3% 3% 4% 3% 3% |
The clinical adverse events reported among adult recipients of zidovudine may also occur in pediatric patients.
Use for the Prevention of Maternal-Fetal Transmission of HIV
In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in HIV-infected women and their neonates conducted to determine the utility of zidovudine for the prevention of maternal-fetal HIV transmission, zidovudine syrup at 2 mg/kg was administered every 6 hours for 6 weeks to neonates beginning within 12 hours following birth. The most commonly reported adverse experiences were anemia (hemoglobin <9 g/dL) and neutropenia (<1,000 cells/mm3). Anemia occurred in 22% of the neonates who received zidovudine and in 12% of the neonates who received placebo. The mean difference in hemoglobin values was less than 1 g/dL for neonates receiving zidovudine compared to neonates receiving placebo. No neonates with anemia required transfusion and all hemoglobin values spontaneously returned to normal within 6 weeks after completion of therapy with zidovudine. Neutropenia was reported with similar frequency in the group that received zidovudine (21%) and in the group that received placebo (27%). The long-term consequences of in utero and infant exposure to zidovudine are unknown.
Observed During Clinical Practice
In addition to adverse events reported from clinical trials, the following events have been identified during use of zidovudine in clinical practice. Because they are reported voluntarily from a population of unknown size, estimates of frequency cannot be made. These events have been chosen for inclusion due to either their seriousness, frequency of reporting, potential causal connection to zidovudine, or a combination of these factors.
Body as a Whole: Back pain, chest pain, flu-like syndrome, generalized pain, redistribution/accumulation of body fat (see PRECAUTIONS: Fat Redistribution).
Cardiovascular: Cardiomyopathy, syncope.
Endocrine: Gynecomastia.
Eye: Macular edema.
Gastrointestinal: Constipation, dysphagia, flatulence, oral mucosa pigmentation, mouth ulcer.
General: Sensitization reactions including anaphylaxis and angioedema, vasculitis.
Hemic and Lymphatic: Aplastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, leukopenia, lymphadenopathy, pancytopenia with marrow hypoplasia, pure red cell aplasia.
Hepatobiliary Tract and Pancreas: Hepatitis, hepatomegaly with steatosis, jaundice, lactic acidosis, pancreatitis.
Musculoskeletal: Increased CPK, increased LDH, muscle spasm, myopathy and myositis with pathological changes (similar to that produced by HIV disease), rhabdomyolysis, tremor.
Nervous: Anxiety, confusion, depression, dizziness, loss of mental acuity, mania, paresthesia, seizures, somnolence, vertigo.
Respiratory: Cough, dyspnea, rhinitis, sinusitis.
Skin: Changes in skin and nail pigmentation, pruritus, rash, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, sweat, urticaria.
Special Senses: Amblyopia, hearing loss, photophobia, taste perversion.
Urogenital: Urinary frequency, urinary hesitancy.
OVERDOSAGE
Acute overdoses of zidovudine have been reported in pediatric patients and adults. These involved exposures up to 50 grams. No specific symptoms or signs have been identified following acute overdosage with zidovudine apart from those listed as adverse events such as fatigue, headache, vomiting, and occasional reports of hematological disturbances. All patients recovered without permanent sequelae. Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis appear to have a negligible effect on the removal of zidovudine while elimination of its primary metabolite, GZDV, is enhanced.
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
Adults
The recommended oral dose of zidovudine is 600 mg per day in divided doses in combination with other antiretroviral agents.
Pediatrics
The recommended dose in pediatric patients 6 weeks to 12 years of age is 160 mg/m2 every 8 hours (480 mg/m2/day up to a maximum of 200 mg every 8 hours) in combination with other antiretroviral agents.
Maternal-Fetal HIV Transmission
The recommended dosing regimen for administration to pregnant women (>14 weeks of pregnancy) and their neonates is:
Maternal Dosing
100 mg orally 5 times per day until the start of labor (see INDICATIONS AND USAGE: Description of Clinical Studies). During labor and delivery, intravenous zidovudine should be administered at 2 mg/kg (total body weight) over 1 hour followed by a continuous intravenous infusion of 1 mg/kg/hour (total body weight) until clamping of the umbilical cord.
Neonatal Dosing
2 mg/kg orally every 6 hours starting within 12 hours after birth and continuing through 6 weeks of age. Neonates unable to receive oral dosing may be administered zidovudine intravenously at 1.5 mg/kg, infused over 30 minutes, every 6 hours. (See PRECAUTIONS if hepatic disease or renal insufficiency is present.)
Monitoring of Patients
Hematologic toxicities appear to be related to pretreatment bone marrow reserve and to dose and duration of therapy. In patients with poor bone marrow reserve, particularly in patients with advanced symptomatic HIV disease, frequent monitoring of hematologic indices is recommended to detect serious anemia or neutropenia (see WARNINGS). In patients who experience hematologic toxicity, reduction in hemoglobin may occur as early as 2 to 4 weeks, and neutropenia usually occurs after 6 to 8 weeks.
Dose Adjustment
Anemia
Significant anemia (hemoglobin of <7.5 g/dL or reduction of >25% of baseline) and/or significant neutropenia (granulocyte count of <750 cells/mm3 or reduction of >50% from baseline) may require a dose interruption until evidence of marrow recovery is observed (see WARNINGS). In patients who develop significant anemia, dose interruption does not necessarily eliminate the need for transfusion. If marrow recovery occurs following dose interruption, resumption in dose may be appropriate using adjunctive measures such as epoetin alfa at recommended doses, depending on hematologic indices such as serum erythropoetin level and patient tolerance.
For patients experiencing pronounced anemia while receiving chronic coadministration of zidovudine and some of the drugs (e.g., fluconazole, valproic acid) listed in Table 4, zidovudine dose reduction may be considered.
End-Stage Renal Disease
In patients maintained on hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis, recommended dosing is 100 mg every 6 to 8 hours (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY: Pharmacokinetics).
Hepatic Impairment
There are insufficient data to recommend dose adjustment of zidovudine in patients with mild to moderate impaired hepatic function or liver cirrhosis. Since zidovudine is primarily eliminated by hepatic metabolism, a reduction in the daily dose may be necessary in these patients. Frequent monitoring for hematologic toxicities is advised (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY: Pharmacokinetics and PRECAUTIONS: General).
HOW SUPPLIED
Zidovudine Tablets USP, 300 mg are white colored, biconvex, round, film-coated tablets debossed with ‘D’ on one side and ‘11’ on other side.
Bottle of 60 NDC 65862-024-60
6 x 10 Unit-dose Tablets NDC 65862-024-10
Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature].
Zidovudine Capsules USP, 100 mg are white/white size ‘3’ hard gelatin capsules imprinted with ‘D’ on white cap and ‘01’ on white body with black edible ink.
Bottles of 100 NDC 65862-107-01
10 x 10 Unit-dose Capsules NDC 65862-107-10
Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Protect from moisture.
Zidovudine Oral Solution USP, 50 mg/5 mL is (colorless to pale yellow, strawberry-flavored) containing 50 mg zidovudine in each teaspoonful (5 mL).
Bottle of 240 mL NDC 65862-048-24
Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F); excursions permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].
COMBIVIR and TRIZIVIR are registered trademarks of GlaxoSmithKline.
Manufactured for:
Aurobindo Pharma USA, Inc.
2400 Route 130 North
Dayton, NJ 08810
Manufactured by:
Aurobindo Pharma Limited
Hyderabad–500 072, India
| Zidovudine (Zidovudine) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Zidovudine (Zidovudine) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Zidovudine (Zidovudine) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
Revised: 05/2008Aurobindo Pharma Limited
