| Table
1. Association between exposure factors and alveolar echinococcosisa,b,c |
|
|
Risk factor
|
Patients
|
Controls
|
Crude
|
95% CI
|
p value
|
AR (%)
|
|
|
|
|
+
|
–
|
+
|
–
|
OR
|
|
|
Contact with definitive hosts
|
|
Foxes
|
|
Went hunting
|
1
|
39
|
5
|
111
|
0.6
|
0.1–5.1
|
0.641
|
|
|
Shot and skinned foxes
|
1
|
39
|
1
|
115
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
|
|
Saw a fox in the garden
|
8
|
32
|
14
|
102
|
2.0
|
0.7–5.4
|
0.181
|
|
|
Saw a fox at the hen coop
|
8
|
28
|
23
|
76
|
1.0
|
0.4–2.3
|
0.941
|
|
|
Dogs
|
|
Dog ownership (owned dogs or cared for others'
dogs)
|
21
|
19
|
31
|
89
|
4.2
|
1.7–9.9
|
0.001
|
40.0
|
|
Allowed dog into the house
|
17
|
23
|
30
|
89
|
2.5
|
1.1–5.7
|
0.028
|
25.5
|
|
Allowed dog into bedroom
|
3
|
37
|
5
|
113
|
1.8
|
0.4–7.5
|
0.421
|
|
|
Was licked by dog
|
11
|
27
|
22
|
91
|
1.8
|
0.7–4.5
|
0.196
|
|
|
Played with the dog
|
16
|
24
|
29
|
90
|
2.6
|
1.1–6.2
|
0.037
|
24.6
|
|
Brushed the dog's fur
|
13
|
27
|
24
|
95
|
2.3
|
0.9–5.5
|
0.076
|
|
|
Left dog in garden unattendedd
|
20
|
20
|
23
|
96
|
6.1
|
2.4–15.8
|
< 0.001
|
41.8
|
|
Walked dog without leash
|
15
|
25
|
18
|
101
|
4.2
|
1.7–10.8
|
0.003
|
28.6
|
|
Walked dog without leash in forest
|
7
|
31
|
10
|
100
|
2.3
|
0.8–6.8
|
0.129
|
|
|
Dog killed gamed
|
6
|
34
|
1
|
117
|
18.0
|
2.2–149.5
|
0.008
|
14.2
|
|
Dog ate mice
|
7
|
22
|
7
|
77
|
3.1
|
1.0–9.5
|
0.043
|
16.4
|
|
Dog had worms
|
3
|
35
|
4
|
104
|
2.1
|
0.5–9.5
|
0.326
|
|
|
Had dog dewormed infrequently or never
|
20
|
19
|
25
|
87
|
5.6
|
2.1–14.6
|
< 0.001
|
42.1
|
|
Dog defecated in the house
|
3
|
36
|
13
|
102
|
0.7
|
0.2–2.5
|
0.540
|
|
|
Cats
|
|
Cat ownership (owned cats or cared for others' cats)
|
18
|
22
|
34
|
86
|
2.1
|
1.0–4.5
|
0.051
|
|
|
Allowed cat into the house
|
14
|
26
|
31
|
89
|
1.6
|
0.7–3.4
|
0.262
|
|
|
Allowed cat into the bed
|
3
|
37
|
17
|
103
|
0.5
|
0.1–1.8
|
0.276
|
|
|
Was licked by the cat
|
4
|
36
|
20
|
98
|
0.5
|
0.2–1.7
|
0.307
|
|
|
Fed the cat
|
10
|
30
|
26
|
93
|
1.2
|
0.5–2.8
|
0.683
|
|
|
Brushed the cat's fur
|
2
|
37
|
8
|
107
|
0.7
|
0.1–3.9
|
0.684
|
|
|
Left cat unattended outdoorsd
|
18
|
22
|
33
|
87
|
2.3
|
1.0–4.8
|
0.038
|
25.4
|
|
Cat ate mice
|
16
|
22
|
27
|
84
|
2.3
|
1.0–5.2
|
0.038
|
23.8
|
|
Had a cat toilet in the house
|
5
|
33
|
19
|
93
|
0.7
|
0.2–2.3
|
0.601
|
|
|
Cleaned cat toilet
|
5
|
33
|
16
|
96
|
0.9
|
0.3–2.9
|
0.886
|
|
|
Cat had worms
|
4
|
34
|
7
|
105
|
2.0
|
0.5–8.5
|
0.363
|
|
|
Had cat dewormed infrequently or never
|
16
|
22
|
30
|
82
|
2.1
|
0.9–4.6
|
0.068
|
|
|
Cat defecated in the house
|
6
|
31
|
18
|
91
|
1.0
|
0.3–2.8
|
0.929
|
|
|
Contact with contaminated soil or dust
|
|
Farming, living conditions
|
|
Was a farmer (fulltime or parttime)d
|
33
|
7
|
65
|
55
|
4.7
|
1.8–12.1
|
0.001
|
64.9
|
|
Worked in pastures
|
30
|
8
|
52
|
59
|
5.7
|
2.1–15.7
|
< 0.001
|
65.1
|
|
Worked in fields
|
29
|
9
|
53
|
59
|
6.1
|
2.0–18.4
|
0.002
|
63.8
|
|
Worked in grain fields
|
25
|
12
|
48
|
59
|
3.0
|
1.3–7.3
|
0.013
|
45.0
|
|
Did haymaking
|
|
In meadows not adjacent to water
|
10
|
16
|
14
|
95
|
5.9
|
1.9–18.8
|
|
|
|
In meadows adjacent to water
|
14
|
16
|
11
|
95
|
12.9
|
3.6;46.2
|
< 0.001
|
52.9e
|
|
Lived in a farmhoused
|
17
|
23
|
14
|
106
|
6.4
|
2.5–16.5
|
< 0.001
|
35.9
|
|
Dwelling was adjacent to a forest
|
9
|
30
|
43
|
73
|
0.4
|
0.2–1.1
|
0.077
|
|
|
Dwelling was adjacent to meadows
|
33
|
6
|
101
|
15
|
0.8
|
0.3–2.2
|
0.697
|
|
|
Dwelling was adjacent to fieldsd
|
28
|
11
|
55
|
62
|
3.0
|
1.3–6.7
|
0.009
|
47.9
|
|
Owned a hen coop
|
26
|
13
|
66
|
47
|
1.6
|
0.7–3.6
|
0.277
|
|
|
Gardening
|
|
Owned or had access to a garden
|
37
|
3
|
109
|
11
|
1.2
|
0.3–4.7
|
0.746
|
|
|
Garden was close to a forest, meadows, or water
|
28
|
10
|
67
|
45
|
1.9
|
0.8–4.3
|
0.132
|
|
|
Worked in the garden
|
|
Frequently
|
20
|
9
|
74
|
22
|
0.6
|
0.2–1.7
|
|
|
|
Occasionally
|
11
|
9
|
22
|
22
|
1.2
|
0.4–3.6
|
0.315
|
|
|
Grew herbs
|
33
|
6
|
90
|
27
|
1.7
|
0.6–4.6
|
0.296
|
|
|
Grew salad vegetables
|
32
|
8
|
78
|
42
|
2.4
|
1.0–6.1
|
0.060
|
|
|
Grew strawberries
|
25
|
15
|
61
|
59
|
1.7
|
0.8–3.6
|
0.185
|
|
|
Grew root or leaf vegetablesd
|
32
|
8
|
77
|
43
|
2.5
|
1.0–6.4
|
0.049
|
48.0
|
|
Did haymaking in the garden
|
28
|
12
|
84
|
35
|
1.0
|
0.4–2.2
|
0.972
|
|
|
Raked up leaves in the garden
|
23
|
11
|
66
|
35
|
1.2
|
0.5–2.7
|
0.745
|
|
|
Picked up windfalls
|
24
|
16
|
62
|
54
|
1.3
|
0.6–2.8
|
0.461
|
|
|
Activities in forests
|
|
Went into the forests
|
39
|
1
|
108
|
12
|
4.4
|
0.6–35.4
|
0.161
|
|
|
Went into forests for vocational reasonsd
|
9
|
31
|
11
|
109
|
2.8
|
1.1–7.4
|
0.036
|
14.5
|
|
Went for a walk
|
28
|
9
|
91
|
18
|
0.6
|
0.3–1.6
|
0.316
|
|
|
Collected woodd
|
24
|
16
|
28
|
90
|
4.7
|
2.1–10.4
|
< 0.001
|
47.2
|
|
Picked mushrooms
|
7
|
31
|
34
|
78
|
0.5
|
0.2–1.3
|
0.146
|
|
|
Went jogging
|
6
|
31
|
16
|
86
|
1.1
|
0.4–3.1
|
0.825
|
|
|
Picked low growing berries
|
10
|
28
|
27
|
84
|
1.2
|
0.5–2.7
|
0.742
|
|
|
Picked high growing berries
|
13
|
25
|
30
|
83
|
1.4
|
0.7–3.0
|
0.372
|
|
|
Cleaned berries
|
23
|
14
|
60
|
38
|
1.0
|
0.5–2.3
|
0.921
|
|
|
"Food" factors
|
|
Ate unwashed herbs
|
6
|
34
|
15
|
104
|
1.2
|
0.4–3.5
|
0.681
|
|
|
Ate unwashed lettuce
|
0
|
40
|
1
|
119
|
Undef.
|
|
|
|
|
Ate unwashed vegetables
|
4
|
36
|
5
|
115
|
2.4
|
0.6–8.9
|
0.192
|
|
|
Ate unwashed strawberriesd
|
19
|
20
|
34
|
82
|
2.2
|
1.1–4.7
|
0.034
|
26.6
|
|
Ate sorrel (Rumex sp.)
|
6
|
32
|
10
|
103
|
1.9
|
0.7–5.3
|
0.245
|
|
|
Chewed grassd
|
14
|
25
|
14
|
101
|
4.4
|
1.7–11.2
|
0.002
|
27.7
|
|
Ate raw berries
|
30
|
10
|
70
|
37
|
1.6
|
0.7–3.6
|
0.296
|
|
|
Washed berries before eating
|
27
|
12
|
61
|
42
|
1.5
|
0.7–3.4
|
0.325
|
|
|
Ate raw mushrooms
|
1
|
37
|
2
|
107
|
1.5
|
0.1–16.5
|
0.740
|
|
|
Drank water from springs
|
11
|
29
|
23
|
91
|
1.4
|
0.6–3.2
|
0.391
|
|
|
| aCrude odds ratios (OR) based
on simple conditional logistic regression analyses. |
| bCI, confidence intervals;
AR, attributable risk. Factors with p < 0.05 are indicated in boldface. |
| cExposure versus reference:
+, number of persons exposed; –, number of pesons unexposed. |
| dFactors included in the risk
score. |
| eAR was calculated from OR
by using the exposure variable with two categories ("yes"
and "no"; OR = 8.5; 24/40 cases were exposed). |
| Table
2. Association between exposure factors (Cramer's V)a |
|
|
Variable
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
6
|
7
|
8
|
9
|
10
|
11
|
12
|
13
|
14
|
15
|
16
|
17
|
18
|
19
|
20
|
21
|
22
|
|
|
1 Owned dogs / cared for others' dogs
|
1.00
|
0.94
|
0.91
|
0.89
|
0.74
|
0.32
|
0.66
|
1.00
|
0.13
|
0.12
|
-0.05
|
-0.01
|
-0.04
|
-0.04
|
0.15
|
0.23
|
0.04
|
0.05
|
0.22
|
0.21
|
-0.10
|
0.07
|
|
2 Allowed the dog into the house
|
1.00
|
0.88
|
0.82
|
0.69
|
0.27
|
0.62
|
0.95
|
0.15
|
0.14
|
-0.06
|
-0.03
|
-0.05
|
-0.04
|
0.11
|
0.20
|
0.00
|
0.02
|
0.21
|
0.20
|
-0.14
|
0.07
|
|
3 Played with dog
|
1.00
|
0.81
|
0.71
|
0.21
|
0.62
|
0.92
|
0.14
|
0.13
|
-0.08
|
-0.05
|
-0.08
|
-0.08
|
0.08
|
0.15
|
0.03
|
0.00
|
0.27
|
0.19
|
-0.14
|
0.12
|
|
4 Left dog in garden unattended
|
1.00
|
0.67
|
0.36
|
0.70
|
0.89
|
0.22
|
0.21
|
-0.01
|
0.01
|
0.04
|
0.03
|
0.17
|
0.24
|
0.03
|
0.08
|
0.28
|
0.22
|
-0.08
|
0.13
|
|
5 Walked dog without leash
|
1.00
|
0.27
|
0.59
|
0.78
|
0.11
|
0.11
|
-0.01
|
0.03
|
0.00
|
0.01
|
0.11
|
0.10
|
0.01
|
-0.09
|
0.23
|
0.20
|
-0.03
|
0.08
|
|
6 Dog killed game
|
1.00
|
0.29
|
0.31
|
0.12
|
0.14
|
0.04
|
0.07
|
0.07
|
0.07
|
0.17
|
0.13
|
0.02
|
0.08
|
0.30
|
0.25
|
0.10
|
0.14
|
|
7 Dog ate mice
|
1.00
|
0.66
|
0.27
|
0.28
|
0.11
|
0.20
|
0.15
|
0.13
|
0.26
|
0.34
|
0.19
|
-0.04
|
0.35
|
0.43
|
0.00
|
0.09
|
|
8 Had dog dewormed infrequently or never
|
1.00
|
0.11
|
0.10
|
-0.04
|
-0.01
|
-0.04
|
-0.03
|
0.14
|
0.21
|
0.04
|
0.03
|
0.23
|
0.24
|
-0.07
|
0.10
|
|
9 Left cat outdoors unattended
|
1.00
|
0.97
|
0.19
|
0.23
|
0.26
|
0.21
|
0.37
|
0.41
|
0.08
|
0.15
|
0.19
|
0.24
|
0.09
|
0.07
|
|
10 Cat ate mice
|
1.00
|
0.22
|
0.26
|
0.30
|
0.24
|
0.38
|
0.38
|
0.10
|
0.15
|
0.22
|
0.18
|
0.11
|
0.08
|
|
11 Was a farmer
|
1.00
|
0.88
|
0.87
|
0.83
|
0.42
|
0.33
|
0.18
|
0.17
|
0.18
|
0.31
|
0.30
|
0.06
|
|
12 Worked in pastures
|
1.00
|
0.88
|
0.83
|
0.46
|
0.40
|
0.25
|
0.17
|
0.24
|
0.40
|
0.33
|
0.02
|
|
13 Worked in fields
|
1.00
|
0.90
|
0.43
|
0.37
|
0.24
|
0.22
|
0.24
|
0.32
|
0.36
|
0.09
|
|
14 Worked in grain fields
|
1.00
|
0.38
|
0.33
|
0.17
|
0.22
|
0.28
|
0.30
|
0.36
|
0.07
|
|
15 Did haymaking
|
1.00
|
0.57
|
0.21
|
0.25
|
0.40
|
0.37
|
0.20
|
0.13
|
|
16 Lived in a farmhouse
|
1.00
|
0.16
|
0.20
|
0.39
|
0.40
|
0.01
|
0.02
|
|
17 Dwelling was adjacent to fields
|
1.00
|
0.15
|
0.06
|
0.20
|
-0.03
|
0.10
|
|
18 Grew root or leaf vegetables
|
1.00
|
0.14
|
0.24
|
0.36
|
0.21
|
|
19 Went to forests for vocational reasons
|
1.00
|
0.38
|
0.01
|
0.07
|
|
20 Collected wood
|
1.00
|
0.24
|
0.10
|
|
21 Ate unwashed strawberries
|
1.00
|
0.17
|
|
22 Chewed grass
|
1.00
|
|
| aCells
in bold mark Cramer's V > 0.5. High values mark strong associations. |
