The Constitutional Convention: Four Founding Fathers You May Never Have Met

"Alexander Hamilton of New York—a brilliant, ambitious, former aide-de-camp and secretary to Washington during the Revolution, had…become a powerful political figure….There were others who played major roles—Oliver Ellsworth of Connecticut; Edmund Randolph of Virginia; William Paterson of New Jersey…"
— The Creation of the U.S. Constitution

Introduction

In the course of over two centuries since the nation's founding, the Constitution of the United States has become an iconic document for many Americans, who may with difficulty imagine real people piecing it together detail by painstaking detail through meetings, discussions, committee work, and compromise. Yet we have good records of those proceedings. By means of such records, among them James Madison's extensive notes, we can witness the unfolding drama of the Constitutional Convention and the contributions of those men we have come to know as the Founding Fathers: Madison, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and George Washington, among the best known. There were others, however, less well known now but who also played major roles in founding the new nation.

Four such "others" are the subject of this lesson. Here, you'll introduce your students to four key, but relatively unknown, contributors to the U.S. Constitution-Oliver Ellsworth, Alexander Hamilton, William Paterson, and Edmund Randolph. Learn through their words and the words of others how the Founding Fathers created "a model of cooperative statesmanship and the art of compromise" (From The Charters of Freedom on the EDSITEment resource Digital Classroom).

Note: Use this lesson as a prequel to, or in conjunction with, the complementary lesson, Constitutional Convention: What the Founding Fathers Said. By completing the activities in both lesson, students will become familiar with the Constitutional Convention and the men and ideas that shaped the U.S. Constitution

Guiding Question:

What is the connection between regional politics and the positions of Ellsworth, Hamilton, Paterson, and Randolph during the drafting of the U.S. Constitution? What other factors motivated these four Founding Fathers as they developed their positions in the debate?

Learning Objectives

After completing this lesson plan, students will be able to:

• Summarize the plans put forward by Ellsworth, Hamilton, Paterson, and Randolph
• Provide some biographical details for Ellsworth, Hamilton, Paterson, and Randolph
• Make connections between the biographies of Ellsworth, Hamilton, Paterson, and Randolph and their positions during the Constitutional Convention.

• Review the lesson plan. Locate and bookmark suggested materials and other useful websites. Download and print out selected documents and duplicate copies as necessary for student viewing.
• Download the document Three Handouts, available here as a PDF file. The download contains three handouts used in this lesson: "Chart of Various Plans (Blank)" and "Chart of Various State Plans" (both used in 1. Introducing the Constitutional Convention, below), as well as the "Four Fathers' Quotes" (used in 4. Matching Quotes, below). Print out and make an appropriate number of copies of the handouts you plan to use in class.
• Some of the texts used in this lesson may be challenging for students at less advanced reading levels; such students may benefit from Congress for Kids (an extension of the EDSITEment resource Congress Link) which features a very basic description of the steps in the process of the ratification of the U.S. Constitution, starting with a page on the Articles of Confederation (which served as our country's ruling document before adoption of the Constitution). From that page, you can also click on "Learn More" to read about the Writing of the Constitution, the Great Compromise, and on succeeding pages, an explanation of the government as created by the Constitution, including a page on our System of Checks and Balances.
• A detailed history of the Constitutional Convention and the document it produced is available through the EDSITEment resource Digital Classroom in the essay The Constitution: A History. For convenience, you may also wish to download the following PDF file, Four State Plans, which contains excerpts from the article summarizing the four plans discussed in this lesson as well as some other issues that threatened to divide the delegates.
• The Text of the Constitution is available on the EDSITEment resource Digital Classroom.
• A Biographical index of all those attending the Consitutional Convention is also available through Digital Classroom. Though your students will probably be familiar with the names of more famous figures who attended the Constitutional Convention, such as Washington, Franklin, and Madison, this lesson, by concentrating on lesser known individuals-Ellsworth, Hamilton, Paterson, and Randolph-emphasizes that the Constitution was the product of many minds. Unlike the Declaration of Independence, it is difficult to identify an "author" of the Constitution. You can find very brief biographies of the four subjects of this lesson, with direct links to more comprehensive biographies, by downloading Four Biographies, available here as a pdf file.
• Be prepared to help students work through alternative spellings for the names of individuals in this lesson, such as "Patterson" and "Ellesworth," as well as the general lack of standardization of spelling in the debate proceedings.
• It should be noted that other delegates, including Roger Sherman for the Connecticut Plan and Madison for the Virginia Plan, had a hand (or more) in developing the plans. For balance, this lesson concentrates on one individual for each.

1 Introducing the Constitutional Convention

2 Group Assignment: Getting to Know a Founding Father

3 Oral Presentations and Class Discussion

4 Matching Quotes

1 Introducing the Constitutional Convention

As necessary, begin by reviewing with students the Virginia, New Jersey, and Hamilton Plans, as well as the Great Compromise (Connecticut Plan). If desired, use the summaries found in the Preparing to Teach This Lesson section, above. Adapt the "Chart of Various Plans (Blank)" on page 1 of the PDF file (see Preparing to Teach This Lesson, above, for download instructions) as an organizer to help students see the differences and similarities between the various plans. The "Chart of Various Plans"—the same chart, complete with information-is available on page 2 of the PDF file (see Preparing to Teach This Lesson, above, for download instructions). Here are some additional sources of information to use in your review:

• A good discussion of the basic issues requiring compromise during the Constitutional Convention, written for grades 6-8, is offered at History of the Constitution, a feature from Ben's Guide to the U.S. Government for Kids (6-8), a link from the EDSITEment resource Internet Public Library.
• Another feature on Ben's Guide to the U.S. Government for Kids (6-8) is a Glossary with definitions of many of the terms students may come across in their readings.

2 Group Assignment: Getting to Know a Founding Father

Divide the class into four groups and assign one of the selected Founding Fathers-Ellsworth, Hamilton, Paterson, and Randolph-to each group. Download, copy and distribute to the respective groups some or all of the following brief biographies, available on EDSITEment resources. (NOTE TO THE TEACHER: You can encourage students to use other resources in the classroom and library as well. If a typical group consists of five students, one or two students could read one biography while other students look for additional resources using the computer or library. When the group reconvenes, students can combine what they have learned into one account.)

• Oliver Ellsworth
  • Oliver Ellsworth on Digital Classroom
  • Oliver Ellsworth (1745-1807) Connecticut on FindLaw Constitutional Law Center, a link from Internet Public Library
• Alexander Hamilton
  • Alexander Hamilton on Digital Classroom
  • The Hamilton Plan (Constitutional Convention, June 18, 1787) on Revolution to Reconstruction, a link from Internet Public Library
  • Hamilton and the U.S. Constitution on The American Experience, a link from Internet Public Library.
  • Alexander Hamilton (1757-1804) New York on FindLaw Constitutional Law Center, a link from Internet Public Library
• William Paterson
  • William Paterson on Digital Classroom
  • William Paterson (1745-1806) New Jersey on FindLaw Constitutional Law Center, a link from Internet Public Library
• Edmund Randolph
  • Edmund Randolph on Digital Classroom
  • Edmund Randolph (1753 -1813) Virginia on FindLaw Constitutional Law Center, a link from Internet Public Library

As students read biographies of their assigned Founding Father, they should attempt to answer the following questions:

1. In what ways did he serve his colony/state before the Constitutional Convention?
2. What were his qualifications to represent his state?
3. Was his state large or small?
4. Was his state in the North or South?
5. In what ways was he involved with Patriot causes before the Constitutional Convention?
6. What was his profession?
7. What was his socioeconomic background? How might that background have affected his decisions?
8. In what ways did his proposal to the Constitutional Convention represent the interests of his state?
9. In what ways did he serve the United States after the Constitutional Convention?

3 Oral Presentations and Class Discussion

Based on their reading of the biographies and/or other sources available in the classroom, each group should distribute a brief (one page typed) composite biography to the entire class and present an oral argument that their assignee deserves to be better known. Students can consider achievements before, during, and after the Convention.

After all the groups have presented their arguments, allow time for students to review the biographies offered by the different groups. Discuss the plans with reference to the biographies. How did each plan differ? What regional factors led to the inclusion of specific elements in each plan that deal with issues such as how states would be represented in the national legislature or how the population would be counted for the purpose of taxation and representation? What parts of any plan connect to the biography of its author? What parts of which plans eventually became part of the Constitution?

4 Matching Quotes

Challenge students to match quotes from the debates with either Ellsworth, Hamilton, Paterson, or Randolph. Using the "Four Fathers' Quotes" handout on pages 3-6 of the Three Handouts pdf file (see Preparing to Teach This Lesson, above, for download instructions), adapt this activity to a game show format or a more simple pencil-and-paper activity. If time permits, students could even create their own game.

Extending the Lesson

• Students might be interested in making comparisons between the various records of the debates of the Constitutional Convention (Madison's, Hamilton's, King's, and so on). For example, students can compare records for June 1 and/or June 4, using these resources available on the EDSITEment-reviewed website The Avalon Project at the Yale Law School:
  • Madison, June 1
  • Hamilton, June 1
  • Madison, June 4
  • Rufus King, June 4
    Cross-references from Madison's notes to King's and Hamilton's are also offered in the Avalon Project's Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787.
• Students could create a flow chart indicating issues cited in the debates that were eventually addressed in the Constitution. Similarly, students with technical skills could create an annotated copy of the Constitution with links to relevant sections of the debate. The full Text of the Constitution may be accessed from the EDSITEment resource Digital Classroom.
• Students wishing to research other lesser-known Founding Fathers can start with the Founding Fathers' Page, on the EDSITEment resource Digital Classroom, and/or FindLaw's Founding Fathers' Page, available via a link from the EDSITEment-reviewed website Internet Public Library.
• The EDSITEment resource CongressLink offers a series of lesson plans related to the Constitution, such as The Great Compromise -- A House Divided (6-8) and A Mock Constitutional Convention (9-12), that might work in your classroom.
• Who were the framers of the Constitution? What was their profession? Age? Socio-economic class? Students can create a composite portrait of the members of the Constitutional Convention using Founding Fathers: A Brief Overview, on the EDSITEment resource Digital Classroom. Students wishing to dig deeper can start with the biographies offered on the Digital Classroom's Founding Fathers' Page.
• Students with other inquiries about the Founding Fathers can consult Questions and Answers Pertaining to the Constitution on the EDSITEment resource Digital Classroom.

Selected EDSITEment Websites

• American Memory [http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amhome.html]
  • The Debates in the Several State Conventions
    on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution (Elliot's Debates)
    [http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlaw/lwed.html]
• The Avalon Project at the Yale Law School
  [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/avalon.htm]
  • The American Constitution: A Documentary Record
    [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/constpap.htm]
  • Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787
    [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/debates/debcont.htm]
  • Madison, June 1
    [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/debates/601.htm]
  • Hamilton, June 1
    [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/const/const05.htm#june1]
  • Madison, June 4
    [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/debates/604.htm]
  • Rufus King, June 4
    [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/const/king.htm#june4]
• CongressLink [http://www.congresslink.org]
  • The Great Compromise—A House Divided (6-8)
    [http://www.congresslink.org/print_lp_greatcompromise.htm]
  • A Mock Constitutional Convention (9-12)
    [http://www.congresslink.org/print_lp_mockconvention.htm]
  • Congress for Kids [http://www.congressforkids.net]
  • Articles of Confederation
    [http://www.aboutgovernment.org/historicaldocuments.htm#articles]
  • Executive Branch
    [http://www.aboutgovernment.org/executivebranch.htm]
  • Great Compromise
    [http://www.congresslink.org/print_lp_greatcompromise.htm]
  • Judicial Branch
    [http://www.aboutgovernment.org/judicialbranch.htm]
  • Legislative Branch
    [http://www.aboutgovernment.org/legislativebranch.htm]
  • Making Laws
    [http://thomas.loc.gov/home/lawsmade.toc.html]
  • Senate [http://www.senate.gov/]
  • System of Checks and Balances
    [http://congressforkids.net/Constitution_checksandbalances.htm]
  • Three Branches of our Government
    [http://congressforkids.net/Constitution_threebranches.htm]
  • Writing of the Constitution
    [http://www.aboutgovernment.org/historicaldocuments.htm#constitution]
• Digital Classroom [http://www.archives.gov/digital_classroom/index.html]
  • Founding Fathers: A Brief Overview
    [http://www.archives.gov/exhibit_hall/charters_
    of_freedom/constitution/founding_fathers_overview.html]
  • The Creation of the U.S. Constitution
    [http://www.archives.gov/exhibit_hall/charters_
    of_freedom/constitution/constitution_history.html ]
  • Oliver Ellsworth
    [http://www.archives.gov/exhibit_hall/charters_
    of_freedom/constitution/connecticut.html#Ellsworth]
  • Founding Fathers' Page
    [http://www.archives.gov/exhibit_hall/charters_
    of_freedom/constitution/founding_fathers.html]
  • Alexander Hamilton
    [http://www.archives.gov/exhibit_hall/charters_of_
    freedom/constitution/new_york.html#Hamilton]
  • William Paterson
    [http://www.archives.gov/exhibit_hall/charters_of_
    freedom/constitution/new_jersey.html#Paterson]
  • Questions and Answers Pertaining to the Constitution
    [http://www.archives.gov/exhibit_hall/charters_of_
    freedom/constitution/constitution_q_and_a.html]
  • Edmund Randolph
    [http://www.archives.gov/exhibit_hall/charters_of_
    freedom/constitution/virginia.html#Randolph]
  • Text of the Constitution
    [http://www.archives.gov/exhibit_hall/charters_of_
    freedom/constitution/constitution_transcription.html]
  • U.S. Constitution
    [http://www.archives.gov/exhibit_hall/charters_of_
    freedom/constitution/constitution.html]
• Internet Public Library [http://www.ipl.org]
  • The American Experience [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/
    amex/index.html]
  • Hamilton and the U.S. Constitution
    [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/duel/sfeature/
    hamiltonusconstituion.html]
  • Ben's Guide to the U.S. Government for Kids (6-8)
    [http://bensguide.gpo.gov/6-8/index.html]
  • Constitutional Convention
    [http://bensguide.gpo.gov/6-8/documents/
    constitution/background.html]
  • Glossary [http://bensguide.gpo.gov/6-8/glossary.html]
  • FindLaw Constitutional Law Center
    [http://supreme.lp.findlaw.com/]
  • FindLaw's Founding Fathers' Page
    [http://supreme.lp.findlaw.com/documents/fathers/]
  • Oliver Ellsworth (1745-1807) Connecticut
    [http://supreme.lp.findlaw.com/documents/fathers/
    connecticut.html#ellsworth]
  • Alexander Hamilton (1757-1804) New York
    [http://www.archives.gov/exhibit_hall/charters_of_
    freedom/constitution/new_york.html#Hamilton]
  • William Paterson (1745-1806) New Jersey
    [http://supreme.lp.findlaw.com/documents/
    fathers/newjers.html#paterson]
  • Edmund Randolph (1753 -1813) Virginia
    [http://supreme.lp.findlaw.com/documents/
    fathers/virginia.html#randolph]
  • Revolution to Reconstruction [http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/]
  • The Hamilton Plan (Constitutional Convention, June 18, 1787)
    [http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/B/hamilton/plan.htm]