References

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²Bolen, J., et al. Racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence and impact of doctor-diagnosed arthritis—United States, 2002. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Review 54(5):119–123, 2005.

³Looker, A.C., et al. Prevalence of low femoral bone density in older U.S. adults from NHANES III. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 12:1761–1768, 1997.

⁴Praemer, A., et al. Musculoskeletal Conditions in the United States. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 1999.

⁵National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS). Back Pain, Handout on Health. NIH Publication No. 05-5282. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), National Institutes of Health, NIAMS, 2005.

⁶More information available at www.cdc.gov/arthritis/state_coordinators/pdf/CSV-Executive-Summary.pdf; accessed October 31, 2006.

⁷Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Physical Activity. The Arthritis Pain Reliever. More information available at www.cdc.gov/arthritis/campaigns/physical_activity/index.htm; accessed October 31, 2006.

⁸Niemisto, L., et al. A randomized trial of combined manipulation, stabilizing exercises, and physician consultation compared to physician consultation alone for chronic low back pain. Spine 28(19):2185–2191, 2003.

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¹⁰Shen, F.H., et al. Nonsurgical management of acute and chronic low back pain. Journal of American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 14(8):477–487, 2006.

¹¹Van Tulder, M.W., et al. Outcome of non-invasive treatment modalities on back pain: An evidence-based review. European Spine Journal 15(Suppl 1):S64–S81, 2006.

¹²Cummings, S.R., and Melton, L.J., III. Epidemiology and outcomes of osteoporotic fractures. Lancet 359:1761–1767, 2002.

¹³Hootman, J.M., and Helmick, C.G. Projections of US prevalence of arthritis and associated activity limitations. Arthritis and Rheumatism 54(1):226–229, 2006.

¹⁴Olsen, N.J. Tailoring arthritis therapy in the wake of the NSAID crisis. New England Journal of Medicine 352(25):2578−2580, 2005. More information available at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/utils/ lofref.fcgi?itool=Abstract-def&PrId=3051&uid=15972863&db=pubmed&url=http:// content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=15972863&promo=ONFLNS19; accessed October 31, 2006.

¹⁵HHS. Bone Health and Osteoporosis: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: HHS, Office of the Surgeon General, 2004.

¹⁶Buist, D.S., et al. Hormone therapy prescribing patterns in the United States. Obstetrics and Gynecology 104(5 Pt 1):1042–1050, 2004.

¹⁷Jaglal, S.B., et al. Population trends in BMD testing, treatment, and hip and wrist fracture rates: Are the hip fracture projections wrong? Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 20(6):898–905, 2005.

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