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Eleanor Roosevelt and the Rise of Social Reform in the 1930sIntroductionEleanor Roosevelt was a key figure in several of the most important social reform movements of the twentieth century: the Progressive movement, the New Deal, the Women's Movement, the struggle for racial justice, and the United Nations. A long time political partner of her husband, President Franklin Roosevelt, Eleanor Roosevelt also developed her own political network and her own liberal ideology. During the New Deal, Eleanor Roosevelt became a key voice inside the White House for appointing women to positions in the administration, improving the plight of the unemployed, and addressing the concerns of youth; she championed the organization of the National Youth Administration and the Public Works Arts Project. Her monthly columns for Woman's Home Companion led to an unprecedented conversation with the American people. During World War II, she took an active role in programs for European refugees and building support for women working on the home front. She continued her political activities after the death of FDR in 1945 in such areas as the new United Nations and the civil rights movement.This lesson asks students to explore the various roles that Eleanor Roosevelt took on, among them: First Lady, political activist for civil rights, newspaper columnist and author, and representative to the United Nations. Students will read and analyze materials written by and about Eleanor Roosevelt to understand the changing roles of women in politics. They will look at Eleanor Roosevelt's role during and after the New Deal as well as examine the lives and works of influential women who were part of her political network. They will also examine the contributions of women in Roosevelt's network who played critical roles in shaping and administering New Deal policies. Guiding Questions
Learning ObjectivesUpon completion of this lesson, students should be able to:
Background Information for the TeacherEleanor Roosevelt's life spanned many of the critical events of the twentieth century: two World Wars, the founding of the United Nations, the rise of the Civil Rights movement, the resurgence of the women's movement, and the Cold War. She was born on October 11, 1884, in New York City. After her education in a forward-looking school in Great Britain, she returned to New York and became involved in social service work. She married Franklin Delano Roosevelt, her fifth cousin, in 1905; after he was stricken with polio in 1921, she became increasingly involved in politics. She was active in the League of Women Voters and the Women's Trade Union League and chaired the Women's Division of the Democratic National Committee.A detailed biography of Eleanor Roosevelt by Alida Black is available at the Eleanor Roosevelt papers, a link on the EDSITEment-reviewed National Park Service: Links to the Past. A shorter biography is at the FDR Library, a link on the EDSITEment-reviewed New Deal Network. Eleanor Roosevelt had little desire to be First Lady and entered the White House without a clear role. She moved from promoting her husband's politics to an expanded advocacy of social policy closer to her own goals, such as the Arthurdale, West Virginia Subsistence Homestead Project. There are a series of transcribed interviews with Roosevelt biographer Blanche Wiesen Cook, a link on the EDSITEment's Learner.Org. One of the interviews (a short one) is on Eleanor as First Lady, and another is on her role at Arthurdale. Eleanor Roosevelt pressured her husband's administration to expand its commitments to minorities, women and youth. She also took on a highly visible role as monthly columnist for Woman's Home Companion and asked readers to write to her; three hundred thousand Americans had done so by January 1934. The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers have a large online archive of documents including articles, speeches, and book excerpts over the entire course of her career. The PBS site American Experience also has a Timeline of Eleanor Roosevelt's Life and twenty-eight of Eleanor Roosevelt's My Day columns from 1935 to 1962, linked from EDSITEment's Learner.Org. The EDSITEment-reviewed New Deal Network has her important essay Women in Politics that appeared in Good Housekeeping in 1940. That site also has a series of letters to Eleanor. Eleanor Roosevelt was also at the center of a network of professional women who occupied important roles in the New Deal. While scholars today debate the progress of women's rights in the 1930s, there is no doubt that women made strides in occupying high administrative posts. Besides Eleanor Roosevelt, other influential women in national politics included Frances Perkins, the Secretary of Labor, and Molly Dewson, who took over the Women's Division of the Democratic National Committee. Outside this personal circle but equally important was Mary McLeod Bethune, head of the Office of Minority Affairs in the National Youth Administration. Other political women: There are biographies of Molly (Mary Williams) Dewson, Mary McLeod Bethune, Lorena Hickok, and Frances Perkins on the Eleanor Roosevelt Papers site. For Florence Kelley, there is a biography and a selection from her 1898 speech on "Women, Labor , and the Power of the Ballot" on the the EDSITEment-reviewed History Matters. Mary McLeod Bethune's 1939 speech "What Does American Democracy Mean to Me?" is also a link on History Matters. Finally, the Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site (from the National Park Service) has lesson plans and several good background essays on Eleanor Roosevelt and Progressivism, the Civil Rights Movement, the Women's Movement, and the Cold War. Preparing to Teach the LessonTo prepare to teach this lesson, download or bookmark the following EDSITEment websites. All websites are from EDSITEment reviewed New Deal Network unless otherwise noted in the lesson :Activity One
Note: Student LaunchPads divided by group accompany activities one and two. Alternately teachers and students can access all student activities and accompanying websites through the EDSITEment Portfolio Tool. First time teachers will need to register and set up personal accounts and then follow the directions to set up their class. First-time teachers will need to register and set up personal accounts and then follow the directions to set up their class. First go to http://chnm.gmu.edu/edsitement/login. Suggested ActivitiesActivity 1. Eleanor Roosevelt and Social Reform in the New DealActivity 2. Eleanor Roosevelt and her Circle of Women ActivistsActivity 1. Eleanor Roosevelt and Social Reform in the New DealStudent can access this activity either through a group-specific LaunchPad or the Portfolio Tool (see Preparing to Teach this Lesson). Students will examine Eleanor Roosevelt's work in the struggle for racial justice and gender equality in the New Deal and during World War II through their reading, analyzing, and annotating of several documents.
Ask the students to mark their copies of the assigned documents when they provide evidence such as phrases, words, and concepts that help them to answer the following questions:
Group A. Youth and EducationLaunchPadStudents will read:
Group B. Civil RightsLaunchPadStudents will read:
Group C. Unemployment and Economic ReorganizationLaunchPadStudents will read:
Group D. Women in PoliticsLaunchPadStudents will read:
Activity 2. Eleanor Roosevelt and her Circle of Women Activists Student can access this activity either through a group-specific LaunchPad or the Portfolio Tool (see Preparing to Teach this Lesson). This activity focuses on Eleanor Roosevelt's circle and the changing role of women in politics from the1920s to 1940s. Students will be reading and researching several of the women activists who worked with Eleanor Roosevelt in various political activities in the 1930s, such as Molly Dewson, Mary McLeod Bethune, Lorena Hickok, and Frances Perkins.
Molly DewsonLaunchPad
Mary McLeod BethuneLaunchPad
Lorena Alice HickokLaunchPad
Frances PerkinsLaunchPad
Finally, the class should consider Eleanor Roosevelt's influence on the careers and the ideas of these other women in her circle. Overall, what did Eleanor Roosevelt do to expand and further the role of women in American politics? AssessmentStudents should write a newspaper editorial either supporting or criticizing Eleanor Roosevelt's political work. What do they find admirable or troubling about her entry into politics? Is this the right role for a First Lady or ex-First Lady? They could choose either her New Deal work or her post-1945 work and use some of the documents from the activities to support their arguments.Students should be assigned a date (i.e. 1934, 1938, 1944, or 1950, this last when Eleanor was a former First Lady) for the editorial that they are writing. Students should be instructed to mention the specific evidence that they have examined; their arguments should be based on contemporary positions suited to the year they are assigned. They will need to cite specific actions taken by Eleanor Roosevelt, and possibly those of other women in the Roosevelt administration. They may choose to discuss the role of women in politics more generally. When the editorials have been turned in, students could share their views in chronological order and discuss why these views might or might not have changed over time. Extending the LessonAnother activity could be to compare Eleanor Roosevelt's political work as First Lady and her post-1945 career. Students could read some of her "My Day" columns in each era. They could also watch her TV interview program "Prospects of Mankind with Eleanor Roosevelt" about the Peace Corps, learn about her work on the UN's Human Rights Commission, or read about her negotiations with John F. Kennedy about the campaign of 1960 from her My Day columns and the JFK-ER correspondence in the "Eleanor Roosevelt and John F. Kennedy" lesson at the National Parks Service. The key topics would include the New Deal, Cold War, and Women in Politics.Related EDSITEment Lesson Plans
Selected EDSITEment Websites
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