History
The Institute for Research on Poverty: A History, 1966-2008
Table of Contents
Introduction
Certainly one of the justifications for a large-scale grant to a single
institution as opposed to a whole set of small project grants scattered out
all over the place, is that you reach a critical mass of research interest
when you get a group of people together who have similar interests, but different
backgrounds.
-- Robert Lampman, 1966[1]
The Institute was created in 1966, when the University of Wisconsin-Madison
reached agreement with the U.S. Office of Economic Opportunity to establish
a national center for study of "the nature, causes, and cures of poverty."
A national center, located in Madison, was a logical response to the issues
and the times.
When the federal government undertook new efforts to aid the poor in the
1960s, it also determined that social programs would be studied and evaluated
to determine their effectiveness. In 1965 a presidential executive order
directed all federal agencies to incorporate measures of cost effectiveness
and program evaluation into their decisions. The guiding concept was that
the policies and programs then being developed should be shaped by sound
logic, firm data, and systematic thinking rather than by good intentions
alone.
Charged with implementing the War on Poverty that President Johnson had
declared in 1964, the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) sought to establish
a center where experts would perform basic research, provide counsel, and
serve as a ready information source. To remove it from the arena of day-to-day
issues and problem-solving, the center should be located outside of Washington.
The University of Wisconsin was a likely site in view of its long tradition
of applied social policy research and also because several of its faculty
members had served on the staff of the president's Council of Economic Advisers
when the antipoverty strategy was being formulated. Prominent among them
was Robert Lampman, a member of the economics department, who became interim
director of the new institute.
At first cool to the idea of becoming too closely involved with immediate
government activities at the expense of more academic pursuits, the university
accepted OEO's offer on condition that the Institute exercise full authority
in allocating grant funds to researchers, selecting research topics, and
publishing the results. The agreement signed in March 1966 describes the
essential features that characterize the Institute today, even though the
OEO has not existed for many years and the optimistic belief that poverty
could be eliminated within one generation has faded.
The agreement specified that the Institute would embrace a number of the
social science disciplines, would encourage new and established scholars
to inquire into the origins and remedies of poverty, would promote sharing
of knowledge among researchers and policy analysts by means of conferences
held at periodic intervals, and would communicate its findings through a
publications program.[2]
Institute staff, then as now, consisted of a director, advised by an internal
Executive Committee of faculty members and a National Advisory Committee of
members outside the university; researchers holding university appointments
and dividing their time between teaching and the study of poverty-related
topics of their own choosing, subject to approval by the director and the
advisory committees; and a support staff of research assistants, editors,
administrative and clerical personnel. This support staff was soon joined
by a new group of specialists--computer programmers. Harold Watts, an economics
professor at Wisconsin, became the first director in June 1966.
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Formative Years: 1966-1971
Research at the Institute has illuminated the difference to
the poverty count of different definitions of poverty, factors behind black
and white income differentials, the impact of inflation on the poor, the
relationship of migration to poverty, the role of health and education,
and many other facets of the poverty problem. . . . The very strength of
the Institute in economics has almost defined the mainline of research on
the economics of poverty.
-- National Academy of Sciences, 1971[3]
Once established, the Institute rapidly built up a research staff and began
to address the basic questions of poverty research: Who are the poor, and
how many are there? How should we measure economic well-being, poverty, and
inequality? What are the particular causes of poverty--discrimination, lack
of education, poor workings of the market system, cultural factors?
By the end of 1969 the Institute's research staff of thirty members included
ten economists and nine sociologists. Other fields represented were political
science, social work, law, education, rural sociology, agricultural economics,
home economics, psychology, anthropology, and geography.
In addition to individual projects that covered the topics listed in the
quotation above, a large portion of Institute energies during the Watts
directorship (1966-71) went into a major, pioneering group effort: the design,
conduct, and analysis of the New Jersey Income Maintenance Experiment, soon
followed by the Rural Income Maintenance Experiment. These experiments studied
the differential behavioral responses to varying minimum income guarantees
between a randomly selected group of individuals who received benefits and
a "control" group of randomly selected persons who did not. The experiments
were important to the evolution of the Institute as well as to poverty research
in general. The New Jersey experiment is regarded as an outstanding example
of interdisciplinary research in close cooperation with government planners.
By 1971 the Institute had become a focal point of long-run research. It
had a seasoned staff, a list of publications that included Discussion Papers,
Reprints, and books, and was building a computing staff familiar with the
new cross-sectional data sets that provided information hitherto lacking
on the characteristics of low-income households. On the horizon lay the
promise of longitudinal data sets, permitting the study of individual behavior
over time.
Because the Institute had been given a specific charge, to investigate the
nature, causes, and cures of poverty, it evolved in a way that made it more
than either a client of government or a program-oriented collection of researchers
whose primary objective was, for example, to study antipoverty programs. Its
dual purpose, to conduct basic research and to analyze government policy, was
inevitably a source of tension, however: should the criterion for selection
of a research topic be its advancement of academic knowledge--its contribution
to a particular discipline--or its advancement of general knowledge about government
social intervention? The two do not always or necessarily coincide. This tension
has played a continuous part in the history of the Institute.
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Cumulative Research, 1971-1981
The existence at the institute of more than 50 social scientists
with a large overlap of basic research interests is of itself a powerful
force, enabling the kind of close personal contact among researchers that
mutually educates and stimulates them.
-- National Academy of Sciences, 1979[4]
In 1971 Robert Haveman, an economist, became director of the Institute. Although
the IRP research program continued to build at an impressive rate, the 1970s
were years when federal research budgets were tightened and enthusiasm faded
for government action on economic and social fronts. The changing political
climate in Washington momentarily clouded the Institute's future in 1973,
when dismantlement of the Office of Economic Opportunity signaled the end
of federal commitment to an institutional embodiment of the War on Poverty.
OEO's research functions were transferred to the Office of the Assistant Secretary
for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE) within the Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare, reorganized in 1979 as the Department of Health and Human Services
(DHHS). ASPE supported Institute work throughout the Nixon, Ford, and Carter
administrations, and the Institute increasingly supplemented that support
with grants from other private and public agencies, notably the state of Wisconsin,
the National Science Foundation, and the Department of Labor.
To the regular Institute staff of faculty members with departmental appointments
was added, through a postdoctoral program that began in 1973, researchers
with full-time, two-year Institute appointments. The staff was further enriched
by visiting scholars, who began to arrive from other parts of the United
States and from other countries as well. It is probably fair to say that
the graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, and visiting researchers who
have spent time at the Institute over the past decades and have since gone
on to pursue their studies elsewhere or to work in government currently
constitute, together with the present IRP staff, the core of the poverty
policy research community.
Irwin Garfinkel, a faculty member at Wisconsin's School of Social Work,
served as director from 1975 to 1980. The studies that were undertaken in
these years advanced the social science disciplines while evaluating public
programs. Measurement of economic status and social mobility by sociologists
and economists constituted a major body of IRP work. Sociological studies
examined the relative significance of ability, family influences, and schooling
on adult achievement, while economists examined financial aspects of aid
to education for poor students. Development of data and improved econometric
techniques expanded the Institute's original focus beyond absolute income
poverty to include relative income measures, assessment of pretransfer poverty,
measures of poverty that accounted for in-kind benefits, development of
the concept of "earnings capacity," analysis of equivalence scales to account
for the different sizes and circumstances of families, and work on income
inequality.
Econometric studies of the income maintenance experiments continued, concentrating
on the issue of whether providing an income guarantee lowers work effort
and on the effects of experimental program administration. In the late 1970s,
IRP affiliates became involved in the design and evaluation of the National
Supported Work Demonstration. Other studies focused on the models of the
inheritance of IQ and on the problems of selectivity bias that plagued the
social experiments and which continue to be the subject of econometric work
today. The development of nationally weighted data bases and the advancement
of computer capabilities permitted creation of microdata simulation models
designed to evaluate various effects of proposed income transfer and taxation
programs.
Another group of studies dealt with welfare law and administration and
with the possibilities for integrating income maintenance programs. Sociologists
and political scientists analyzed the interconnections of race, segregation,
discrimination, and political power. Work on disability policy in the United
States led to a cross-national comparison of such policies in industrialized
states, and in the same fashion a sociological analysis of class structure
and factors affecting income in the United States led to a cross-national
examination of social consciousness and class structure.
The Institute's special competence came to be quantitative studies of large
bodies of data. The growing collection of such data bases as the Current
Population Surveys and the 1976 Survey of Income and Education extended
the possibilities for more refined cross-sectional studies and, as data
from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the National Longitudinal Surveys,
among others, accumulated, longitudinal data gave insight into individual
behavior and responses to social programs. Support from the National Science
Foundation in 1978 made possible the production of microdata tapes from
the 1940 and 1950 censuses that permitted, upon completion of the project
in the early 1980s, comparability studies of social change over a forty-year
span.
In 1976 the Institute began publication of a newsletter, Focus,
whose first issue stated that its purpose was "to acquaint a wide audience
with the work of the Institute for Research on Poverty by means of short
essays on selected pieces of research." Focus and the other IRP publications
reflect a theme that has pervaded its history--communication: among the
representatives of the various disciplines that produce Institute studies,
between the Institute and its sponsoring institutions, and between members
of the academic community, the policymaking community, and the public at
large.
In 1975 the Institute began collaborative research with the state of Wisconsin.
The first project brought IRP staff together with state personnel to study
the causes of error in the administration of Aid to Families with Dependent
Children. In 1978 Robert Haveman was appointed chairman of the state's Comprehensive
Welfare Reform Study, which spawned a number of joint ventures in the ensuing
years. Among them was the Child Support Reform project, which under the
direction of Irwin Garfinkel began to explore possibilities for improving
the system and led to the major demonstration described below.
Eugene Smolensky, professor of economics at Wisconsin, became director in 1980.
The beginning of his leadership, like that of Haveman ten years before, was
marked by a change in political climate in Washington that generated uncertainty
about federal support for the kind of studies that the Institute had conducted.
In the period that began in 1981 the Institute diversified its sponsorship as
well as its research interests.
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Continuity and Change, 1981-1988
Members of the Institute feel that because their organization
has a history of pioneering work of scholarly merit and practical value,
and because it is housed in a university which provides a rich mix of scholars--in
economics, sociology, social work, demography, political science, education,
psychology, and law--committed to the study of poverty issues, IRP should
continue to seek to understand and solve the many problems related to poverty--problems
that, however unfashionable, do not go away.
-- Focus, 1982[5]
In 1980 the issue of poverty in America seemed on the verge of eclipse. An
IRP document referring to the situation in the late 1970s stated that "income
poverty, as officially defined, has decreased dramatically since 1995."[6]
And new methods that had been developed at the Institute for valuing in-kind
transfers indicated that poverty under this measure had declined even more
over the past fifteen years. The situation soon began to change. In the face
of inflation, two recessions, and retrenchment in social spending, the proportion
of the population in poverty rose sharply after 1979, and the topics that
Institute researchers had probed for almost twenty years reappeared as priority
items on the social policy agenda.
In 1981 the federal government relinquished the practice of dispensing
core funding for the operation of a national center for poverty research,
but Institute work continued with support from private, other public, and
campus sources. In 1983 Congress, in part as a result of concern about increased
poverty, partially restored funding by the Department of Health and Human
Services for new IRP research projects. That support was subsequently renewed
by congressional action at two-year intervals.
The Institute was directed from 1983 to 1988 by Sheldon Danziger, a professor
of social work. Having undergone reductions in personnel after the federal
core grant lapsed and the postdoctoral program ended, IRP began to draw
on researchers at other institutions around the country. A small grants
program, initiated in 1983, annually awarded funds on a competitive basis
for research on poverty-related topics conducted by social scientists not
in residence at Madison. In cooperation with DHHS, the Institute in 1984
sponsored a major conference that assessed past and future antipoverty policy.[7]
The tradition of measuring the level and trend of poverty continued with
projects that utilized detailed information from the 1940 and 1950 censuses,
making it possible to analyze changes in relative economic status among
various demographic groups from 1940 through the 1980s. Other research moved
forward in the areas delineated by IRP staff in earlier years: analysis
of effects of the labor market structure on low-wage workers; examination
of the relationship between disability and poverty; the role of demographic
change in increasing or decreasing the risk of poverty among certain demographic
groups, in particular the elderly and single mothers with children. The
discrimination and segregation studies of the 1970s were complemented in
the 1980s by a major analysis of economic discrimination in American society,
tracing its effects on racial, ethnic, and gender groups over time.
The Institute's expertise in managing and analyzing large bodies of national
data broadened in the 1980s to embrace the longitudinal data sets that permit
us to follow the experiences of individuals over time. The "Wisconsin idea"
of academic service to the community continued in joint projects conducted
by the Institute and the state of Wisconsin. In 1984 the Wisconsin Child
Support Assurance Program began to be put to the test, piloting a comprehensive
reform designed to increase equity in the system and to help single mothers
achieve self-support. Features of the Wisconsin program were incorporated
into the federal Family Support Act of 1988, and child support has retained
prominence on the IRP research agenda through the years.
New topics in IRP work included studies of several minority groups that
had not previously been featured in Institute investigations: Hispanics,
Native Americans, and immigrants. A conference in 1986, sponsored by the
Institute and the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations, examined the causes
and consequences of poverty among all U.S. minority groups and compared
changes in their status in relation to that of majority whites.[8]
A large, multidisciplinary project that was supported by DHHS in the 1987-89
biennium examined the interrelationship of poverty, family structure, and reliance
on public assistance. This work was complemented by a four-year study, supported
by a grant from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development,
of the consequences of single parenthood for future generations.[9]
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New Directions, 1988-1995
Charles F. Manski, an econometrician on the Wisconsin faculty, served
as IRP director from 1988 to 1991, a period in which the internal governance
of the Institute was strengthened. The main theme of IRP work during his directorship
concerned the intergenerational dynamics of poverty, seeking to enhance understanding
of the ways in which the circumstances experienced by children and youth influence
their well-being as adults.[10]
In these years the research interests of the Institute and of its primary
sponsor within DHHS, the Office of Assistant Secretary for Planning and
Evaluation (ASPE), grew closer. IRP and ASPE staff members together organized
an annual series of conferences on evaluation of social programs,[11]
and IRP affiliates and Small Grants recipients regularly presented seminars
in Washington. In 1992 a major conference, held in Madison and cosponsored
by the Institute and ASPE, reviewed current knowledge and future directions
for social policy regarding the low-income population.[12]
Research for the 1991-93 biennium included a set of studies dealing with
education and social welfare, ranging from the ecological context of schools
to the needs of disadvantaged students and the diversity of approaches to
intertwined educational and social problems. Other IRP studies examined
the well-being of children under stress and the relation of poverty and
disabilities. Consonant with the education theme was the appointment in 1991
of Robert M. Hauser as director. A professor of sociology, Hauser brought
to the directorship considerable knowledge of the federal statistical system.
Under his direction the research agenda for the 1993-95 biennium focused
on poverty, welfare reform, and education, covering studies of the low-wage
labor market, homelessness, welfare dependence, and the relation of family
background to school attainment. In that period group activities covered
issues relating to methodology and program evaluation.
In 1994 Barbara Wolfe, a professor of economics and preventive medicine,
who initially came to Madison as an IRP postdoctoral scholar, became IRP
director. Her appointment was accompanied by creation of the position of
Associate Director, held by Thomas Corbett. The early part of their tenure
was marked by new initiatives in outreach. In spring 1995 three briefings
on welfare reform were held in Washington for government staff members,
and IRP and ASPE collaborated in organizing a seminar on new methods of
measuring poverty. IRP research attention in this period shifted toward
child development, investments in children, and state welfare reform initiatives.
Stability and Expansion: 1995-2008
After a national competition in 1995, IRP was designated a National Poverty
Center and received a core grant from ASPE that lasted until 2002, when
another competition was held, resulting in IRP’s designation as an
Area Poverty Center with a particular interest in poverty and family welfare
in the Midwest. This core support for its infrastructure permitted IRP
to leverage funds from a variety of other sources, resulting in a broad
research agenda in subsequent years.
Landmark welfare reform legislation passed by Congress in 1996 brought
IRP into an era of studies of methods by which to evaluate the various
state welfare programs. This work resulted in several conferences: “Evaluating
Comprehensive State Welfare Reforms” (1996), “Implementation
Evaluation Methods” (1999), and “Evaluations of Nine State
TANF Programs” (2002). IRP researchers also conducted a series of
studies of the experiences of families who left the welfare rolls.
In 1997 IRP launched a major, five-year evaluation of the innovative child
support component of Wisconsin Works, the state’s welfare reform
program. Under the program, families entitled to child support generally
retained all of the amount paid on their behalf. Wisconsin's experiment
with “passing through” and “disregarding” all child
support to resident-parent families is unique among the states. The Wisconsin
experience offered an opportunity to evaluate the potential advantages
and disadvantages of this new approach to child support and to increase
knowledge concerning the way the child support system works for low-income
families. Among the findings of the evaluation were that the full pass-through
and disregard increased both paternity establishments and child support
amounts received by low-income families. The evaluation was subsequently
extended to the period 2003-2006 in an effort to examine long-term effects
of the policy and additional issues, including multiple partner fertility.
The death in 1997 of Robert Lampman, founding director and guiding spirit
of the Institute, resulted in establishment of an annual distinguished
lecture series in his name, featuring eminent U.S. poverty scholars.
A Visiting Scholars program, initiated in 1998 and continuing thereafter
annually, brought to IRP young social science scholars from underrepresented
racial and ethnic groups for week-long visits. The program’s purpose
is to enhance the research interests and resources available to visitors,
to foster interaction between resident IRP affiliates and a diverse set
of scholars, and to broaden the corps of poverty researchers
IRP with ASPE support in 2000 again held a comprehensive conference reviewing
what research has revealed about poverty in America and assessing future
directions for social policy regarding the low-income population. As was
true of the earlier comprehensive conferences on poverty knowledge, revised
conference papers were published in a monograph (Understanding Poverty,
ed. Sheldon Danziger and Robert Haveman, Russell Sage Foundation and Harvard
University Press, 2001).
John Karl Scholz, professor of economics and a scholar with practical
experience as Deputy Assistant Secretary in the U.S. Office of Tax Analysis,
assumed directorship of IRP in 2000. His tenure featured expansion of the
corps of young poverty scholars on the Madison campus as a result of the
University’s “cluster hiring initiative,” which enhanced
interdisciplinary faculty hiring in the area of poverty research. This
expansion brought new energy and vitality to the IRP research agenda. It
was during his directorship that IRP began a training initiative for doctoral
students, the IRP Graduate Research Fellows Program.
In 2004 Maria Cancian, professor of public affairs and social work, became
director of the Institute. Under her leadership IRP launched a new seminar
series, New Perspectives in Social Policy, featuring distinguished scholars
from around the country and organized around such themes as inequality in America
and welfare reform in Wisconsin. Also under Cancian's watch, the Graduate Research
Fellows (GRF) training and mentoring program for future poverty researchers
has expanded dramatically, with 40 students participating in the rigorous program
in 2006–2007.
In 2006, IRP completed a major study of the Wisconsin Works program's innovative
child support pass-through. Maria Cancian and IRP affiliate Daniel R. Meyer
were the principal investigators of the research project, titled the Child
Support Demonstration Evaluation (CSDE). President George W. Bush cited the
influence of CSDE findings on related sections of the Deficit Reduction Act
of 2005.
A number of conferences were held in 2005 and 2006, on topics ranging from
qualitative research methods to the politics of poverty and inequality and
to welfare reform evaluations in the upper Midwest. A fall 2006 working conference
on multiple-partner fertility attracted prominent scholars from across the
country. And the fall 2006 meeting of the Association for Public Policy Analysis
and Management included two panels of top scholars reflecting on 40 years of
poverty research and policy in honor of IRP's 40th anniversary. The sessions
attracted standing-room-only crowds.
IRP governance was expanded in 2004 by adding another associate director position,
Associate Director for Training and Research, held by Carolyn Heinrich, who
runs the GRF program; Thomas Kaplan, who had held the title of associate director
since 2002, then became Associate Director for Programs and Management.
Research topics addressed by poverty scholars at IRP in these years include,
in addition to the ongoing work on child support in Wisconsin, welfare reform,
child and family well-being, the measurement of poverty, health and poverty,
and education and poverty. These themes-enduring aspects of the poverty problem-have
run throughout the history of the Institute.
IRP researchers continue to explore new approaches to poverty as well. For
example, in September 2007 the "Pathways to Self-Sufficiency" conference
examined how to help people who were moved into the low-wage economy by recent
welfare reform into better paying and more stable jobs. Carolyn Heinrich and
John Karl Scholz organized this conference, and they coedited a monograph comprising
the papers presented, to be published in 2009 by the Russell Sage Foundation.
An April 2008 IRP working conference, "Measuring the Role of Faith in
Program Outcomes," brought together faith-based service providers, policymakers,
and evaluators interested in faith-based services for hard-to-serve populations.
Participants discussed how the effectiveness of social services delivery by
faith-based organizations could be measured.
In May 2008, IRP held the "Changing Poverty" conference, which
brought together authors and discussants of commissioned papers that consider
trends and determinants of poverty and inequality, the evolution of poverty-related
policy, and the consequences of poverty for families and children. IRP Director
Maria Cancian and National Poverty Center Director Sheldon Danziger coedited
a subsequent volume, Changing Poverty (Russell Sage Foundation, forthcoming
in fall 2009), which will complement the seminal poverty series that comprises Fighting
Poverty (1986), Confronting Poverty (1994), and Understanding
Poverty (2001).
IRP activity continued into the summer of 2008. In June, the annual Summer
Research Workshop (invitation-only) brought together a small group of
social scientists to consider a variety of issues affecting low-income families
and individuals. In July, the research conference "A State of Agents? Third-Party
Governance and Implications for Human Services" addressed issues raised
by public policy and management scholars regarding the growing number of third-party
entities that play increasingly central roles in the design, management, and
execution of public policy.
In August, IRP hosted an Applied Microeconometrics Workshop, which was taught
by Guido Imbens, Harvard University, and Jeffrey Wooldridge, Michigan State
University. Imbens and Wooldridge discussed developments in microeconometrics
over the last decade and a half. The focus was on methods that are relevant
for, and ready to be used by, empirical researchers, at whom the workshop was
aimed.
Maria Cancian ended her term as IRP director with word that IRP'’s application
for continuation of ASPE funding was approved.
Renewed Drive: 2008 Forward
Timothy Smeeding, an alumnus of the University of Wisconsin (Ph.D. in economics,
1975) and student of former IRP director Robert Haveman, assumed the directorship
of IRP on August 1, 2008. Smeeding came to Madison from Syracuse University,
where he ran the Center for Policy Research, which he founded in 1994. Smeeding
is known internationally as the founder and director of the Luxembourg Income
Study (LIS), an independent nonprofit research center and cross-national database
of income, wealth, labor market, and demographic information of citizens from
more than 30 countries.
While at IRP, Smeeding's projects include spearheading the establishment
of a new cross-national income database, for rapidly growing middle-income
countries such as China, India, and Brazil, with support from the National
Science Foundation. As does the LIS, the new database will harmonize household
income and net worth datasets and make the data available to researchers worldwide,
but for middle-income countries. Smeeding will also host upcoming September
2009 conferences on the role of low-income men as partners and as fathers,
and on learning about intergenerational mobility from cross-national research.
Smeeding notes, "This is an exciting time to be at IRP. We have learned
a great deal about how to reduce poverty in our nation and in our state, and
I believe that now is the time to apply that knowledge to overcome the negative
effects of the economic recession we are experiencing so that we emerge from
these difficult times with a renewed drive to reduce poverty and enhance social
and economic mobility for those who are less fortunate."
More than 40 years after its founding, the Institute is energized to build
on past accomplishments and forge new approaches to the fight against poverty
and social inequality in the United States, in Wisconsin, and throughout the
world.
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Notes
1. "The Institute for Research on Poverty,"
in Conference on Poverty Research, Communications, and the Public, ed.
Charles E. Higbie (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1966), p. 122.
2.Publications of the Institute can be accessed
electronically on the World Wide Web at this address: "http://www.irp.wisc.edu/publications.htm".
3. Policy and Program Research in a University
Setting: A Case Study, report of the Advisory Committee for Assessment
of University-Based Institutes for Research on Poverty (Washington, D.C.:
National Academy of Sciences, 1971), p. 17.
4. Evaluating Federal Support for Poverty Research,
report prepared by the Committee on Evaluation of Poverty Research (Washington,
D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1979), p. 43.
5. "IRP Still in Business," Focus 6:1 (Fall-Winter
1982), p. 6 [written by Elizabeth Uhr].
6. IRP, "Grant Application Submitted to the Assistant
Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, Department of Health and Human Services,
13 February 1981, for Poverty Research Center."
7. The resulting conference volume, Fighting
Poverty: What Works and What Doesn't, edited by Sheldon H. Danziger and
Daniel H. Weinberg, was published by Harvard University Press in 1986.
8. The conference resulted in a 1988 book, Divided
Opportunities: Minorities, Poverty, and Social Policy, edited by Gary
Sandefur and Marta Tienda, published by Plenum Press.
9. This work resulted in a series of journal articles
and a book, Growing Up With a Single Parent: What Hurts, What Helps
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994), by Sara McLanahan and
Gary Sandefur.
10. A part of this work is represented by the
monograph, Succeeding Generations: On the Effects of Investments in Children
(New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1994), by Robert Haveman and Barbara Wolfe.
11. The 1990 evaluation conference resulted in
an IRP book: Evaluating Welfare and Training Programs, edited by Charles
F. Manski and Irwin Garfinkel (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press,
1992).
12. The edited proceedings were published by Harvard
University Press in 1994 as Confronting Poverty: Prescriptions for Change,
edited by Sheldon H. Danziger, Gary D. Sandefur, and Daniel H. Weinberg.
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