[Federal Register: April 4, 2007 (Volume 72, Number 64)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Page 16291-16306]
From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
[DOCID:fr04ap07-24]
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DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
Food and Drug Administration
21 CFR Part 179
[Docket No. 2005N-0272]
RIN 0910-ZA29
Irradiation in the Production, Processing and Handling of Food
AGENCY: Food and Drug Administration, HHS.
ACTION: Proposed rule.
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SUMMARY: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is proposing to revise
its labeling regulations applicable to foods (including dietary
supplements) for which irradiation has been approved by FDA. FDA is
proposing that only those irradiated foods in which the irradiation
causes a material change in the food, or a material change in the
consequences that may result from the use of the food, bear the radura
logo and the term ``irradiated,'' or a derivative thereof, in
conjunction with explicit language describing the change in the food or
its conditions of use. For purposes of this rulemaking, we are using
the term ``material change'' to refer to a change in the organoleptic,
nutritional, or functional properties of a food, caused by irradiation,
that the consumer could not identify at the point of purchase in the
absence of appropriate labeling. FDA is also proposing to allow a firm
to petition FDA for use of an alternate term to ``irradiation'' (other
than ``pasteurized''). In addition, FDA is proposing to permit a firm
to use the term ``pasteurized'' in lieu of ``irradiated,'' provided it
notifies the agency that the irradiation process being used meets the
criteria specified for use of the term ``pasteurized'' in the Federal
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the act) and the agency does not object
to the notification. This proposed action is in response to the Farm
Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 (FSRIA) and, if finalized,
will provide consumers with more useful information than the current
regulation.
DATES: Submit written or electronic comments on the proposed rule by
July 3, 2007. Submit comments regarding information collection by May
4, 2007 to OMB (see ADDRESSES).
ADDRESSES: You may submit comments, identified by Docket No. 2005N-0272
by any of the following methods:
Electronic Submissions
Submit electronic comments in the following ways:
<bullet> Federal eRulemaking Portal: http://www.regulations.gov.
Follow the instructions for submitting comments.
<bullet> Agency Web site: http://www.fda.gov/dockets/ecomments.
Follow the instructions for submitting comments on the agency Web site.
Written Submissions
Submit written submissions in the following ways:
<bullet> FAX: 301-827-6870.
<bullet> Mail/Hand delivery/Courier [For paper, disk, or CD-ROM
submissions]: Division of Dockets Management (HFA-305), Food and Drug
Administration, 5630 Fishers Lane, rm. 1061, Rockville, MD 20852.
To ensure more timely processing of comments, FDA is no longer
accepting comments submitted to the agency by e-mail. FDA encourages
you to continue to submit electronic comments by using the Federal
eRulemaking Portal or the agency Web site, as described in the
[[Page 16292]]
Electronic Submissions portion of this paragraph.
Instructions: All submissions received must include the agency name
and Docket No. 2005N-0272 or Regulatory Information Number (RIN) for
this rulemaking. All comments received will be posted without change to
http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/default.htm, including any personal
information provided. For detailed instructions on submitting comments
and additional information on the rulemaking process, see the
``Comments'' heading of the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION section of this
document.
Docket: For access to the docket to read background documents or
comments received, go to http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/default.htm
and insert the docket number, found in brackets in the heading of this
document, into the ``Search'' box and follow the prompts and/or go to
the Division of Dockets Management, 5630 Fishers Lane, rm. 1061,
Rockville, MD 20852.
Information Collection Provisions: Submit written comments on the
information collection provisions to the Office of Information and
Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget (OMB).To ensure
that comments on the information collection are received, OMB
recommends that written comments be faxed to the Office of Information
and Regulatory Affairs, OMB, Attn: FDA Desk Officer, FAX: 202-395-6974.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Loretta A. Carey, Center for Food
Safety and Applied Nutrition (HFS-820), Food and Drug Administration,
5100 Paint Branch Pkwy., College Park, MD 20740, 301-436-2371.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
I. Background
A. Current Labeling Requirements for Irradiated Foods
In the Federal Register of February 14, 1984 (49 FR 5714), FDA
published a proposed rule (the 1984 proposal) to approve the use of
ionizing radiation on several foods. The 1984 proposal did not include
a requirement for labeling disclosing the use of ionizing radiation.
FDA received over 5,000 comments on this proposal, including numerous
comments on the issue of labeling irradiated foods. Based on the
comments and information received in response to the 1984 proposal and
on further analysis, FDA published a final rule in the Federal Register
on April 18, 1986 (51 FR 13376) (the 1986 final rule). The 1986 final
rule required that the label and labeling of retail packages and
displays of irradiated food bear both the radura logo and a radiation
disclosure statement (``Treated with radiation'' or ``Treated by
irradiation''). FDA concluded that labeling indicating treatment of
food with radiation was necessary to prevent misbranding of irradiated
foods because irradiation may not visually change the food and in the
absence of a label statement, the implied representation to consumers
is that the food has not been processed. We stated in the preamble to
the 1986 final rule that, in addition to the mandatory language, the
manufacturer may also state on the wholesale or retail label the
purpose of the treatment process or further describe the kind of
treatment used (51 FR 13376 at 13387). That is, the manufacturer may
include in the labeling any phrase such as ``treated with radiation to
control spoilage,'' ``treated with radiation to extend shelf life,'' or
``treated with radiation to inhibit maturation,'' as long as the phrase
truthfully describes the primary purpose of the treatment. Similarly,
the manufacturer may choose to state more specifically the type of
radiation used in the treatment, i.e., ``treated with x-radiation,''
``treated with ionizing radiation,'' or ``treated with gamma
radiation,'' if more specific description is applicable.
B. The 1999 Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (ANPRM) on the
Labeling of Irradiated Foods
On November 21, 1997, the Food and Drug Administration
Modernization Act (FDAMA) (Public Law 105-115) was enacted. Section 306
of FDAMA amended the act by adding section 403C (21 U.S.C. 343-3).
Section 403C of the act addressed the disclosure of irradiation on the
labeling of foods as follows:
``(a) No provision of section 201(n), 403(a), or 409 shall be
construed to require on the label or labeling of a food a separate
radiation disclosure statement that is more prominent than the
declaration of ingredients required by section 403(i)(2).
(b) In this section, the term ``radiation disclosure statement''
means a written statement that discloses that a food has been
intentionally subject to radiation.''
Although section 403C of the act addressed only the prominence of
the radiation disclosure statements, the language in the FDAMA Joint
Statement (H. Rep. 105-399, 105th Cong., 1st sess., at 98-99) stated
that FDA should seek public comment on whether additional changes
should be made to current regulations relating to the labeling of foods
treated with ionizing radiation. Specifically, the Joint Statement
stated that ``the public comment process should be utilized by the
Secretary to provide an opportunity to comment on whether the
regulations should be amended to revise the prescribed nomenclature for
the labeling of irradiated foods and on whether such labeling
requirements should expire at a specified date in the future.'' The
FDAMA Joint Statement also indicated that ``The conferees intend for
any required irradiation disclosure to be of a type and character such
that it would not be perceived to be a warning or give rise to
inappropriate anxiety'' (Ref. 1).
In response to the conferees' report, FDA published an ANPRM in the
Federal Register of February 17, 1999 (64 FR 7834) seeking public
comment on the meaning of the current irradiation labeling statement
and soliciting suggestions for possible revisions. The 1999 ANPRM
described the intent of the conference report, cited several documents
related to irradiation labeling, and asked for comment on how the
current label is perceived by consumers. The 1999 ANPRM also described
whether other labeling would more accurately convey that the food was
irradiated without implying a warning or causing inappropriate consumer
anxiety.
FDA received over 5,550 comments in response to the 1999 ANPRM on
the meaning of the current irradiation labeling statement and
suggestions for possible revisions. The majority of comments urged FDA
to retain the current labeling for irradiated foods. Some comments
suggested alternate wording, such as ``cold pasteurization,'' or
``electronic pasteurization,'' while other comments contended that
these terms serve only to obscure information and confuse consumers. A
few comments stated that additional labeling, such as ``irradiated to
kill harmful bacteria,'' was helpful.
C. Consumer Research
To better assist FDA in formulating specific revisions that would
accomplish the objectives outlined in the FDAMA Joint Statement and
also satisfy the requirements of the act, the agency, in addition to
publishing the ANPRM, conducted focus group research in Maryland,
Minnesota, and California, during June and July 2001. The primary focus
of the research was to ascertain from focus group participants how they
viewed the current irradiation disclosure statement. We were
particularly interested in whether the focus group participants
perceived the current irradiation disclosure statement as a warning.
The
[[Page 16293]]
focus group data indicated that the majority of participants were
uncertain about the safety, effectiveness, and appropriateness of
irradiated food products and greatly desired more information. Most of
the participants viewed alternate terms, such as ``cold
pasteurization'' and ``electronic pasteurization,'' as misleading,
because such terms appeared to conceal rather than to disclose
information. Participants did not see the current disclosure labeling
as a warning, per se, because knowledgeable participants considered
irradiation to be a positive safety attribute. Less knowledgeable
participants, such as those who associated irradiation with things such
as x-ray or radiation, wanted more information about the
appropriateness of food irradiation. All participants agreed that
irradiated foods should be labeled ``honestly.''
D. Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 (FSRIA) (Public Law
107-171)
On May 13, 2002, the President signed into law the FSRIA. The law
included two provisions that relate to irradiation labeling. One of
these provisions, section 10808, as discussed in the following
paragraph, includes new criteria for use of the term ``pasteurization''
in labeling. The other provision, section 10809, directed FDA to
publish for public comment proposed changes to the current regulations
relating to the labeling of foods that have been treated by irradiation
using radioactive isotope, electronic beam, or x-ray to reduce pest
infestation or pathogens. The provision further stated that ``[p]ending
promulgation of the final rule * * * any person may petition the
Secretary [FDA] for approval of labeling, which is not false or
misleading in any material respect, of a food which has been treated by
irradiation using radioactive isotope, electronic beam, or x-ray.''
Section 10809 also requires that, pending issuance of the final rule,
``* * * [t]he Secretary [FDA] shall approve or deny such a petition
within 180 days of receipt of the petition, or the petition shall be
deemed denied, except to the extent additional agency review is
mutually agreed upon by the Secretary [FDA] and the petitioner.''
Section 10808 of the FSRIA, which includes new criteria for use of
the term ``pasteurized'' in labeling, revised section 403(h) of the act
to provide that a food may purport to be or be represented as
pasteurized if the food has been subjected to a safe process or
treatment that is prescribed as pasteurization for such food in a
regulation issued under the act or the food has been subjected to a
safe process or treatment that meet certain criteria. The criteria
prescribed in section 10808 of the FSRIA are that the food has been
subjected to a safe process that: (1) Is reasonably certain to achieve
destruction or elimination in the food of the most resistant micro-
organisms of public health significance that are likely to occur in the
food, (2) is at least as protective of the public health as a process
or treatment prescribed by regulation as pasteurization, (3) is
effective for a period that is at least as long as the shelf life of
the food when stored under normal and moderate abuse conditions, and
(4) is the subject of a notification to the Secretary (FDA) that
includes effectiveness data regarding the process or treatment and at
least 120 days have passed after receipt of such notification without
the Secretary making a determination that the process or treatment
involved has not been shown to meet the requirements.
As part of FDA's implementation of section 10809 of the FSRIA, FDA
issued a guidance document entitled ``Guidance; Implementation of
Section 10809 of the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002,
Public Law No. 107-171, section 10809 (2002) Regarding the Petition
Process to Request Approval of Labeling for Foods That Have Been
Treated by Irradiation'' (the 2002 Guidance). The 2002 Guidance was
issued in accordance with FDA's Good Guidance Practices regulation in
21 CFR 10.115. The 2002 Guidance also advised how interested parties
may petition the agency for the approval of labeling that may be used
on irradiated food as an alternative to the currently required
irradiation disclosure statement. FDA noted that this was an interim
process and that it could be used until FDA published any final
regulation on this issue. FDA published a notice in the Federal
Register announcing the availability of the 2002 Guidance document on
October 7, 2002 (67 FR 62487). To date, FDA has not received any
petitions requesting the use of alternative labeling for irradiated
foods.
II. The Proposal
A. Legal Authority/Statutory Directive
FDA's authority to require labeling of all foods\1\, including
irradiated foods, derives from sections 201(n) and 403(a)(1) of the act
(21 U.S.C. 321(n) and 343(a)(1)). In addition, section 701(a) of the
act (21 U.S.C. 371(a)) authorizes FDA to issue regulations for the
efficient enforcement of the act. Under section 403(a)(1) of the act, a
food is misbranded if ``its labeling is false or misleading in any
particular.'' Section 201(n) of the act mandates that, in determining
whether labeling is misleading, FDA take into account, among other
things, whether the labeling fails to reveal facts that are material in
the light of representations made or suggested or with respect to
consequences that may result from the use of the product to which the
labeling relates under the conditions of use prescribed in the labeling
or under such conditions of use as are customary or usual.
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\1\ Food refers to conventional foods as well as dietary
supplements.
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Historically, the agency has generally interpreted the scope of the
materiality concept to mean information about the characteristics of
the food. FDA has required special labeling on the basis of it being
``material'' information in cases where the absence of such information
leads the consumer to assume that a food, because of its similarity to
another food, has nutritional\2\, organoleptic (e.g., taste, smell, or
texture), or functional (e.g., storage)\3\ properties of the food it
resembles when in fact it does not. For example, the labeling of
margarine that has been processed in a way that results in it no longer
being suitable for frying must disclose this difference from regular
margarine.
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\2\ Currently, we are not aware of any changes to the
nutritional properties of any food FDA has approved for irradiation.
\3\ The statutory phrase ``the consequences that may result from
the use of the food'' (section 201(n) of the act) generally can also
be described as changes in a food's functional properties. For
brevity and clarity, we use the latter terminology in this document.
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Irradiation has various effects on foods that may cause changes in
the characteristics of the food. Such changes may occur in the food's
organoleptic, nutritional, or functional properties that would not be
noticeable at the point of purchase but could be apparent when consumed
or cooked. If these changes are not within the range of characteristics
ordinarily found in such foods, they would be considered ``material''
under this proposal. In the absence of appropriate labeling disclosing
these changes in the characteristics of the food, consumers would not
have all of the necessary information needed to make a purchase
decision or properly use the food. Thus, in the absence of information
about these changes in the characteristics of the food, the labeling
would be misleading under 201(n) of the act and the food would be
misbranded. These
[[Page 16294]]
changes are typically process specific and will vary with the food and
the irradiation conditions. In addition, these changes and the degree
of the changes may be measurable and of consequence to consumers. Thus,
a blanket statement on when labeling would be required due to
irradiation causing material changes cannot be made in advance for all
products. Rather, the need for labeling must be determined on a case-
by-case basis by appropriate testing of the food irradiated under
specific conditions, e.g., time and dosage, because the effect of
irradiation on the properties of concern depends on the particular
food.
Under the proposal, the fact that a food has been irradiated would
not by itself require disclosure on the label. FDA is proposing to
require that only those irradiated foods in which irradiation causes a
material change in a food's characteristics (e.g., organoleptic,
nutritional, or functional properties) under the conditions of use
prescribed in the label and labeling or under customary or usual
conditions of use bear the radura logo. Those irradiated foods must
also bear the term ``irradiated'' or any derivative thereof (e.g.,
``irradiate,'' ``irradiation,'' ``radiation,'' etc.) in conjunction
with language describing the material change. Additionally, FDA will
not object to the use of additional terms to indicate that a food has
been subjected to the process of irradiation, e.g., ``treated with
radiation,'' ``treated by irradiation,'' or ``processed with
radiation.'' However, in the absence of a material change, under the
proposal, the fact that the food has been irradiated is not considered
a material fact and, therefore, no logo or label statement would be
needed. For such foods, FDA would not object to manufacturers
voluntarily labeling their products to indicate that the food is
irradiated. FDA is also proposing to allow the use of alternate terms
to ``irradiated'' or any of its derivatives if use of the term has been
approved by FDA in response to a citizen petition submitted in
accordance with Sec. 10.30 (21 CFR 10.30).
As discussed in more detail in section I of this document, the
FSRIA amended section 403(h) of the act to include new criteria for the
use of the term ``pasteurized'' in labeling. This section gives FDA
authority to determine for labeling purposes whether alternate
processes, e.g., irradiation, are equivalent to pasteurization in
destroying pathogens. Therefore, FDA is also proposing to require that
anyone seeking to label a food as ``pasteurized'' under this provision
in lieu of referring to irradiation must notify FDA and provide
supportive data. Provided the agency has not objected to the
notification within 120 days after receipt of the notification, the
notifier would be able to label a food as ``pasteurized'' in lieu of
``irradiated.''
Under section 409 of the act, no food may be irradiated without
approval by FDA. Currently, FDA has approved irradiation for a number
of foods, including spices, shell eggs and fruits and vegetables,
although only a small fraction of these foods are actually irradiated.
According to a report by the U.S. General Accounting Office\4\ (2000),
only 0.005 percent of fruits and vegetables consumed in the United
States (about 1.5 million pounds), and 9.5 percent of all spices
consumed in the United States (about 95 million pounds of spices and
dry or dehydrated aromatic vegetable substances) are irradiated
annually. See the following Web site for a listing of all foods that
have been approved for irradiation: http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/10apr20061500/edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2006/aprqtr/21cfr179.26.htm.
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\4\ Now the Government Accountability Office.
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B. Proposed Amendment
As previously discussed in section II.A of this document,
irradiation has various effects on foods that may change a food's
characteristics. For example, as with other forms of processing, the
effects of irradiation that kill or weaken insects and microorganisms
may also cause some changes in the food itself. Many of these changes
are of little significance, as the composition of the food will remain
within normal variations of unirradiated foods. However, other changes
to organoleptic, nutritional, and functional properties may occur.
Changes to shelf life are likely to be among the most common of these
changes. Bananas and spices are illustrative of irradiated foods that
may have an extended shelf life and are discussed in the following
paragraph.
Bananas may be irradiated to delay ripening and extend shelf life.
This is an example of a material change. Consumers have a general idea
of the shelf life and ripening time of unirradiated bananas based upon
their appearance and make purchase decisions based at least in part on
the bananas' appearance (i.e., ripeness) and intended use. If
irradiated bananas were not labeled to indicate the material change,
e.g., delayed ripening, consumers would purchase the bananas expecting
the faster ripening schedule of unirradiated bananas. A consumer who
wanted to make a food that required very ripe bananas (e.g., banana
bread) would not know, without labeling, that the irradiated bananas
would not be ripe enough to make the banana bread when he wanted to do
so. Thus, if the irradiated bananas are not labeled, the consumer might
purchase the bananas and then discover later that they are unsuitable
for the consumer's planned use.
In contrast, there are instances where treatment with irradiation
may extend a food's shelf life without changing any of its functional
characteristics in a way that may require using the food differently
than its unirradiated counterpart. For example, while spices that are
irradiated to control microbial growth will likely have their shelf
life extended, FDA tentatively believes that the extension in shelf
life in this case does not have the potential to be detrimental to the
consumer (e.g., to prevent the consumer's planned use of the food)
because the irradiated spice can be used identically to an unirradiated
spice. That is, in addition to possibly benefiting from the extended
shelf life, a consumer buying the irradiated spice can use the
irradiated spice the same as he would the unirradiated spice. Unlike
the consumer of irradiated bananas described above, the spice consumer
does not need additional information to prevent the potential for a
detrimental consequence from using the irradiated food the same as its
unirradiated counterpart. Thus, FDA tentatively believes that the
extension of a spice's shelf life due to irradiation would not be
material information that consumers need to know; therefore the
producer would not be required to declare this information on the spice
label. We request comment on the utility, for purposes of labeling, of
distinguishing between those changes to a food's functional properties
from irradiation that may make a food unsuitable for a particular use
(e.g., delayed ripening) and those changes that still allow for the
food to be used identically to one that is not irradiated (e.g.,
extension of shelf life alone).
One of the goals of food science research on irradiation is to
determine irradiation conditions that would minimize those unexpected
effects that would be material to consumers. In a review article on the
effects of irradiation on fresh-cut fruits and vegetables, Prakash and
Foley (Ref. 1a) cite research illustrating how effects can vary
depending on the food, irradiation conditions, and mitigating steps
that can be taken. They report that in some cases low doses can cause
significant loss in firmness; however, in other fruits and vegetables
no such loss is observed, even at a higher dose. For example,
[[Page 16295]]
firmness of diced Roma tomatoes irradiated at 0.5 kilogray (kGy)
decreased by 30 percent and firmness of cut romaine lettuce irradiated
at 0.35 kGy decreased by 10 percent. However, no change in firmness was
observed in shredded carrots or fresh-cut iceberg lettuce following
irradiation at 1 and 2 kGy, or in celery irradiated at 1 kGy. In diced
bell peppers, irradiation at 3.7 kGy reduced bell peppers' flavor and
produced some off-flavors, while no effect on flavor or aroma was
perceived in a control group of bell peppers that were not irradiated
and in peppers irradiated at 1.32 kGy. Additionally, after storage for
9 days, off aroma was significantly higher in the control sample of
bell peppers than in the two groups of irradiated peppers, coinciding
with a slimy appearance attributed to microbial spoilage. Prakash and
Foley also report that combining irradiation with other technologies,
such as calcium treatment, warm water dips, and modified atmosphere
packaging further mitigated measurable adverse effects on quality.
Similarly, Kader (Ref. 1b) reported that fruits and vegetables such as
papaya, strawberry, tomatoes, and dates have a high tolerance to
irradiation at doses (below 1 kGy) used for insect control, while
cucumber, green bean, grape, and lemon have a low tolerance at this
same kilogray. Thus, whether effects occur that would change the food
in a significant way will depend on the particular food that is
irradiated and the dosage of irradiation used. In its decision
approving the use of radiation on shell eggs, FDA cited to data in the
petition showing an increased color loss in the irradiated egg yolk and
a change in the egg's viscosity as the radiation dose was increased (65
FR 45280 at 45281; July 21, 2000). Such a change in the viscosity or
other characteristics of the egg would affect its functionality, e.g.,
its cooking or binding properties. This change could be significant
enough that consumers should be informed of the irradiation and its
effect on the food.
In sum, irradiation of food can cause effects in food that are
material in light of representations made or on consequences of use.
However, whether such effects are sufficient to meet the standard of
section 201(n) of the act will vary based on several factors and cannot
be determined without considering the particular food and irradiation
processing applied. If the change in the irradiated food is within the
range of characteristics ordinarily found in such foods, then the fact
that the food is irradiated and the resulting change would not be
material information and would not be required to be declared on the
label.
The use of irradiation is strictly voluntary and generally approved
up to a maximum dose. We believe that manufacturers may adjust the
dosage to get the most effective dose, while minimizing unexpected
effects in the irradiated food. These food manufacturers or producers
may choose to irradiate their food only if the irradiation does not
alter in a significant way characteristics of the food that are
material to the consumer. Thus, it is possible that many uses of
irradiation will not result in a material change within the framework
set out in this rule. FDA is interested in receiving information about
the types of pre-market investigations, e.g., taste test panels or
functional studies, done by food manufacturers to evaluate whether to
irradiate and at what dose to irradiate in such a way that a material
change does not result.
Food is most commonly irradiated to control food-borne pathogens.
FDA is not aware of data indicating that control of food-borne
pathogens as a result of food irradiation would, by itself, result in a
change in the food's characteristics that would not be apparent at the
point of purchase of the food and, thus, would have to be disclosed in
the labeling of the food to prevent the labeling from being misleading.
Consumers expect food to be safe and of a certain quality, and
therefore, FDA tentatively concludes that control of food-borne
pathogens alone is not an unexpected change in the food. Thus, in
instances where a food has been irradiated to enhance or maintain the
safety of a food by controlling food-borne pathogens that may be
present, and no other changes to the food have resulted, FDA
tentatively concludes that information that the food has been
irradiated is not necessary to prevent the labeling from being
misleading. FDA is interested in receiving any information on whether
the control of food-borne pathogens changes the characteristics of the
food in an unexpected way, i.e., outside of the normal variation of the
food, and would therefore require additional labeling to inform the
consumer of such change. FDA also solicits comments on any specific
changes that might be caused by irradiation that might constitute non-
material changes.
On the other hand, there may be situations in which irradiation to
control food-borne pathogens has had other effects on foods, such as
changes to organoleptic, nutritional, or functional properties which
would not be readily apparent to the consumer. In such situations,
information that there are changes in the characteristics of the food
as a consequence of irradiation is the material information that is
required in labeling in keeping with the act, to prevent the labeling
from being misleading. Further, with regard specifically to shelf life,
FDA recognizes that irradiation to control the growth of food-borne
pathogens may have the unintended effect of extending shelf life. We
specifically request comment on the effect of irradiation on shelf life
and the extent of any relationship between control of food-borne
pathogens and extension of shelf life.
In the past, FDA policies on irradiation labeling have focused on
the fact that the food has been processed. In the preamble to the 1986
final rule, we stated that ``* * * irradiation may not change the food
visually so that in the absence of a statement that a food has been
irradiated, the implied representation to consumers is that the food
has not been processed'' (51 FR 13376 at 13388). FDA concluded that, to
prevent deception, the fact that the irradiated food is processed is
material information that is required to be disclosed on the label.
Thus, FDA required in Sec. 179.26(c) (21 CFR 179.26(c)) that, in
addition to the radura logo, the label and labeling of irradiated foods
bear the statement ``Treated with radiation'' or ``Treated by
irradiation.''
In recent years, FDA policies on the labeling of foods have focused
on the results of the processing of the food rather than the processing
itself. As discussed earlier, although foods that have been irradiated
have been processed, the irradiation does not always result in a
material change in the food or in the consequences of use. Further, FDA
consumer research indicates that information provided to consumers on
the labels of foods is more meaningful if it describes the purpose of
the irradiation (Ref. 2). FDA recognizes that labeling to inform the
consumer that the product has been irradiated does not, in itself,
inform the consumer if or how the product is materially changed. Thus,
FDA tentatively believes that when the irradiation causes a material
change in the characteristics of the food, the consumer needs to know
about this change, and not just the fact that the food has been
irradiated. FDA believes that this information should be provided in a
disclosure statement on the label of the irradiated food. The
disclosure statement would describe the material change in the
properties of the food and give consumers additional information that
would enable them to make better informed decisions about whether to
purchase an irradiated food.
[[Page 16296]]
Therefore, FDA is proposing to amend Sec. 179.26(c)(1) and (c)(2)
to require that only those foods that have been treated with radiation,
and in which the irradiation caused a material change in the
characteristics of the food must bear the radura logo and the term
``irradiated,'' or other derivatives as discussed previously in section
II.A in conjunction with explicit language describing the change in the
food or its conditions of use (e.g., ``irradiated to inhibit
sprouting''). In addition, as noted in the 1986 final rule (51 FR 13376
at 13391), FDA believes that the logo is still a necessary part of the
label statement because it derives from the symbol that has been used
internationally to convey the fact that the food has been irradiated.
FDA tentatively concludes that this approach is appropriate because it
would require that consumers be provided with more precise information
about the material change in the characteristics of the food than what
is currently required. As noted previously, such material changes may
affect how products are stored and subsequently used by consumers, as
well as whether or not the products are purchased in the first place.
However, FDA requests comments on whether the term that describes the
process, e.g., ``irradiated'' or an alternate term such as
``pasteurized,'' is a necessary part of the label statement to ensure
that consumers completely understand the statement.
As previously discussed in section I.D of this document, section
10809 of the FSRIA provides that anyone requesting approval of
alternative labeling for a food that has been treated by irradiation,
may petition FDA. As discussed in the 2002 Guidance, FDA believes that
it is appropriate to use the citizen petition process provided in Sec.
10.30. This regulation requires the petitioner to submit to the agency
all relevant information regarding the petition. This relevant
information includes both the information and views upon which the
petitioner relies and the information known to the petitioner that is
unfavorable to the petitioner's position. Thus for these purposes,
relevant information would include any data known or relied upon by the
petitioner (e.g., qualitative or quantitative consumer research), that
show consumer understanding of the purpose and intent of the proposed
alternative labeling. FDA believes that such information might include,
but is not limited to, the following information: (1) Data on
consumers' prior assumptions about, and perceptions of, the product
characteristics in light of the proposed labeling statements and (2)
data on consumer acceptance and comprehension of the proposed labeling
statements in comparison to consumer acceptance and comprehension of
the irradiation statement required by the current regulation (Sec.
179.26(c)(1)). Also, as noted in section I.D of this document, section
10808 of the FSRIA revised section 403(h) of the act to permit the use
of the term ``pasteurized'' on labels of foods that have been subjected
to a safe process as long as the process meets certain criteria.
Therefore, we are proposing in Sec. 179.26(c)(1) to permit the use
of alternate terms to ``irradiated'' or any of its derivatives, on the
labels and labeling of irradiated foods. We are proposing in Sec.
179.26(c)(2) that the alternate term may be used on the labels and
labeling of foods that have been treated by irradiation, that is, if
use of the term has been approved by FDA in response to a citizen
petition submitted in accordance with Sec. 10.30. In the case that the
alternative term is ``pasteurized,'' the irradiation process must meet
the criteria of section 403(h)(3) of the act. Anyone seeking to label a
food as ``pasteurized'' under this provision must notify FDA and
provide effectiveness data regarding the process or treatment used. The
agency intends to issue guidance to interested parties who wish to
notify the agency to use the term ``pasteurized'' in accordance with
section 403(h)(3) of the act.
FDA and the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS), U.S.
Department of Agriculture, entered into a memorandum of understanding
(MOU) establishing procedures to jointly respond to petitions to use
food ingredients and sources of irradiation in the production of meat
and poultry products (see 64 FR 72168, December 23, 1999, at
http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/rdad/FRPubs/88-026F.pdf; for the MOU, see
http://www.fsis.usda.gov/Regulations_&_Policies/Labeling_FDA_MOU/index.asp).
FSIS has separately issued regulations at 9 CFR 424.22(c)
regarding the irradiation of meat and poultry products (see 64 FR
72150, December 23, 1999, at http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/rdad/FRPubs/97-076F.pdf).
III. Analysis of Economic Impacts
A. Introduction
FDA has examined the economic implications of this proposed rule as
required by Executive Order 12866, the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5
U.S.C. 601-612), and the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (Public
Law 104-4). Executive Order 12866 directs agencies to assess all costs
and benefits of available regulatory alternatives and, when regulation
is necessary, to select regulatory approaches that maximize net
benefits (including potential economic, environmental, public health
and safety, and other advantages; distributive impacts; and equity).
Executive Order 12866 classifies a rule as significant if it meets any
one of a number of specified conditions, including: having an annual
effect on the economy of $100 million or more or adversely affecting in
a material way a sector of the economy, competition, jobs, the
environment, public health, or safety, or State, local, or tribal
governments or communities. A regulation also is considered a
significant regulatory action if it raises novel legal or policy
issues. We have determined that this rule is a significant regulatory
action as defined by Executive Order 12866 because it raises novel
policy issues.
B. Preliminary Regulatory Impact Analysis
1. The Need for the Proposed Irradiation Labeling Rule
Executive Order 12866 states, ``Federal agencies should promulgate
only such regulations as are required by law, are necessary to
interpret the law, or are made necessary by compelling need, such as
failures of private markets to protect or improve the health and safety
of the public, the environment, or the well being of the American
people.''
As previously discussed in section I.D of this document, on May 13,
2002, the President signed into law the FSRIA, which contains a
provision relating to irradiation labeling. Section 10809 directs FDA
to publish a proposed rule and, with due consideration to public
comment, a final rule to revise the current regulation governing the
labeling of foods that have been treated by irradiation. This rule is
proposed not to address any market failure, but to respond to section
10809 of FSRIA and because we tentatively believe that it may no longer
be necessary to require that all irradiated food be labeled as such.
2. Regulatory Options
We analyzed five options for the proposed irradiation regulation:
<bullet> No new regulatory action (current state of the world,
baseline).
<bullet> Remove labeling requirements for irradiated foods.
<bullet> Maintain the current labeling requirement (that is, all
food that is irradiated must be labeled), but also require statements
of purpose (e.g., ``Irradiated to extend shelf life'').
[[Page 16297]]
<bullet> Maintain the current labeling requirement, but also allow
alternate terms to irradiation (e.g., ``pasteurized'').
<bullet> The proposed regulation--Only those foods treated with
irradiation and for which the irradiation caused a material change in
the food must bear the radura logo and the term ``irradiated'' or an
alternate term such as ``pasteurized'' in conjunction with explicit
language describing the change in the food or its conditions of use
(e.g., ``irradiated to inhibit sprouting''). A food undergoes a
material change if irradiation changes the properties of the food in a
way that is not readily apparent to the consumer at the point of
purchase. Therefore, in the absence of a material change, the fact that
the food was irradiated is not considered a material fact and,
therefore, no radura logo or label statement would be needed.
Option 1: No New Regulatory Action (baseline).
Taking no new regulatory action on irradiation labeling is option 1
in our analysis. The FSRIA requires FDA to publish a proposed rule and,
with due consideration to public comment, a final rule to revise the
current irradiation labeling regulation. So this is not a viable
option. We include it here because the Office of Management and Budget
(OMB) cost-benefit analysis guidelines recommend discussing statutory
requirements that affect the selection of regulatory approaches. These
guidelines also recommend analyzing the opportunity cost of legal
constraints that prevent the selection of the regulatory action that
best satisfies the philosophy and principles of Executive Order 12866.
This option will serve as the baseline against which other options will
be measured for assessing costs and benefits, and we assume the
baseline has zero costs and benefits.
The current regulation (Sec. 179.26) states that irradiated food
must bear the radura logo and the phrase ``Treated with radiation'' or
``Treated by irradiation'' and does not explicitly address the
inclusion of additional information that directs attention to shelf
life or food safety. Currently, FDA has approved iradiation for a
number of foods including spices, shell eggs, and fruits and
vegetables; however, only limited amounts of irradiated foods are sold
in the United States. According to a report by the General Accounting
Office\5\ (2000), it is estimated that 97 million pounds of food
products are irradiated annually (including ``meat food products''
under the Federal Meat Inspection Act and ``poultry'' under the Poultry
Products Inspection Act\6\, which are regulated by the United States
Department of Agriculture), which is only a small fraction of the total
amount of food consumed. For example, about 1.5 million pounds of
fruits and vegetables are irradiated annually. This represents only
0.005 percent of the total amount of fruits and vegetables consumed.
About 95 million pounds of spices and dry or dehydrated aromatic
vegetable substances are irradiated annually, which represents 9.5
percent of all spices consumed. Because spices, shell eggs, fruits and
vegetables account for virtually all the food irradiation done in the
United States, we use only data about those foods in our economic
analysis.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\5\ Now the Government Accountability Office.
\6\ It is our understanding that as of 2000 only a very small
proportion of poultry (0.002 percent of annual consumption) and no
meats were irradiated and available commercially (Ref. 10).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Option 2: Propose to remove labeling requirements for irradiated
foods
This option also may not be viable because it could violate section
403(a) of the act, which provides that the labeling of all foods,
including irradiated foods, must be truthful and not misleading. In
addition, section 201(n) of the act mandates that, in determining
whether particular labeling is misleading, FDA consider whether the
labeling fails to reveal material facts in light of representations
made, or with respect to, the consequences that may result from the use
of the product. Having no labeling requirements might violate these
provisions. If this option were chosen, costs and benefits would be
generated if many firms ceased labeling their irradiated products.
Costs: Since this option would not require labeling, search costs
would increase for purchasers who do not want irradiated food. There
will be an increase in search costs because these consumers would need
to increase efforts to find information about irradiated foods other
than on the labels or in the labeling, or obtain knowledge of producers
who irradiate their food products. If firms decide to drop labeling,
they would incur relabeling and label inventory costs but they would
choose the least costly labeling option.
Benefits: This option could be beneficial to those firms currently
labeling irradiated food by allowing them to reclaim label space on the
label for private purposes, such as marketing messages or label art.
Without a labeling requirement, it is possible that irradiation would
become more attractive to firms because of this benefit. Any increases
in the numbers of irradiated foods could, in turn, result in increased
food safety or shelf life.
Option 3: Maintain the current labeling requirement (i.e., require
that all irradiated food be labeled ``Treated with radiation'' or
``Treated by irradiation,'' along with the radura logo), but propose to
also require statements of purpose (e.g., ``Treated with irradiation to
inhibit sprouting,'' etc.).
The current regulation (Sec. 179.26(c)) states that irradiated
food must bear the radura logo and the phrase ``Treated with
radiation'' or ``Treated by irradiation.'' The current regulation does
not explicitly address the inclusion of additional information that
directs attention to, for example, shelf life or food safety. This
option would amend the current regulation to include explicit
requirements on inclusion of additional information on irradiation
benefits. While it is possible that some firms that irradiate food
currently include statements of purpose, this option would formally
require this inclusion.
Costs: This option would generate costs because firms would be
required to relabel their products in order to include statements of
purpose. Tables 1 and 2 of this document outline estimated labeling
costs for sectors of the food industry that may require relabeling. The
food categories included in the table are currently approved for
irradiation by FDA.
Table 1 outlines low, medium, and high cost estimates based on a
change in the principal display panel. Table 2 outlines low, medium,
and high cost estimates based on a change in the information panel or
assuming that the irradiation statement is similar in cost to a
nutrient content claim or health claim. It is not certain which table
most likely represents costs to firms because it is not certain what
conditions would make the costs in table 1 more likely or what
conditions would make table 2 more likely. Both tables show estimated
costs under compliance periods of 12, 24, and 36 months. In both tables
1 and 2, compliance costs decrease as the length of compliance period
increases for all product categories because firms can coordinate new
changes in labels with already-scheduled changes in labels. In
addition, the compliance period affects whether or not firms would
incur additional labor costs, such as overtime, and the volume of
labeling inventory that would have to be discarded as a result of a new
rule.
Cost estimates are shown in two proportions for each compliance
period: If 1 percent of the industry irradiates
[[Page 16298]]
and if 5 percent of the industry irradiates. As can be seen in the
tables, industry costs decrease as the number of firms irradiating food
decreases. Data on the actual number of firms that irradiate food or
will want to irradiate food in the future are not currently available.
The agency requests comments on the number of firms or products that
would be affected by a new irradiation labeling rule.
The cost model used in this analysis does not include costs for
labeling fresh produce without packaging because fresh fruits and
vegetables do not have Universal Product Codes that can be scanned.
Nonetheless, it is still necessary to estimate costs associated with
labeling fresh fruits and vegetables that have been irradiated.
One way of labeling fresh fruits and vegetables is by placing
stickers on the produce. While it is not known how many fruit and
vegetable manufacturers irradiate or will want to irradiate as a result
of this rule, according to the 2002 Census of Manufacturers (Ref. 8),
there are 5,836 firms that process fresh fruits and vegetables. As with
costs estimates for the other food categories, it is assumed that 1
percent of these firms, or 58, may want to irradiate, or 5 percent of
these firms, or 292, may want to irradiate. Our 1 percent and 5 percent
assumptions are based on the generally observed very low rate of
adoption of irradiation technology in food processing to date. We do
not have specific data to estimate the number of firms that will
irradiate if this rule is finalized, and we request comment on this
assumption.
For firms, there are administrative costs involving the
establishment of what the sticker will look like, as well as the costs
of finding the printer to produce these stickers. Based on previous
estimates of similar costs in the final rule on the Labeling of Juice
Products (63 FR 24254; May 1, 1998), the agency estimates these
administrative costs to be $100 per firm. In addition, printers levy
one time charges for set-up in addition to the basic per unit cost of
labels. The agency estimates these costs to be $250 per firm. Table 3A
summarizes administrative costs associated with using stickers if 1
percent of the industry irradiates and if 5 percent of the industry
irradiates.
In addition to administrative costs, there are labor costs
associated with affixing stickers to the fruits and vegetables. The
agency estimates the labor cost of applying the labels by multiplying
the average agricultural hourly wage ($10.75) (Ref. 8a) by the
approximate number of hours needed to label the irradiated fruits and
vegetables. Assuming it takes one worker 1 hour to label 240 pounds of
fruits or vegetables (4 pounds per minute multiplied by 60 minutes) it
would take approximately 6,250 hours to label 1.5 million pounds of
fruits and vegetables, the approximate amount of fruits and vegetables
irradiated annually in this country. The total labor costs associated
with labels would then be $67,188. Table 3B summarizes total labor
costs if one worker can label 240 pounds per hour, 360 pounds per hour
or 480 pounds per hour. The agency requests comments on costs
associated with labeling fresh fruits and vegetables that have been
irradiated.
Benefits: A statement regarding the purpose of irradiation would
serve to provide more information to consumers than what is currently
on the label. To the extent that the addition of the statement of
purpose causes people to purchase irradiated products they may have
previously avoided, and to the extent that these products have longer
shelf life or lower risk of illness, then consumers will benefit.
Consumers may look more favorably on irradiated food once they
understand the purpose, which in turn, could result in more irradiated
food in the market due to the increase in demand. Information may also
be a benefit in itself even if purchases do not increase. Research
indicates that providing a statement of purpose results in a more
positive attitude by consumers toward the purchase of irradiated food
(Ref. 3). Furthermore, research indicates that providing information
about the benefits of irradiation may increase willingness of consumers
to pay for irradiated food (Ref. 4).
Table 1.--Cost Estimates: Irradiation Relabeling, Principal Display Panel
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Percentage of Cost Estimates
Food Category Compliance Firms Affected by --------------------------------------------------------------------------
Period Rule Low Medium High
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Spices/Seasonings 12 months 1% $406,553 $581,000 $966,000
................. 5% $2,032,033 $2,905,689 $4,831,841
24 months 1% $195,967 $279,944 $468,000
................. 5% $981,269 $1,400,095 $2,335,798
36 months 1% $27,799 $39,650 $66,269
................. 5% $138,995 $198,248 $331,343
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Shell Eggs 12 months 1% $236,341 $314,692 $568,084
................. 5% $1,181,032 $1,570,997 $2,844,160
24 months 1% $144,063 $191,041 $345,471
................. 5% $718,210 $955,915 $1,728,457
36 months 1% $61,852 $82,324 $149,000
................. 5% $309,262 $411,618 $744,275
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dried Vegetables 12 months 1% $164,604 $218,663 $394,000
................. 5% $822,781 $1,094,153 $1,969,567
24 months 1% $92,292 $122,838 $222,307
................. 5% $461,461 $614,191 $1,110,562
36 months 1% $32,092 $42,713 $77,233
................. 5% $160,459 $213,566 $386,163
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Totals 12 months 1% $807,498 $1,114,355 $1,928,084
................. 5% $4,035,846 $5,570,839 $9,645,568
24 months 1% $432,322 $593,823 $1,035,778
................. 5% $2,160,940 $2,970,201 $5,174,817
36 months 1% $121,743 $164,687 $292,502
[[Page 16299]]
................. 5% $608,716 $823,432 $1,461,781
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Cost estimates include administrative, graphic design, prepress, engraving, analytical testing, market testing, and discarded inventory.
Source: RTI International, ``FDA Labeling Cost Model'' RTI Project 06673.010, March 2003.
Table 2.--Cost Estimates: Irradiation Relabeling, Information Panel
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Percentage of Cost Estimates
Food Category Compliance Firms Affected by --------------------------------------------------------------------------
Period Rule Low Medium High
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Spices/Seasonings 12 months 1% $192,245 $285,335 $447,000
................. 5% $959,479 $1,426,545 $2,233,436
24 months 1% $91,101 $134,964 $213,209
................. 5% $455,504 $674,821 $1,065,921
36 months 1% $12,860 $19,042 $30,121
................. 5% $64,298 $95,208 $150,605
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Shell Eggs 12 months 1% $107,773 $151,940 $254,488
................. 5% $538,863 $759,434 $1,273,169
24 months 1% $65,539 $92,365 $154,472
................. 5% $327,694 $461,827 $774,240
36 months 1% $28,221 $39,773 $66,678
................. 5% $141,105 $198,863 $333,388
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dried Vegetables 12 months 1% $76,347 $107,227 $178,332
................. 5% $381,735 $536,134 $891,881
24 months 1% $42,110 $59,346 $99,492
................. 5% $210,549 $296,732 $497,462
36 months 1% $14,642 $20,636 $34,595
................. 5% $73,212 $103,179 $172,977
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Totals 12 months 1% $376,365 $544,502 $879,820
................. 5% $1,880,077 $2,722,113 $4,398,486
24 months 1% $198,750 $286,675 $467,173
................. 5% $993,747 $1,433,380 $2,337,623
36 months 1% $55,723 $79,451 $131,394
................. 5% $278,615 $397,250 $656,970
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Cost estimates include administrative, graphic design, prepress, engraving, analytical testing, market testing, and discarded inventory.
Source: RTI International, ``FDA Labeling Cost Model'' RTI Project 06673.010, March 2003.
Table 3A.--Cost Estimates: Sticker Administrative Costs
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Number of Total Administrative
Firms Administrative Costs Printing Costs Costs
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1%, or 57 $100 $250 $19,950
------------------------------------------------------------------------
5%, or 283 $100 $250 $99,050
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 3B.--Cost Estimates: Sticker Labor Costs
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Labor
Pounds Per Hour Hourly Wage Hours Needed Cost
------------------------------------------------------------------------
240 $10.75 6,250 $67,188
------------------------------------------------------------------------
360 $10.75 4,167 $44,792
------------------------------------------------------------------------
480 $10.75 3,125 $33,594
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Option 4: Maintain the current labeling requirement, but propose to
also allow alternate terms to ``Irradiation'' (e.g., ``Pasteurized'')
The current regulation (Sec. 179.26(c)) states that irradiated
food must bear the radura logo and the phrase ``Treated with
radiation'' or ``Treated by irradiation.'' Currently, no alternate
terms to irradiation are allowed. This option would maintain the
requirement that irradiated food must be labeled but allow the label to
contain terms other than ``irradiated,'' such as ``pasteurized.'' But
the term ``pasteurized'' may be used only if the process meets the
definition as provided in section 403(h)(3) of the act.
Costs: This option generates costs because some firms would opt to
relabel their products, but it is uncertain how many firms would do
this because this option would be voluntary. However, firms would only
relabel if they thought doing so would increase profits. Tables 1 and 2
contain cost estimates for the main food categories that may be
affected by this option. It is probable that firms would select a 24 to
36 month compliance period to keep costs down by coordinating the
relabeling with regular labeling changes.
In the short run, there may be increased consumption of irradiated
food if those consumers who do not want irradiated food do not equate
the alternative term with irradiation. Also, confusion could result
from the use of alternative terms with uncertain meanings, causing some
consumers to increase search costs. Research indicates that many
consumers regard substitute terms for irradiation to be misleading
(Refs. 2 and 5). In the long run (defined here as a time period long
enough for consumers to adjust to and understand the meaning of the
alternate terms), consumers' distaste for the term ``irradiation''
would extend to alternate terms used in labeling, especially if there
is no additional statement of purpose. Once consumers understand that
the alternate terms all mean ``irradiation,'' the result would likely
be
[[Page 16300]]
a return to the baseline number of irradiated products and labels.
Benefits: It is possible that, in the short run, consumers will not
understand that the alternate terms mean the same as ``irradiation.''
However, to the extent that the substitution of terms induces consumers
to buy relabeled food that they may have previously avoided and to the
extent that these products benefit them in terms of safety or longer
shelf life, then consumers will benefit from the substitution of terms.
In the short run, the quantity of irradiated food supplied may increase
in response to increased demand. As previously mentioned, the long run
outcome may be the same as the baseline because, over time, consumers
will come to understand that any alternate terms have the same meaning
as ``irradiation.'' Once consumers understand that the alternate terms
have the same meaning as ``irradiation'' they may want to discontinue
consumption of the food, resulting in the number of irradiated foods
returning to the same number as before the change in terms. This is a
result of producers responding to the change in demand by reducing the
quantity of irradiated food supplied.
Option 5: The Proposed Regulation
Only those foods treated with irradiation, and in which the
irradiation caused a material change in the food such that it would
change the characteristics of the food in a way that is not readily
apparent to the consumer at the point of purchase must bear: (1) The
radura logo and (2) the term ``irradiated'' or a derivative thereof, or
an alternate term such as ``pasteurized,'' in conjunction with explicit
language describing the change in the food or its conditions of use
(e.g., ``irradiated to inhibit sprouting''). If a firm chooses to use
an alternate term to ``irradiation'' other than ``pasteurized,'' it
must submit a petition to the Secretary (FDA). If a firm wishes to use
the term ``pasteurized,'' it must submit a notification including
effectiveness data regarding the process or treatment to the Secretary
(FDA).
This option deviates from the current regulation (Sec. 179.26(c))
in two major ways. First, this option would require irradiation
labeling only for food items treated with irradiation if irradiation
causes a material change in the food or consequences that may result
from use of the food. Secondly, this option requires explicit language
describing the material change and allows use of alternate terms for
irradiation, as long as a petition is approved by the agency or, in the
case where ``pasteurized'' is used, a notification is sent to FDA to
which the agency does not object. This option allows for more labeling
flexibility and it is possible that the radura logo and label
statements on some irradiated food, as long as the irradiation caused
no material change, could be removed. The number of products that could
be marketed without irradiation labeling is uncertain because labeling
requirements cannot be made in advance for all products. Rather, the
need for labeling must be determined on a case-by-case basis by
appropriate testing of the food irradiated under specific conditions,
i.e., time and dosage, because the effect of irradiation on the
properties of concern depends on the particular food. It is more likely
that this option would simply allow firms more flexibility in how they
label irradiated food.
Costs: This proposed rule generates costs because it requires firms
to relabel some irradiated products. As with other options, Tables 1
and 2 contain cost estimates for relabeling in selected food
categories. Note that cost estimates take into account all relabeling
costs, including the costs of removing irradiation label statements.
The requirement of a material change could reduce the number of
products that would need to be labeled, so some firms would be able to
remove current irradiation labeling. This rule would generate
additional costs because, in order for a firm to be able to use an
alternative to the term ``irradiation,'' a firm would have to submit a
petition to the agency (as addressed in proposed Sec.
179.26(c)(2)(i)). If it is the case that the desired alternate term is
``pasteurized,'' then, instead of submitting a petition, a firm must
notify the agency and also submit effectiveness data on the method used
in its process (as addressed in proposed Sec. 179.26(c)(2)(ii)). Firms
are not required to use an alternate term. It is assumed that a firm
would choose to use an alternate term only if doing so would increase
profits.
Based on previous estimates of the cost to prepare a petition or
notification, FDA is assuming the average cost to prepare a petition or
notification is $84 per hour (Ref. 13). The agency estimates the total
cost of a petition or notification as the time needed to prepare the
notification or petition multiplied by $84, the approximate cost
associated with the person for preparing the notification or petition.
In the case where a firm wants to use the term ``pasteurized,'' the
agency does not assume this rule generates any additional cost of
gathering effectiveness data; that is, presumably the firm will already
have data on the effectiveness of its method, or it would not undertake
the cost of irradiation. As mentioned earlier, it is not known how many
firms that currently irradiate or will irradiate in the future will be
required to label a product as irradiated, and will desire to use an
alternative to the term ``irradiation.'' Therefore, the cost estimates
are based on an estimate of the number of firms manufacturing foods
that are currently approved for irradiation choosing to submit a
notification or petition.
Table 4 of this document contains the initial cost estimates of
preparing a notification or petition. The number of firms is based on
the 2002 Census of Manufacturers (Refs. 6, 7, and 8). According to the
Census of Manufacturers, there are 275 companies that manufacture
spices and extracts, 311 companies that process poultry and shell eggs
(the Census of Manufacturers groups poultry and shell egg processing
together), and 5,836 firms that process fresh fruits and vegetables,
for a total of 6,422 firms. It is possible that 1 percent of, or 64
firms in the industry will want to use an alternate term and it is
possible that 5 percent of, or 321 firms in the industry will want to
use an alternate term. The average of this range is 193 firms.
Table 5 of this document presents cost estimates of the annual
reporting burden for additional product notifications or petitions
after the initial compliance period due to, for example, new firms
entering into the industry. It is assumed that one petition to use an
alternate term other than ``pasteurized'' will be submitted per year.
The time estimates for both tables 4 and 5 are taken from section IV of
this document. We estimate that the annual notifications would be about
10 percent of the initial number, that is, 10 percent of 193 (the
estimate in table 4), or 19 firms.
Table 4.--Estimate of Total Cost of Submitting Notification or Petition
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
21 CFR Section No. of Respondents Total Hours Cost Per Hour Total Cost
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
179.26(c)(2)(i) 1 150 $84 $12,600
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 16301]]
179.26(c)(2)(ii) 193 28,950 $84 $2,431,800
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total $2,444,400
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 5.--Estimated Annual Cost of Submitting Notification or Petition
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
21 CFR Section No. of Respondents Total Hours Cost Per Hour Total Cost
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
179.26(c)(2)(i) 1 150 $84 $12,600
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
179.26(c)(2)(ii) 19 2,850 $84 $239,400
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total $252,000
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
If irradiation causes no material change in the food, irradiation
labeling would be removed under this option. Removing irradiation
labeling could cause increases in search costs for consumers who desire
to avoid purchasing irradiated goods and must find alternative sources
to maintain knowledge of producers that irradiate their products.
Some producers may alter their products' labels to use a term other
than irradiated (e.g. ``pasteurized''). However, it is uncertain how
many producers would use alternate terms. Again, the use of alternative
labels would generate potential costs because some consumers may wish
to avoid irradiated products. As mentioned before, research indicates
many consumers regard substitute terms for irradiation to be misleading
(Refs. 2 and 5). These individuals would have to increase their search
efforts in order to continue to be informed about approved alternate
terms to irradiation. We request comment on the potential for this
proposed rule if finalized to increase search costs, particularly for
consumers and retailers who desire non-irradiated foods.
Benefits: This proposed rule generates benefits because it could
allow consumers to make more informed decisions about the food they
purchase. If the addition of a statement of purpose causes people to
buy relabeled irradiated products that they may have previously avoided
and if these products have, for example, longer shelf life or lower
risk of illness, then consumers will benefit. If, as a result of this
proposed rule, consumers look more favorably on irradiated foods, the
supply of such foods may increase. If retailers are more willing to
carry relabeled irradiated products, then consumers benefit from the
added opportunity to buy these products.
As mentioned in the costs section of this option, if irradiation
causes no material change, it is possible that some products would no
longer have to bear the irradiation label statement or the radura logo,
but it is uncertain how many products would fall into this category.
For producers who voluntarily choose the no-label option, private
benefits exceed private costs, since they no longer are required to
continue with the existing labeling. That is, a firm would choose the
no-label option if it believes doing so will increase profits.
Reiterating the idea that the supply of irradiated food may increase as
a result of this rule, it is possible that some manufacturers not
currently using irradiation as a safety tool (because of the current
labeling requirement) may opt to start using irradiation in order to
enhance the safety of their products, if there is no material change in
the product. Again, firms will only start using irradiation if they
believe doing so will increase profits. As already pointed out,
however, there are potential search costs for some customers.
This analysis also applies to those firms who choose alternate
terms for irradiation. Private benefits will exceed private costs for
firms that voluntarily choose alternate terms for irradiation, because
they will no longer be required to continue using existing labeling.
These firms will only choose alternate terms to irradiation if they
believe doing so will increase profits. Again, this use of alternate
terms can result in the previously mentioned increase in search costs
for consumers who desire to avoid irradiated goods.
If the removal of explicit language indicating that a food has been
irradiated causes people to buy irradiated products that they
previously avoided, and if these products have lower prices or higher
quality, then some consumers will benefit from the removal of
information. Also, if retailers are more willing to carry unlabeled
irradiated products at lower prices, then all consumers benefit from
the lower prices. But it is uncertain that unlabeled irradiated
products will be offered for lower prices than products that are not
irradiated, because the irradiation process itself is not costless. If
irradiation increases product quality but also increases the cost of
production, then prices of irradiated products could be higher than the
same non-irradiated products, with or without labels.
C. Summary of Options
Table 5A of this document summarizes the costs and benefits of each
option analyzed. Costs are given based on the assumption that 1 percent
of firms irradiate and relabel (at the medium cost level) using a 2-
year compliance period if the option requires relabeling and a 3-year
compliance period if relabeling is permitted voluntarily. For Option 5,
it also assumes that 1 percent of firms prepare a notification to use
the term ``pasteurized'' in the first year and 1 firm petitions to use
another alternative term in the first year. The range of costs
represents our uncertainty about the need for changes to the principal
display panel or the information panel and the number of pounds of
fresh fruits and vegetables that can be stickered per hour. For Option
5, the quantified costs are likely to be less than listed because some
firms would be able to remove the irradiation labeling when it results
in no material change when it is least costly for them to do so and
will not need to submit notifications or petitions.
[[Page 16302]]
Table 5A.--Summary of Costs and Benefits of Options
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Quantified Costs Unquantified Costs Unquantified Benefits
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Option 1 (baseline) 0 0 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Option 2 0 Greatest increase in Most additional labeling
search costs flexibility, potentially longer
shelf-life
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Option 3 $341,000 - $681,000 0 Most additional information for
consumers
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Option 4 $133,000 - $252,000 Increased search costs Additional labeling flexibility
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Option 5 (the proposed Less than $2,785,400 - Lowest non-zero increase Additional information for
rule) $3,125,400 in search costs consumers, Least non-zero
additional labeling flexibility
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
We request comments on the estimates for these options and
specifically on the following three issues:
1. The number of firms or products that would be affected by a new
irradiation rule.
2. The number of firms that would begin irradiating products as a
result of the various options described here.
3. Whether some industry sectors should be given more time to
comply than others to reduce the economic impact on them.
D. Small Entity Analysis
FDA has examined the economic implications of this proposed rule as
required by the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601-612). If a
rule has a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small
entities, the Regulatory Flexibility Act requires agencies to analyze
regulatory options that would lessen the economic effect of the rule on
small entities. It is not known how many small firms currently
irradiate food or will want to irradiate food. If small firms are using
this technology, this proposed rule may have a significant economic
impact on a substantial number of small entities. The agency requests
comments on how this proposed rule will impact small firms.
Under contract, Eastern Research Group developed a model framework
for estimating regulatory impacts on small businesses. The model is
designed to accommodate a variety of potential regulatory activities,
ranging from Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) to product
labeling.
Using the 2002 Economic Census and other data, the model estimates
the cash flows of representative establishments of varying class sizes
of food manufacturers. Based on post-regulation cash flow and
distribution of income for each model facility, the model generates the
percentage of facilities in each model class that are vulnerable to
closure. The model allows the agency to (1) Predict the probability and
frequency of small business failure as a result of FDA regulations and
(2) estimate the effects of various forms of regulatory relief on the
survival of small businesses on a per-establishment basis.
Cost estimates produced by the FDA Labeling Cost Model were used to
help generate estimates of the average relabeling cost for firms in two
of the four food categories examined here: spices/seasonings and dried
vegetables. The middle estimated costs in each food category were
divided by the estimated affected stockkeeping units (SKUs) in each
food category to arrive at average cost per SKU. Affected SKUs per
category are then divided by total number of firms in each category to
arrive at average number of affected SKUs per firm. The number of firms
in each food category comes from the Ready-to-Eat Food Manufacturing
Industry category in FDA's Small Business Impact Model (Ref. 9). We use
these estimates to calculate cost per firm using the following formula:
Cost/Firm = (Average SKUs per firm) x (Average Middle Relabeling
Cost/SKU)
This formula allows us to estimate the approximate average
relabeling costs for firms in each food category. Keep in mind these
are merely estimates and cost structures are treated identically across
firms. That is, we assume that costs for small firms are similar to
costs for large firms. The average relabeling costs for compliance
periods of 12, 24, and 36 months were then entered into the Small
Business Impact Model to estimate the number of firms at risk for
negative cash flow, assuming all firms in each category must relabel.
The results of these estimates are presented in tables 6 and 6A of this
document. The table is divided into two sections, one for estimates if
the information panel is affected and another for the principal display
panel.
Table 6.--Estimates of Firms Affected By the Irradiation Rule--Changes in Information Panel
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Firms with less than 20 Employees Firms With 20 to 499 Employees Firms With 500+ Employees
Compliance -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Food Category Period At-Risk Affected At-Risk
Affected Firms At-Risk Firms\1\ Affected Firms Firms\1\ Firms Firms\1\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Spices/Seasonings 12 months 139 18 133 0 2 0
24 months 139 7 133 0 2 0
36 months 139 1 133 0 2 0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dried Vegetables 12 months 23 8 25 0 1 0
24 months 23 3 25 0 1 0
36 months 23 2 25 0 1 0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Note: An ``at-risk'' firm is one that could potentially suffer from negative cash flow as a result of this proposed rule.
[[Page 16303]]
Table 6A.--Estimates of Firms Affected By the Irradiation Rule--Changes in Principal Display Panel
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Firms with less than 20 Employees Firms With 20 to 499 Employees Firms With 500+ Employees
Compliance -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Food Category Period At-Risk Affected At-Risk
Affected Firms At-Risk Firms\1\ Affected Firms Firms\1\ Firms Firms\1\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Spices/Seasonings 12 months 139 39 133 1 2 0
24 months 139 11 133 0 2 0
36 months 139 2 133 0 2 0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dried Vegetables 12 months 23 8 25 0 1 0
24 months 23 8 25 0 1 0
36 months 23 3 25 0 1 0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Note: An ``at-risk'' firm is one that could potentially suffer from negative cash flow as a result of this proposed rule.
The numbers of at-risk firms in the table are estimates generated
by the model. These estimates are not based on specific data about the
number of small firms affected, because there are no data available;
however, they illustrate the idea that small firms, especially firms
with fewer than 20 employees, could potentially be adversely affected
by this proposed rule. For example, in the dried vegetable category,
for a compliance period of 12 months, if as the model estimates, 23
firms would be affected, approximately 8 of these firms (or around 35
percent) would be at risk for negative cash flow as a result of this
rule. However, for firms with less than 20 employees, the number of at
risk firms decreases as the length of the compliance period increases.
As illustrated in tables 1 and 2, when compliance periods increase,
costs decrease because firms can coordinate new changes in food labels
with already-scheduled changes in labels. By contrast, the model
generates no at-risk firms among firms with 500+ employees, regardless
of the compliance period. This result is important because the industry
is characterized by a large number of small entities. The most
effective regulatory relief for small firms would be extended
compliance periods. As shown in tables 6 and 6A, as the compliance
period increases from 12 to 36 months, the number of small firms at-
risk virtually disappears.
Firms producing shell eggs are not included in the Ready-to-Eat
Application of the Small Business Impact Model because eggs are not
considered ready to eat. Therefore, it is not possible to estimate the
number of at-risk firms. Nonetheless, small firms producing shell eggs
must still be addressed in this analysis. According to the 2002 Census
of Manufacturers (Ref. 6), there are 311 companies that process poultry
and shell eggs. Of this number, about 25 percent, or 79 firms have 20
employees or less. Again, it is not known how many processors irradiate
or will want to irradiate as a result of this rule. Therefore, we will
assume this rule could affect 1 percent, or approximately 1 firm.
Firms processing fresh fruits and vegetables are also not included
in the Small Business Impact Model. Again, it is not possible to
estimate the number of at-risk firms. According to the 2002 Census of
Manufacturers, there are 5,836 firms that process fresh fruit and
vegetables. Because firm size for firms that process fresh fruits and
vegetables is not yet available for the 2002 Census of Manufacturers,
we use data from the 1997 Census of Manufacturers that 93 percent of
these firms are single unit firms. Therefore, we estimate that there
are 5,427 single unit firms that process fresh fruit and vegetables. As
with the other food categories, it is not known how many of these firms
irradiate or will want to irradiate as a result of this rule.
Therefore, we will assume this rule could affect 1 percent, or
approximately 54 firms. The agency requests comments on the number of
small shell egg producers and fresh fruit and vegetable producers that
could be affected by this rule.
The effects on small businesses depend also on whether the labeling
change is required or voluntary. If, for example, the labeling change
is to allow an alternate term, or to remove the current label, the
small business would do so only if it did not impose a burden. For
required labeling changes, however, the labeling costs could indeed put
additional firms at risk of going out of business. The length of the
compliance period for labeling requirements is the most important
variable affecting the burden. The other important factor is how much
of the label needs redesigning. If the labeling change is similar to a
change in the information panel, and if small businesses are given at
least 36 months to comply, few will be at risk.
The agency requests comments on the likely effect on small firms as
a result of this proposed rule, and on the effects of longer compliance
periods for these firms.
E. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995
Section 202(a) of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (Public
Law 104-4) requires that agencies prepare a written statement, which
includes an assessment of anticipated costs and benefits, before
proposing ``any rule that includes any Federal mandate that may result
in the expenditure by State, local, and tribal governments, in the
aggregate, or by the private sector, of $100,000,000 or more (adjusted
annually for inflation) in any one year.'' The current threshold after
adjustment for inflation is $122 million, using the most current (2005)
Implicit Price Deflator for the Gross Domestic Product. FDA does not
expect this proposed rule to result in any 1-year expenditure that
would meet or exceed this amount.
IV. Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995
This proposed rule contains information collection provisions that
are subject to review by OMB under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995
(the PRA) (44 U.S.C. 3501-3520). A description of these provisions is
given below with an estimate of the reporting burden. Included in the
estimate is the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing
data sources, gathering and maintaining the information and data needed
and completing and reviewing each collection of information.
Title: Notice Concerning the Submission of Information to Use an
Alternative to ``Irradiation''
Description: In this proposed rule, FDA is proposing to require the
submission to the agency of data and information regarding the use of
alternate terms to the word ``irradiated'' in foods that have been
treated by irradiation using radioactive isotope,
[[Page 16304]]
electronic beam, or x-ray. FDA is proposing that an alternate term may
be used in lieu of ``irradiated'' if its use is approved in response to
a petition that has been submitted to FDA. If the desired alternate
term is ``pasteurized,'' a notification must be sent to the Secretary
(FDA) that includes effectiveness data to show that the process or
treatment meets the requirements of section 403(h)(3) of the act.
Description of Respondents: Manufacturers that irradiate food and
desire to use an alternate term to ``irradiation.''
FDA estimates the burden of this collection of information as
follows:
Table 7.--Estimated One-Time Reporting Burden\1\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
No. of Frequency of Hours Per
21 CFR Section Respondents Response Total Responses Response Total Hours
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
179.26(c)(2)(i) 1 1 1 150 150
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
179.26(c)(2)(ii) 193 1 193 150 28,950
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 29,100
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\There are no capital costs or operating and maintenance costs associated with this collection of information.
Table 8.--Estimated Annual Reporting Burden\1\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
No. of Frequency of Hours Per
21 CFR Section Respondents Response Total Responses Response Total Hours
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
179.26(c)(2)(i) 1 1 1 150 150
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
179.26(c)(2)(ii) 19 1 19 150 2,850
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 3,000
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\There are no capital costs or operating and maintenance costs associated with this collection of information.
Tables 7 and 8 of this document describe the reporting burden as a
result of the provisions set forth in this proposed rule. Table 7 shows
the estimated one time reporting burden after the regulation initially
goes into effect. Table 8 shows the estimated annual reporting burden,
perhaps due to firms entering into the industry and/or currently
existing firms deciding to irradiate at a later date. The agency does
not know how many firms will submit a notification or a petition to the
agency to use an alternate to the term ``irradiation.'' It is also not
known how many firms currently irradiate food they manufacture,
although it is known that the amount of food irradiated each year is
very small and there is only one facility that can irradiate food.
However, it is assumed that most firms wishing to use an alternate term
will choose to use ``pasteurized'' and submit a notification to FDA
along with effectiveness data. It is also assumed that one firm per
year will submit a petition to use an alternate term other than
``pasteurized'' as shown in the row corresponding to proposed Sec.
179.26(c)(2)(i) in table 7. Proposed Sec. 179.26(c)(2)(ii) addresses
notifications. The number of firms is based on the 2002 Census of
Manufacturers (Refs. 6, 7, and 8). According to the Census of
Manufacturers, there are 275 companies that manufacture spices and
extracts, 311 companies that process poultry and shell eggs (the Census
of Manufacturers groups poultry and shell egg processing together), and
5,836 firms that process fresh fruits and vegetables, for a total of
6,422 firms. Table 7 shows the number of respondents presented as an
average, based on percentages of total firms that process shell eggs,
spices, and fruits and vegetables, the three categories of FDA-
regulated foods that are currently approved for irradiation. It is
possible that 1 percent of, or 64 firms in the industry will want to
use an alternate term and it is possible that 5 percent of, or 321
firms in the industry will want to use an alternate term. The average
of this range is 193 firms. Submission of the notification is voluntary
because the proposed rule does not require all firms to submit
notifications, only those firms that will be required to label a
product as ``irradiated'' and desire use of an alternative to the term
``irradiation''. Therefore, it is assumed that there will be no annual
reporting burden for this rule for products that have already submitted
notifications.
Based on previous estimations of preparing notifications and
preparing petitions, FDA is estimating that the time needed to prepare
a notification is 150 hours. The agency already has a process for
submitting citizen petitions, the burden of which is reported and
approved under Sec. 10.30. However, given some of the controversy
surrounding irradiation and the use of alternative terms to
irradiation, we expect more documentation and more hours spent on these
petitions associated with irradiation labeling. Therefore, the agency
is assuming submitting a petition will take a total of 190 hours. It is
estimated that 40 of these hours are specific to the citizen petition
process reported under Sec. 10.30, with an additional 150 hours
specific to the issues associated with irradiation labeling. It is this
additional burden that is reported in table 7.
The annual burden following the initial round of submissions would
consist of submissions for additional products, perhaps as a result of
market entry. This burden is shown in table 8. Again, we also assume
that, each year, one firm will petition the agency to use an alternate
term other than ``pasteurized,'' in response to proposed Sec.
179.26(c)(2)(i). We do not know how many additional firms will submit
notifications in response to proposed Sec. 179.26(c)(2)(ii) each year,
so table 8 assumes the number of additional firms will be 10 percent of
the firms reported in table 7. We also assume that there will not be an
additional recordkeeping burden associated with this rule, as it is
assumed that firms already have the effectiveness data required by the
agency for inclusion in the notification.
In compliance with the PRA (44 U.S.C. 3507(d)), the agency has
submitted the information collection provisions of this proposed rule
to OMB for review. Interested persons are requested to submit comments
regarding
[[Page 16305]]
information collection to OMB (see ADDRESSES).
V. Analysis of Environmental Impact
The agency has determined under 21 CFR 25.30(k) that this action is
of a type that does not individually or cumulatively have a significant
effect on the human environment. Therefore, neither an environment
assessment nor an environmental impact statement is required.
VI. Federalism
FDA has analyzed this proposed rule in accordance with the
principles set forth in Executive Order 13132. FDA has determined that
the proposed rule does not contain policies that have substantial
direct effects on the States, on the relationship between the National
Government and the States, or on the distribution of power and
responsibilities among the various levels of government. Accordingly,
the agency tentatively concludes that the proposed rule does not
contain policies that have federalism implications as defined in the
order and, consequently, a federalism summary impact statement is not
required.
VII. References
The following references have been placed on display in the
Division of Dockets Management (see ADDRESSES) and may be seen by
interested persons between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m., Monday through Friday.
(FDA has verified the Web site address, but we are not responsible for
subsequent changes to the Web site after this document is published in
the Federal Register.)
1. Conference Report on S. 830, Food and Drug Administration
Modernization Act of 1997, 143 Cong. Rec. H10452, 10477, (November
9, 1997).
1a. Prakash, Anuradha and Denise Foley, ``Improving Safety and
Extending Shelf Life of Fresh-Cut Fruits and Vegetables Using
Irradiation in Irradiation of Food and Packaging; Recent
Developments,'' ACS Symposium Series 875, V. Komolprasert and K.
Morehouse editors, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC 2004.
1b. Kader, Adel A., ``Potential Applications of Ionizing
Radiation in Postharvest Handling of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables,''
Food Technology, 117-121, June 1986.
2. ORC Macro, ``Consumers' Understanding of Food Irradiation
Labeling,'' Focus Group Report, December 2001.
3. Schutz, Howard G., Christine M. Bruhn and Katherine V. Diaz-
Knauf, ``Consumer Attitude Toward Irradiated Foods: Effects of
Labeling and Benefits Information,'' Food Technology 43, (October
1989): 80-86.
4. Fox, John A., Dermot J. Hayes, Jason F. Shogren, ``Consumer
Preferences for Food Irradiation: How Favorable and Unfavorable
Descriptions Affect Preferences for Irradiated Pork in Experimental
Auctions,'' The Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 24:1 (2002): 75-95.
5. Cates, Sheryl C., et al., ``Consumer Research on Food Safety
Labeling Features for the Development of Responsive Labeling
Policy,'' RTI, March 22, 2002.
6. ``United States Census Bureau, Poultry Processing: 2002
Economic Census Manufacturing Industry Series,'' available from
http://www.census.gov/prod/ec02/ec0231i311615.pdf (accessed October
20, 2006).
7. ``United States Census Bureau, Spice and Extract
Manufacturing: 2002 Economic Census Manufacturing Industry Series,''
available from http://www.census.gov/prod/ec02/ec0231i311942t.pdf
(accessed October 20, 2006).
8. ``United States Census Bureau, Comparative Statistics: 2002
Economic Census Manufacturing Industry Series,'' p. 9, available
from http://0-www.census.gov.mill1.sjlibrary.org/prod/ec02/ec0200ccomp.pdf
(accessed October 20, 2006).
8a. Private Industry by State and 6-Digit NAICS Industry:
Establishments, Employment, and Wages, 2004 Annual Averages,
http://www.bls.gov/cew/ew04sector11.pdf, December 30, 2005.
9. Eastern Research Group, Inc., ``Model for Estimating the
Impacts of Regulatory Costs on The Survival of Small Businesses and
its Application to Four FDA-Regulated Industries,'' Contract No.
223-01-2461, June 7, 2002.
10. General Accounting Office, ``Food Irradiation: Available
Research Indicates That Benefits Outweigh Risks,'' GAO/RCED-00-217,
August, 2000.
11. RTI International, ``FDA Labeling Cost Model,'' RTI Project
Number 06673.010, January 2003.
12. Office of Management and Budget, ``GDP and Deflators Used in
the U.S.,'' Budget of the United States Government Fiscal Year 2004,
Historical Table 10.1, 2003.
13. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Substances Generally
Recognized as Safe: Notification Procedure, OMB No. 0910-0342,
Supporting Statement available from
http://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/98fr/05n-0457-ss00001.pdf.
List of Subjects in 21 CFR Part 179
Food additives, Food labeling, Food packaging, Radiation
protection, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Signs and
symbols.
Therefore, under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and under
authority delegated to the Commissioner of Food and Drugs, it is
proposed that 21 CFR part 179 be amended as follows:
PART 179--IRRADIATION IN THE PRODUCTION, PROCESSING AND HANDLING OF
FOOD
1. The authority citation for 21 CFR part 179 continues to read as
follows:
Authority: 21 U.S.C. 321, 342, 343, 348, 373, 374.
2. Section 179.26 is amended by revising paragraph (c)(1); by
redesignating paragraphs (c)(2) and (c)(3) as paragraphs (c)(3) and
(c)(4), respectively; by revising newly redesignated paragraph (c)(3);
and by adding new paragraph (c)(2) to read as follows:
Sec. 179.26 Ionizing radiation for the treatment of food.
* * * * *
(c) Labeling. (1) The label and labeling of a retail package of a
food irradiated in conformance with paragraph (b) of this section that
has, as a result of the irradiation, undergone a material change in the
characteristics of the food or in its consequences of use shall bear
the following logo along with
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP04AP07.000
the statement ``irradiated,'' or any derivatives of the term
``irradiated'' (e.g., ``irradiation,'' ``irradiate,'' ``radiation,''
etc.) or an alternate term as provided in paragraph (c)(2) of this
section, in conjunction with language describing the material change in
the characteristics of the food or its use. The logo shall be placed
prominently and conspicuously in conjunction with the required
statement. The radiation disclosure statement is not required to be
more prominent than the declaration of ingredients required under Sec.
101.4 of this chapter. As used in this provision, the term ``radiation
disclosure statement'' means a written statement that discloses that a
food has been intentionally subjected to irradiation and identifies the
material change in the characteristics of the food or the consequences
that may result from its use as a result of the irradiation.
(2) An alternate term may be used in lieu of ``irradiated,'' or any
of its derivatives, if it meets the following provisions.
(i) A term that is not false or misleading in any material respect
may be used in lieu of ``irradiated,'' or any of its derivatives, if
its use is approved in response to a petition that has been submitted
to FDA using the procedures under Sec. 10.30 of this chapter for
approval of the alternate term, or, if use of the term ``pasteurized''
is permissible
[[Page 16306]]
under the requirements in paragraph (c)(2)(ii) of this section. The
petition should include all relevant information and views on which the
petitioner relies, including any data, e.g., qualitative or
quantitative consumer research, that show consumer understanding of the
purpose and intent of the alternative labeling.
(ii) The term ``pasteurized'' may be used in lieu of ``irradiated''
or any of its derivatives if the irradiation process is:
(A) Reasonably certain to achieve destruction or elimination in the
food of the most resistant microorganism of public health significance
that is likely to occur in the food;
(B) At least as protective of the public health as a process or
treatment that is defined as pasteurization in this chapter;
(C) Effective for a period that is least as long as the shelf life
of the food when stored under normal and moderate abuse conditions; and
(D) The subject of a notification to the Secretary of Health and
Human Services (the Secretary) that includes effectiveness data
regarding the process or treatment and the Secretary has not made a
determination in 120 days after the receipt of the notification that
the process or treatment involved has not been shown to meet the
requirements provided in paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(A), (B), and (C) of this
section.
(3) For an irradiated food not in packaged form that has, as a
result of the irradiation, undergone a material change in its
characteristics or conditions of use, the required logo and the
following disclosure statements, ``irradiated,'' or any of its
derivatives, or an alternate term as provided in paragraph (c)(2) of
this section in conjunction with language describing the material
change in the characteristics of the food or conditions of use as a
result of the irradiation, shall be displayed to the purchaser with
either of the following:
(i) The labeling of the bulk container plainly in view or
(ii) A counter sign, card, or other appropriate device bearing the
information that the product has been treated with radiation. As an
alternative, each item of food may be individually labeled. In either
case, the information must be prominently and conspicuously displayed
to purchasers. The labeling requirement applies only to a food that has
been irradiated, not to a food that merely contains an irradiated
ingredient but that has not itself been irradiated.
* * * * *
Dated: March 27, 2007.
Jeffrey Shuren,
Assistant Commissioner for Policy.
[FR Doc. 07-1636 Filed 4-3-07; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4160-01-S