FHWA-RD-03-074 - Communications Reference Guide

Salt-induced reinforcing steel corrosion in concrete bridges has undoubtedly become a considerable economic burden to many State and local transportation agencies. Because the iron in the steel has a natural tendency to revert eventually to its most stable oxide state, this problem will, unfortunately, still be with us, but to a much lesser degree due to the use of various corrosion protection strategies currently used in new construction. The adoption of corrosion protection measures in new construction, such as the use of good design and construction practices, adequate concrete cover depth, low-permeability concrete, corrosion inhibitors, and coated reinforcing steel, is significantly reducing the occurrence of reinforcing steel corrosion in new bridges. This report summarizes the results of various research investigations in developing and evaluating the performance of various corrosion protection systems. This report describes materials and measures that can be used for corrosion control in reinforced and prestressed concrete bridge structures in new construction.

This report will be of interest to materials and bridge engineers, reinforced concrete corrosion specialists, and those concerned with the performance of reinforced and prestressed concrete bridges.

Notice

This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The U.S. Government assumes no liability for the use of the information contained in this document. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation.

The U.S. Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trademarks or manufacturers' names appear in this report only because they are considered essential to the objective of the document.

Quality Assurance Statement

The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) provides high-quality information to serve Government, industry, and the public in a manner that promotes public understanding. Standards and policies are used to ensure and maximize the quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity of its information. FHWA periodically reviews quality issues and adjusts its programs and processes to ensure continuous quality improvement.

Appendix D—Technical Report Documentation Page

Appendix E—Sample Metric Conversion Factors Pages

Appendix F—Sample Table of Contents

Appendix G—Sample List of Figures

Appendix H—Sample List of Tables

Appendix I—Sample Acknowledgments Page

We would like to express appreciation to the following organizations for granting permission to copy publications and for providing information used in developing this training program:

We would also like to acknowledge the following State Departments of Transportation for the same courtesy:

Complete copies of publications can be obtained by contacting these organizations and offices directly.

Note: Under no circumstances should a contractor name be added to this page. The contractor acknowledgement for FHWA research reports is on DOT Form 1700.7.

Appendix J—List of Preferred Terminology and Abbreviations

backcalculation	online
clear-cut	offsite
coleader (codirector)	onsite
co-op	pooled fund
cost effective	prequalify
cross section	preregister
day-to-day	prerequisite
decisionmaking	preset
Federal	prestressed
Federal aid (as a noun)	post-stressed
Federal-Aid Highway Program (official)	reenact
Federal-aid program (generic)	regrade
federally recognized (as an adverb)	retest
fine-tune	reinstitute
free flowing	reengineer
hands-on	right-of-way
indepth	self-contained
in-place	short-term (as adjective)
in-house	State
long-range (as adjective)	statewide
long-term (as adjective)	thought-out
misstate	time-consuming
multiagency	two-sided
multiyear	ultrawide band
multidimensional	underestimate
nondestructive (nonattainment, noncohesive, nonconforming, nonresponsive, etc.)	Web page
offsite	Web site
ongoing	workgroup

Appendix K—List of Acronyms

Please use the following organization names and acronyms. Note that terms such as AADT (annual average daily traffic), PCC (portland cement concrete), SHA (State highway administration), and many more are common nouns, and are thus lowercase when spelled out (except for the "State" part of SHA). Keep common nouns in mind when deciding whether to use uppercase or lowercase.

Acronym	Definition
AAA	American Automobile Association
AAAE	American Association of Airport Executives
AAAM	American Association of Automotive Medicine
AADT	annual average daily traffic
AAMVA	American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators
AAPA	American Association of Port Authorities
AAR	American Association of Railroads
AASHTO	American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
ABA	American Bus Association
AC	asphalt concrete
ACI	American Concrete Institute
ACIR	Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations
ACPA	American Concrete Pavement Association
ACTS	Automotive Coalition for Traffic Safety, Inc. (formerly American Coalition for Traffic Safety, Inc.)
ADA	Americans with Disabilities Act
AGCA	Associated General Contractors of America
AHUA	Association of Heads of University Administration
AISC	American Institute of Steel Construction
AISI	American Iron and Steel Institute
ALF	Accelerated Loading Facility
AMPO	Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations
AMTRAK	National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak is not a governmental agency; it is a private company called the National Railroad Passenger Corporation)
ANSI	American National Standards Institute
AOPA	Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association
APA	American Planning Association
API	American Petroleum Institute
APTA	American Public Transportation Association
APWA	American Public Works Association
ARTBA	American Road and Transportation Builders Association
ASBI	American Sequential Bridge Institute
ASCE	American Society of Civil Engineers
ASQ	American Society for Quality
ASTM	American Society for Testing and Materials
ATA	American Trucking Association OR Air Transport Association
ATPA	American Technology Preeminence Act
AVC	Automatic Vehicle Classification
AWS	automated weather station
BAC	blood alcohol concentration
BESTEA	Building Efficient Surface Transportation and Equity Act of 1997
BMS	Bridge Management Systems
BPR	Bureau of Public Roads
BRR	Bridge Rehabilitation and Replacement
BTS	Bureau of Transportation Statistics
C SHRP	Canadian Strategic Highway Research Program
CAAA	Clean Air Act Amendments
CAFE	Corporate Average Fuel Economy
CBO	Congressional Budget Office
CBSSE	Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education (NRC)
CD	Compact Disk
CERF	Civil Engineering Research Foundation
CETS	Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems (NRC)
CFLHD	Central Federal Lands Highway Division
CFR	Code of Federal Regulations
CIMA	Construction Industries Manufacturers Association
CMAQ	Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality
CMS	Corporate Management Strategy
COMTO	Conference of Minority Transportation Officials
CoP	Communities of Practice
COST	Cooperation on Science and Technology (program)
COTA	Congressional Office of Technology Assessment
COTR	Contracting Officer's Technical Representative
CPI	Continuous Process Improvement
CRG	Communications Reference Guide
CRP	Cooperative Research Program (TRB)
CRS	Congressional Research Service
CSD	context sensitive design
CUTC	Council of University Transportation Centers
CVISN	Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks
CVO	commercial vehicle operations
DAFIS	Departmental Accounting and Financial Information System
DARPA	Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DOD)
DOD	Department of Defense (U.S. Department of Defense)
DOT	department of transportation
dpi	dots per inch
EAP	Employee Assistance Program
ECMT	European Conference of Ministers of Transportation
EDL	Electronic Document Library
EEOC	Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
EFLHD	Eastern Federal Lands Highway Division
EIS	Environmental Impact Statement
EIT	Electronic information and technology
EPA	Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)
eps	Encapsulated PostScript file
ESAL	equivalent single axle load
ETTM	Electronic Toll and Traffic Management
EU	European Union
EUREKA	European Research Coordination Agency
F SHRP	Future Strategic Highway Research Program
FAA	Federal Aviation Administration
FAQs	Frequently Asked Questions
FARS	Fatality Analysis Reporting System
FEHB	Federal Employee Health Benefits
FHWA	Federal Highway Administration
FIFO	first in, first out
FIMS	Fiscal Information Management System
FMCSA	Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration
FRA	Federal Railroad Administration
FRC	Federal Records Center
FRP	fiber reinforced polymer
FTA	Federal Transit Administration
FWD	Falling Weight Deflectometer
FY	fiscal year
GAO	General Accounting Office
GIF	Graphic Interchange Format
GIS	Geographic Information System
GOE	general operating expenses
GPO	Government Printing Office
GPR	ground penetrating radar
GPRA	Government Performance and Results Act
GPS	Global Positioning System OR General Pavement Studies
GSA	U.S. General Services Administration
HBRRP	Highway Bridge Replacement and Rehabilitation Program
HIPERPAV^TM	High Performance Pavement
HITEC	Highway Innovative Technology Evaluation Center
HMA	hot mix asphalt
HP&R	Highway Planning and Research
HP&R	Highway Planning and Research
HPMS	Highway Performance Monitoring System (FHWA)
HR	human resources
HRTM	Office of Research and Technology Services
HSGT	high speed ground transportation
HSIP	Highway Safety Improvement Program
HTF	Highway Trust Fund
HTML	HyperText Markup Language
HUFSAM	Highway Users Federation for Safety and Mobility, now called American Highway Users Alliance
IACP	International Association of Chiefs of Police
IAHR	International Association for Hydraulic Research
IANA	Intermodal Association of North America
IATA	International Air Transport Association
IBTTA	International Bridge, Tunnel and Turnpike Association (no serial comma according to IBTTA's usage)
ICAO	International Civil Aviation Organization
IDEA	Innovations Deserving Exploratory Analysis
IDP	Individual Development Program
IEEE	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IHSDM	Interactive Highway Safety Design Module
IIHS	Insurance Institute for Highway Safety
INA	International Navigation Association (formerly called PIANC, Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses)
IOM	Institute of Medicine
IPP	individual performance plan
IRF	International Road Federation
IRI	International Roughness Index
ISO	International Organization for Standardization (correct even though it looks incorrect)
ISTEA	Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991
ITE	Institute for Transportation Engineers
ITS	intelligent transportation system
ITS America	Intelligent Transportation Society of America
ITS/JPO	Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office
IUPT	International Union of Public Transport
IVHS	intelligent vehicle highway systems
IVI	Intelligent Vehicle Initiative
JPEG	Joint Photographic Experts Group
KM	Knowledge Management
KSAs	knowledge, skills, and abilities
L&D	learning and development
LADS	Learning and Development System
LAN	Local Area Network
LCCA	life cycle cost analysis
LRFD	load and resistance factor design
LTAP	Local Technical Assistance Program
LTP	Leave Transfer Program
LTPP	Long Term Pavement Performance (program)
MARAD	Maritime Administration (USDOT)
MB	Marine Board (TRB)
MBNQA	Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award
MMS	Minerals Management Service
MPO	metropolitan planning organization
MSPB	Merit Systems Protection Board
MTMC	Military Traffic Management Command
MUTCD	Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices
MYAEP	Multi Year Affirmative Employment Program
NACE	National Association of County Engineers
NACO	National Association of Counties
NAE	National Academy of Engineering
NAGHSR	National Association of Governors' Highway Safety Representatives
NAPA	National Asphalt Pavement Association
NARA	National Archives and Records Administration
NARC	National Association of Regional Councils
NAS	National Academy of Sciences
NASAO	National Association of State Aviation Officials
NASS	National Automotive Sampling System (NHTSA)
NBIS	National Bridge Inventory System
NCAT	National Center for Asphalt Technology
NCHRP	National Cooperative Highway Research Program
NCP	National Coordinated Program (of Highway Research, Development, and Technology)
NCSL	National Conference of State Legislatures
NCSRO	National Conference of State Railway Officials
NDE	nondestructive evaluation
NDR	National Driver Register
NEPA	National Environmental Policy Act
NEXTEA	National Economic Crossroads Transportation Efficiency Act of 1997
NGA	National Governors' Association
NHI	National Highway Institute
NHS	National Highway System
NHTSA	National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
NIST	National Institute of Standards and Technology
NIT League	National Industrial Transportation League
NPR	National Performance Review
NPTS	Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey
NQI	National Quality Initiative
NRC	National Research Council
NSC	National Safety Council
NSF	National Science Foundation
NSPE	National Society of Professional Engineers
NSTC	National Science and Technology Council
NTI	National Transit Institute
NTIS	National Technical Information Service
NTL	National Transportation Library
NTSB	National Transportation Safety Board
OECD	Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development
OIG	Office of the Inspector General
OMB	Office of Management and Budget
ONR	Office of Naval Research
OPM	Office of Personnel Management
ORI	Office of Road Inquiry
OSHA	Occupational Safety and Health Administration
OST	Office of the Secretary of Transportation
OSTP	Office of Science and Technology Policy (White House)
PBCAT	Pedestrian and Bicycle Crash Analysis Tool
PCA	Portland Cement Association
PCC	portland cement concrete ("portland" is lowercase when used in text)
PCI	Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute
PDF	Portable Document Format
PDP	professional development program
PI	Principal Investigator
PIANC	Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses (now called International Navigation Association)
PIARC	Permanent International Association of Road Congresses
PICRI	Pavement Industry Cooperative Research Initiative
PIH	Pan American Institute of Highways
PQA	President's Quality Award
PROMETHEUS	Program for European Traffic with Highest Efficiency and Unprecedented Safety
PTRC	Planning and Transport Research and Computation
QC/QA	quality control/quality assurance
R&D	research and development
R&T	research and technology
RABA	Revenue Aligned Budget Authority
RAC	Research Advisory Committee
RCCC	Regular Common Carrier Conference (ATA)
RD&T	research, development, and technology
RFP	Request for Proposal
RIDER	Research and Information Databases and Electronic Resources
ROSAN	Roadway Surface Analyzer
RSF	Roadway Safety Foundation (AHUA)
RSPA	Research and Special Programs Administration (USDOT)
RTAP	Rural Transportation Assistance Program (FHWA)
RTCC	Research and Technology Coordinating Committee
SAE	Society of Automotive Engineers
SAFETEA	Safe, Accountable, Flexible, and Efficient Transportation Equity Act of 2003
SCOH	Standing Committee on Highways (AASHTO)
SCOQ	Standing Committee on Quality
SCOR	Standing Committee on Research (AASHTO)
SFLHD	Southern Federal Lands Highway Division
SHA	State highway administration
SHRP	Strategic Highway Research Program
SIP	State implementation plan
SMARTS	Site Management and Retroreflective Tracking System
SMS	safety management system
SMSA	standard metropolitan statistical area
SNO	Subcommittee for NRC Oversight (TRB)
SOW	statement of work
SPC	statistical process control
SPPR	Subcommittee on Planning and Policy Review (TRB)
SPR	State planning and research
SPS	Specific Pavement Studies
STB	Surface Transportation Board
STIPDG	Summer Transportation Internship Program for Diverse Groups
STP	Surface Transportation Program
STPP	Surface Transportation Policy Project
STRAHNET	Strategic Highway Network
SUPPS	Shared United Performance Plan System
SWE	Society of Women Engineers
T&I	technology and innovation
T2	technology transfer
TASC	Transportation Administrative Service Center
TCRP	Transit Cooperative Research Program (TRB)
TCSP	Transportation and Community and Systems Preservation
TCT	Technical Career Track
TDC	Transit Development Corporation (APTA)
TDIP	Technology Deployment Initiatives and Preservation
TEA	21 Transportation Equity Act for the 21^st Century
TFHRC	Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center
TIFF	Tagged Image File Format
TIFIA	Transportation Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act
TIN	Technology Innovation Network
TIP	Transportation Improvement Program
TMA	Transportation Management Association
TMC	Transportation Management Center
TNM	Traffic Noise Model
TQM	Total Quality Management
TRB	Transportation Research Board
TRF	Transportation Research Forum
TRI	Trucking Research Institute (ATA)
TRIP	The Road Information Program
TRIS	Transportation Research Information Services (TRB)
TRL	Transportation Research Laboratory
TReL	Traffic Research Laboratory
TRRL	Transportation and Road Research Laboratory (United Kingdom)
TSM	Transportation System Management
UPACS	User Profile and Access Control System
USACE	U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
USCG	U.S. Coast Guard (USDOT)
USDOT	U.S. Department of Transportation
UTC	University Transportation Center
UTCP	University Transportation Centers Program (USDOT)
VMT	vehicle miles traveled
VNTSC	Volpe National Transportation Systems Center (USDOT)
VTI	Road and Traffic Research Institute of Sweden
VWS	virtual weather station
WFLHD	Western Federal Lands Highway Division
WIM	weigh in motion
WRA	World Road Association (formerly PIARC, Permanent International Association of Road Congresses)
WSCG	Western States Concrete Group

Appendix L—Sample Page of a Research Web Report

In addition to adhering to the HAIM Web guidelines listed in chapter 8 and the Section 508 guidelines on www.access-board.gov/508.htm for HTML development and programming, FHWA research report Web pages contain the top blue banner on each page, and the bottom footer to brand the report as an FHWA report.

Appendix M—FHWA LOGO

Use one of the following two FHWA logos on publications, PowerPoint presentations, and other communication products you prepare.

The logo can be printed or depicted in any color, but the entire logo must be in the same color. You can enlarge or shrink the size of the logo, but you must keep the same design proportions shown below. (For example, don't move the triskelion symbol, enlarge the symbol, or reduce the size of the type.) Consult with the Management Services Division (HAIM-20), the HRTM Communications and Outreach Team (HRTS-3), or a graphic designer for help deciding how large to make the mark and signature in proportion to the other information on your cover.

If you have any questions on the use of the FHWA logo, please contact HRTM-3 or HAIM-20.

Figure 11. Illustration. This is the correct four-line version of the FHWA logo.

APPENDIX N—SAMPLE GPO 952 FORM

Appendix O—FHWA MULTIMEDIA Model Release Form

I hereby grant to FHWA the absolute and irrevocable right and permission, in respect of the photographs or audio or videotape recording and their transcripts, that it has taken or has had taken of me or in which I may be included with others, to copyright the same, in its own name or otherwise (and assign my rights throughout the world in such photograph and audio and video recordings and their transcripts), to use, reuse, publish, and republish, and otherwise reproduce, modify and display the same, in whole or in part, individually or with other photographs, and with any copyrighted matter, in any and all media now or hereafter known, for illustration, promotion, art, advertising and trade, or any other purpose whatsoever; and to use my name in connection therewith if it so chooses.

I hereby release and discharge FHWA from any and all claims and demands arising out of, or in connection to, the use of the photographs, including without limitation any and all claims for libel or invasion of privacy. FHWA may sell, assign license, or otherwise transfer all rights granted to it hereunder.

This authorization and release shall also inure to the benefit of the specific legal representatives, licensees, and assigns of FHWA, as well as the staff representative(s) (if any) for whom it took the photographs.

I am of full age and have the right to contract in my own name. I have read the foregoing and fully understand the contents thereof. This release shall be binding upon me and my heirs, legal representatives and assigns. I further release FHWA from any responsibility for injury incurred during the photography or audio or videotaping session.

Appendix P—FHWA MULTIMEDIA Child Model Release Form

I hereby grant to FHWA the absolute and irrevocable right and permission, in respect of the photographs or audio or videotape recording and their transcripts, that it has taken or has had taken of me or my child, _________________________, or in which I or my child may be included with others, to copyright the same, in its own name or otherwise (and assign my rights throughout the world in such photograph and audio and video recordings and their transcripts), to use, reuse, publish, and republish, and otherwise reproduce, modify and display the same, in whole or in part, individually or with other photographs, and with any copyrighted matter, in any and all media now or hereafter known, for illustration, promotion, art, advertising and trade, or any other purpose whatsoever; and to use my name in connection therewith if it so chooses.

I hereby release on behalf of myself and my child and discharge FHWA from any and all claims and demands arising out of, or in connection to, the use of the photographs of my child and me, including without limitation any and all claims for libel or invasion of privacy. FHWA may sell, assign license, or otherwise transfer all rights granted to it hereunder.

I am of full age and have the right to contract in my own name and in the name of my child. I have read the foregoing and fully understand the contents thereof. This release shall be binding upon my child, and my heirs, legal representatives, assigns, and me. I further release FHWA from any responsibility for injury incurred during the photography or audio or videotaping session.

1. Report No. FHWA-HRT- -	2. Government Accession No.			3. Recipient's Catalog No.
4. Title and Subtitle				5. Report Date
				6. Performing Organization Code
7. Author(s)				8. Performing Organization Report No.
9. Performing Organization Name and Address				10. Work Unit No.
				11. Contract or Grant No.
12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address Office of Federal Highway Administration 6300 Georgetown Pike McLean, VA 22101-2296				13. Type of Report and Period Covered
				14. Sponsoring Agency Code
15. Supplementary Notes
16. Abstract
17. Key Words			18. Distribution Statement No restrictions. This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161.
19. Security Classif. (of this report)		20. Security Classif. (of this page)			21. No. of Pages	22. Price

Page 2
7. File Information - List information for all files (including graphics) used in the document to be output or attach a file directory printout which includes: File name; size, and format; and program

List files here:

8. Color Identification Information Color System Used: PANTONE Toyo TRUMATCH RGB CMYK (process colors) Other Trapping: Supplied Do not trap Create traps as necessary

9. Miscellaneous Checklist Do the files provide for bleeds (if any)? Yes No Are all graphics linked properly (no cutting & pasting or "store in pub")? Yes No Are all graphic elements "up-to-date"? Yes No Were changes made to any file(s) after the visual was made? Yes No If yes, explain

10. Notes/Special Instructions
Recommendations for submitting "Electronic Mechanicals"
· If you are providing files in PostScript format only, remember these are printer driver files and usually cannot be manipulated or changed by GPO or the contractor. Therefore, if any author's alterations are required you will have to provide updated files. · If any file has been changed for the benefit of the printout (e.g., making an image smaller to show bleeds on a printout) be sure to change the file back before making the disk you are submit-ting. · After making the printout, remove any "for position only" images in the files and replace them with an ID number (referenced to the printout and supplied copy) to speed up film output and thus hold down costs. · If any holding lines (keylines) are used in the file to indicate illustration size and position, indicate on the printout whether these lines print or not.		· On the supplied printout, clearly identify any halftones or other copy being supplied as separate camera-ready copy. · Clearly mark any miscellaneous instructions that would have been on an overlay (e.g., folding and perforating marks), on the printout or by other means. · Label all disks with the agency name, project name, the date the disk was made and the requisition or SF-1 number. In addition, show a disk number and total number of disks sent (e.g., 1/5). · Keep an exact duplicate of all disks and visuals submitted to GPO. · To avoid false expectations, any requested enhancements to data supplied (e.g., added trapping) should be discussed with GPO ahead of time.
For additional assistance in completing this form and submitting electronic mechanicals, see GPO Circular Letter No. 354 and Technical Report No. 31, or call your Customer Service Representative or Regional Printing Procurement Office. Mention of any brand name product as an example is not meant as an endorsement of that product nor of its manufacturer.

References

Appendix A—HRTM Service Request Form

Appendix B—Sample of Report Front Cover

Appendix C—Sample Inside Front Cover

Foreword

Notice

Quality Assurance Statement