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FHWA > Engineering > Pavements > Concrete > HRT-06-073 |
Interim Recommendations for the Use of Lithium to Mitigate or Prevent Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR)Publication No. FHWA-HRT-06-073, July 2006View PDF Version FOREWORDProgress is being made in efforts to combat alkali-silica reaction in both new and existing portland cement concrete structures. Of the several viable methods that exist to prevent damage in concrete structures because of this significant durability problem, the use of lithium compounds has been recognized for more than 50 years. There has been renewed interest in recent years in using lithium compounds as either an admixture in new concrete or as a treatment of existing structures. This report is intended to provide practitioners with the necessary information and guidance to test, specify, and use lithium compounds in new concrete construction, as well as in repair and service life extension applications. This report will be of interest to engineers, contractors, and others involved in the design and specification of new concrete, as well as those involved in mitigation of the damaging effects of alkali-silica reaction in existing concrete structures. Gary Henderson NOTICEThis document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The U.S. Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. The U.S. Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade and manufacturers' names appear in this report only because they are considered essential to the object of the document. QUALITY ASSURANCE STATEMENTThe Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) provides high-quality information to serve Government, industry, and the public in a manner that promotes public understanding. Standards and policies are used to ensure and maximize the quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity of its information. FHWA periodically reviews quality issues and adjusts its programs and processes to ensure continuous quality improvement.
Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized SI* (Modern Metric) Conversion FactorsTable of Contents1.2 Summary of revisions and modifications to guidelines CHAPTER 2 ALKALI-SILICA REACTION 2.2.1 Essential Components of ASR 2.3 LABORATORY TEST METHODS FOR ASSESSING ASR 2.4.1 Minimizing or Preventing ASR in New Concrete 2.4.2 Mitigating ASR in Existing Concrete CHAPTER 3 LITHIUM COMPOUNDS FOR CONTROLLING ASR 3.3 USING LITHIUM COMPOUNDS TO CONTROL ASR 3.3.2 Mechanisms of ASR Suppression by Lithium Compounds 3.3.3 Laboratory Studies Using Lithium to Control ASR: A Critical Review 3.3.4 Specifications for Using Lithium to Control ASR in Concrete 4.2 USING LITHIUM AS AN ADMIXTURE IN NEW CONCRETE 4.2.1 Lomas Boulevard, Albuquerque, NM (1992) 4.2.2 Lackawanna Valley Industrial Highway, PA (1997) 4.2.3 U.S. I-90, Oacoma, SD (1996) 4.2.4 Coyote Springs Bridge, NM (2000) 4.2.5 Bridge Deck Overlay, Wilmington, DE (1999) 4.2.6 Bridge Deck Overlay, Lyman County, SD (2000) 4.2.7 Utility Transmission Towers, Corpus Christi, TX (2000) 4.2.8 Repair of Platte Winner Bridge, SD (1998) 4.3 USING LITHIUM TO SUPPRESS EXPANSION IN ASR-AFFECTED CONCRETE 4.3.2 Electrochemical Migration CHAPTER 5 APPROACH FOR USING LITHIUM IN NEW AND EXISTING CONCRETE STRUCTURES 5.2 USing LITHIUM COMPOUNDS IN NEW CONCRETE 5.2.1 Performance-Based Recommendations for Using Lithium in New Concrete 5.2.2 Prescriptive Guidelines for Lithium in New Concrete 5.3 USING LITHIUM IN EXISTING CONCRETE 5.3.2 Electrochemical Migration CHAPTER 6 ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS OF USING LITHIUM COMPOUNDS 6.2 ECONOMICS OF USING LITHIUM COMPOUNDS IN NEW CONCRETE 6.3 ECONOMICS OF TREATING EXISTING CONCRETE WITH LITHIUM CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE WORK 7.2 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE WORK List of FiguresFigure 1. The Three Necessary Components for ASR-Induced Damage in Concrete Figure 4. Effects of pH on Dissolution of Amorphous Silica (Tang and Su-Fen, 1980) Figure 9. Extrusion of Joint-Sealing Material Triggered by Excessive Expansion Due to ASR Figure 12. Relative Expansion of Concrete Prisms Containing Lithium Compounds Figure 14. Elastic Modulus of Concrete Cores From Lomas Boulevard Figure 15. General View of Lomas Boulevard Experimental Pavement Figure 16. Control Section With Placitas-February 1999 Figure 17. Section With Class C Fly Ash and Placitas-February 1999 Figure 18. Section With Class F Fly Ash and Placitas-February 1999 Figure 19. Section With 1 Percent LiOH and Placitas-February 1999 Figure 20. Section With Class F Fly Ash and Placitas-May 2001 Figure 21. Lackawanna Valley Industrial Highway Experimental Section Figure 23. Impact Echo Testing-Lackawanna Valley Industrial Highway Experimental Pavement Figure 24. Experimental Pavement on I-90 Near Oacoma, SD Figure 25. Coyote Springs Bridge, NM Figure 26. Cracking on Deck Surface of Coyote Springs Bridge, NM Figure 27. Bridge Deck Overlay, Wilmington, DE Figure 29. Bridge Deck Overlay, Lyman County, SD Figure 30. Utility Transmission Tower Footing in Corpus Christi, TX Figure 31. Repair of Pile Caps on Platte Winner Bridge, SD Figure 32. Topical Application of Pavement Near Wolsey, SD Figure 33. Bridge Carrying Westbound Lanes of I-68 Near LaVale, MD Figure 34. Cracking in 12-Year-Old Bridge Deck Figure 35. Cracking of 11-Year-Old Untreated Section of Rt. 1 in Delaware Figure 36. Sections of Rt. 1 Near Bear, DE Figure 37. Making Length-Change Measurements on a Treated Pavement in Mountain Home, ID Figure 38. Bridge Over Montreal River Near Latchford, ON Figure 40. Optimal Time for Lithium Treatment Applied Topically (Johnston, et al., 2000) List of TablesTable 1. Rock Types and Reactive Minerals Susceptible to ASR (After CSA, 2000b) Table 2. Available Standard Tests for Assessing Alkali-Silica Reactivity Table 3. CSA Guidelines for Controlling ASR in New Concrete (CSA, 2000a) Table 4. Principal Lithium Minerals and Their Sources (After Lumley, 1997) Table 5. Effects of Lithium Compounds on Mortar Bar Expansion (From McCoy and Caldwell, 1951) Table 7. Effects of Lithium Compounds on Mortar Bar Expansion (After Stark, 1992) Table 8. Summary of Selected Research Findings Related to Lithium Dosages Table 10. BRE (2002) Guidelines for Using Lithium in New Concrete Table 11. Summary of Mixtures Used in Lomas Boulevard Experimental Pavement Table 12. Results From the ASTM C 1260 Tests (Stark, et al., 1993) Table 13. Observations From Petrographic Examination of Cores Table 14. Criteria for Assessing ASR Damage Based on Staining Techniques and Petrographic Analysis Table 16. Summary of Mixtures Used in I-90 Oacoma Experimental Pavement Table 17. Summary of Structures Treated With Lithium. List of acronyms and abbreviationsTerms AAR Alkali-Aggregate Reaction AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ACR Alkali-Carbonate Reaction AMBT Accelerated Mortar Bar Test ASR Alkali-Silica Reaction ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials BRE Building Research Establishment CPT Concrete Prism Test CSA Canadian Standards Association DOT Department of Transportation ECE Electrochemical Chloride Extraction EDL Electrical Double Layer FHWA Federal Highway Administration LANL Los Alamos National Laboratory NMSHTD New Mexico State Highway and Transportation Department SCM Supplementary Cementitious Material SHRP Strategic Highway Research Program SEM Scanning Electron Microscopy UK United Kingdom Chemical Notations C-S-H Calcium silicate hydrate CaOH Calcium hydroxide K2O Potassium oxide KCl Potassium chloride [Li]/[Na+K] Molar ratio of lithium ions to the sum of sodium and potassium ions LiCl Lithium chloride LiF Lithium flouride LiNO3 Lithium nitrate LiOH Lithium hydroxide LiOH·H2O Lithium hydroxide monohydrate Li2CO3 Lithium carbonate Li2SiO3 Lithium silicate Li2SO4 Lithium sulfate M molar N normal Na2O Sodium oxide Na2Oe Total sodium oxide equivalent NaCl Sodium chloride OH- Hydroxyl ion Measurements cm centimeter g gram GPa gigapascal kg kilogram kgf kilogram force L liter m meter mL milliliter MPa megapascal ppm parts per million w/cm water-cementitious materials ratio
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