• Daily Almanac
  • This Day in History
  • Today's Birthday
  • Word of the Day

• Editor's Favorites
  • 2008 Year in Review
  • Inaugural Factfile
  • Martin Luther King Day
  • First Kids Slideshow
  • Presidential Pardons
  • Black History Month
  • Richest Americans
  • America's 25 Most Ozone-Polluted Areas
  • Safest and Most Dangerous U.S. Cities
  • Tallest Buildings Slideshow
  • 2009 Calendar
  • Holidays: Religious and Secular, 2009

Encyclopedia

People History African History: Biographies Albanian History: Biographies Ancient History, Africa: Biographies Ancient History, Egypt: Biographies Ancient History, Greece: Biographies Ancient History, Late Roman and Byzantine: Biographies Ancient History, Middle East: Biographies Ancient History, Northern Europe: Biographies Ancient History, Rome: Biographies Argentinian History: Biographies Australian, New Zealand, and Pacific Islands History: Biographies Austria and Hungary, History: Biographies Baltic States, History: Biographies Benelux History: Biographies Bolivian History: Biographies Brazilian History: Biographies British and Irish History: Biographies Bulgarian History: Biographies Canadian History: Biographies Central Asian History: Biographies Chilean History: Biographies Chinese and Taiwanese History: Biographies Colombian History: Biographies Costa Rican History: Biographies Cuban History: Biographies Czech and Slovak History: Biographies Dominican History: Biographies Ecuador History: Biographies Egyptian History: Biographies Explorers, Travelers, and Conquerors: Biographies French History: Biographies German History: Biographies Guatemalan History: Biographies Guyana History: Biographies Haiti History: Biographies Historians, Ancient: Biographies Historians, British: Biographies Historians, Canadian: Biographies Historians, European: Biographies Historians, Miscellaneous: Biographies Historians, U.S.: Biographies Honduran History: Biographies Iranian History: Biographies Israeli History: Biographies Italian History: Biographies Japanese History: Biographies Korean History: Biographies Latin American History: Biographies Mesoamerican indigenous peoples: Biographies Mexican History: Biographies Middle Eastern History: Biographies Modern Greek History: Biographies Nicaragua History: Biographies North African History: Biographies North American indigenous peoples: Biographies Panama History: Biographies Paraguay History: Biographies Peru History: Biographies Philippines History: Biographies Polish History: Biographies Puerto Rican History: Biographies Romanian History: Biographies Russian, Soviet, and CIS History: Biographies Salvadoran History: Biographies Scandinavian History: Biographies South American Indigenous Peoples: Biographies South Asian History: Biographies Southeast Asia History: Biographies Southern African History: Biographies Spanish and Portuguese History: Biographies Supreme Court: Biographies Swiss History: Biographies Turkish and Ottoman History: Biographies U.S. History: Biographies Uruguay History: Biographies Venezuelan History: Biographies Yugoslavian History: Biographies Literature and the Arts American Art: Biographies American Literature: Biographies Architecture: Biographies Art museums: Biographies Arts and Crafts: Biographies Asian Literature: Biographies Asian and Middle Eastern Art: Biographies Australian and New Zealand Literature: Biographies Classical Literature: Biographies Dance: Biographies English Canadian Literature: Biographies Fashion: Biographies Film and Television: Biographies French Canadian Literature: Biographies French Literature: Biographies German Literature: Biographies Hebrew Literature: Biographies Historians, Ancient: Biographies Historians, British: Biographies Historians, Canadian: Biographies Historians, European: Biographies Historians, Miscellaneous: Biographies Historians, U.S.: Biographies Interior Design and Home Furnishings: Biographies Italian Literature: Biographies Journalism and Publishing: Biographies Language and Linguistics: Biographies Latin American Art: Biographies Latin American Literature: Biographies Libraries, Books, and Printing: Biographies Military Affairs: Biographies Miscellaneous European Literature: Biographies Miscellaneous French Literature: Biographies Miscellaneous World Literature: Biographies Music: History, Composers, and Performers: Biographies Music: Popular and Jazz: Biographies Music: Theory, Forms, and Instruments: Biographies Photography: Biographies Russian and Eastern European Literature: Biographies Scandinavian Literature: Biographies Scholars, Antiquarians, and Orientalists: Biographies South African Literature: Biographies Spanish and Portuguese Literature: Biographies Theater: Biographies Medicine Biochemistry: Biographies Cell Biology: Biographies Genetics and Genetic Engineering: Biographies Medicine: Biographies Microbiology: Biographies Psychology and Psychiatry: Biographies Philosophy and Religion Ancient Religion: Biographies Biblical Proper Names: Biographies Buddhism: Biographies Early Christianity: Biographies Hinduism: Biographies Islam: Biographies Judaism: Biographies Philosophy: Biographies Protestant Christianity: Biographies Roman Catholic Popes and Antipopes Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches: General Biographies Saints Science and Technology Agriculture: Biographies Astronomy: Biographies Aviation: Biographies Biology: Biographies Botany: Biographies Cell Biology: Biographies Chemistry: Biographies Civil Engineering: Biographies Computers and Computing, Biographies Electrical Engineering: Biographies Environmental Studies: Biographies Genetics and Genetic Engineering: Biographies Geography: Biographies Geology and Oceanography: Biographies Horticulture: Biographies Mathematics: Biographies Metallurgy and Mining: Biographies Microbiology: Biographies Paleontology: Biographies Physics: Biographies Space Exploration: Biographies Technology: Biographies Weather and Climate: Biographies Zoology: Biographies Social Sciences and the Law Anthropology: Biographies Archaeology: Biographies Business Leaders Crime and Law Enforcement: Biographies Customs and Artifacts: Biographies Economics: Biographies Education: Biographies Home Economics: Biographies Labor: Biographies Law: Biographies Political Science: Biographies Social Reformers Sociology: Biographies Supreme Court: Biographies United Nations: Biographies Sports and Games Games and Hobbies: Biographies Sports: Biographies

Browse by Subject +Earth & Environment Atmosphere and Weather Biographies Ecology and Environmentalism Geography Geology and Oceanography Minerals, Mining, and Metallurgy +History Ancient Greece and Rome Asia and Africa Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific Biographies Historians and Chronicles Latin America and the Caribbean Modern Europe United States and Canada +Literature & Arts Art and Architecture Biographies Classical Literature, Mythology, and Folklore Fashion, Design, and Crafts Journalism and Publishing Language, Linguistics, and Literary Terms Literature in English Literature in Other Modern Languages Performing Arts Scholars and Historians +Medicine Anatomy and Physiology Biographies Diseases and Conditions Divisions, Diagnostics, and Procedures Drugs Psychology +People History Literature and the Arts Medicine Philosophy and Religion Science and Technology Social Sciences and the Law Sports and Games +Philosophy & Religion Ancient Religions Biographies Christianity Eastern Religions Islam Judaism Other Religious Beliefs and General Terms Philosophy The Bible +Places Africa Asia Australia and Oceania Britain, Ireland, France, and the Low Countries Commonwealth of Independent States and the Baltic Nations Germany, Scandinavia, and Central Europe Latin America and the Caribbean Oceans, Continents, and Polar Regions Spain, Portugal, Italy, Greece, and the Balkans United States and Canada +Plants & Animals Agriculture and Horticulture Animals Biographies Botany Microbes, Algae, and Fungi Plants Zoology and Veterinary Medicine +Science & Technology Astronomy and Space Exploration Biochemistry Biographies Biology and Genetics Chemistry Computers and Electrical Engineering Mathematics Physics Technology +Social Sciences & Law Anthropology and Archaeology Biographies Economics, Business, and Labor Education Law Political Science and Government Sociology and Social Reform +Sports & Everyday Life Biographies Crafts and Household Items Days and Holidays Fashion and Clothing Food and Drink Games Manners and Customs Social Organizations Sports

The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2007, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.

• • Cite
  • Print
  • Email
  • Bookmark
    • Add bookmark
    • Add to del.icio.us
    • Digg It!
    • Add to Reddit