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Pakistan
Islamic Republic of Pakistan
President: Asif Ali Zardari (2008)
Prime minister: Yousaf Raza Gilani
(2008)
Current government officials
Land area: 300,664 sq mi (778,720 sq km);
total area: 310,401 sq mi (803,940 sq km)1
Population (2008 est.): 167,762,040
(growth rate: 1.8%); birth rate: 26.9/1000; infant mortality rate:
66.9/1000; life expectancy: 64.1; density per sq mi: 215
Capital (2003 est.):
Islamabad, 601,600
Largest cities: Karachi, 11,819,000
(metro area), 9,339,023 (city proper); Lahore, 5,756,100; Faisalabad
(Lyallpur), 2,247,700; Rawalpindi, 1,598,600; Gujranwala,
1,384,100
Monetary unit: Pakistan rupee
Principal languages:
Urdu 8%, English (both official); Punjabi 48%,
Sindhi 12%, Siraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10%, Pashtu 8%, Balochi 3%,
Hindko 2%, Brahui 1%, Burushaski, and others 8%
Ethnicity/race:
Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun (Pathan), Baloch,
Muhajir (immigrants from India and their descendants)
Religions:
Islam 97% (Sunni 77%, Shiite 20%); Christian,
Hindu, and other 3%
National Holiday:
Republic Day, March 23
Literacy rate: 49.9% (2005 est.)
Economic summary GDP/PPP
(2007est.): $410 billion; per capita $2,600. Real growth
rate: 6.4%. Inflation: 7.8%. Unemployment: 7.5%
plus substantial underemployment. Arable land: 25%.
Agriculture: cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits,
vegetables; milk, beef, mutton, eggs. Labor force: 46.84
million; note: extensive export of labor, mostly to the Middle East,
and use of child labor; agriculture 42%, industry 20%, services 38%
(2004 est.). Industries: textiles and apparel, food
processing, pharmaceuticals, construction materials, paper products,
fertilizer, shrimp. Natural resources: land, extensive
natural gas reserves, limited petroleum, poor quality coal, iron
ore, copper, salt, limestone. Exports: $14.85 billion f.o.b.
(2005 est.): textiles (garments, bed linen, cotton cloth, yarn),
rice, leather goods, sports goods, chemicals, manufactures, carpets
and rugs. Imports: $14.01 billion (f.o.b., 2004 est.):
petroleum, petroleum products, machinery, plastics, transportation
equipment, edible oils, paper and paperboard, iron and steel, tea.
Major trading partners: U.S., UAE, UK, Germany, Hong Kong,
Saudi Arabia, China, Japan, Kuwait (2004).
Communications: Telephones: main lines
in use: 2.861 million (March 1999); mobile cellular: 158,000 (1998).
Radio broadcast stations: AM 27, FM 1, shortwave 21 (1998).
Radios: 13.5 million (1997). Television broadcast
stations: 22 (plus seven low-power repeaters) (1997).
Televisions: 3.1 million (1997). Internet Service
Providers (ISPs): 30 (2000). Internet users: 1.2 million
(2000).
Transportation: Railways: total: 8,163
km (2002). Highways: total: 254,410 km; paved: 109,396 km
(including 339 km of expressways); unpaved: 145,014 km (1999).
Ports and harbors: Karachi, Port Muhammad bin Qasim.
Airports: 124 (2002).
International disputes: thousands of
Afghan refugees still reside in Pakistan; isolating terrain and
close ties among Pashtuns in Pakistan make cross-border activities
difficult to control; armed stand-off with India over the status and
sovereignty of Kashmir continues—India objects to Pakistan
ceding lands to China in 1965 boundary agreement that India believes
are part of disputed Kashmir; disputes with India over Indus River
water sharing and the terminus of the Rann of Kutch, which prevents
maritime boundary delimitation.
1. Excluding Kashmir and Jammu.
Major sources and definitions
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Geography
Pakistan is situated in the western part of the
Indian subcontinent, with Afghanistan and Iran on the west, India on the
east, and the Arabian Sea on the south. The name Pakistan is
derived from the Urdu words Pak (meaning pure) and stan
(meaning country). It is nearly twice the size of California.
The northern and western highlands of Pakistan
contain the towering Karakoram and Pamir mountain ranges, which include
some of the world's highest peaks: K2 (28,250 ft; 8,611 m) and Nanga
Parbat (26,660 ft; 8,126 m). The Baluchistan Plateau lies to the west, and
the Thar Desert and an expanse of alluvial plains, the Punjab and Sind,
lie to the east. The 1,000-mile-long (1,609-km) Indus River and its
tributaries flow through the country from the Kashmir region to the
Arabian Sea.
Government
Military rule was instituted in Oct. 1999; a
nominal democracy was declared in June 2001 by the ruling military leader,
Pervez Musharraf.
History
Pakistan was one of the two original successor
states to British India, which was partitioned along religious lines in
1947. For almost 25 years following independence, it consisted of two
separate regions, East and West Pakistan, but now it is made up only of
the western sector. Both India and Pakistan have laid claim to the Kashmir
region; this territorial dispute led to war in 1949, 1965, 1971, and 1999,
and remains unresolved today.
What is now Pakistan was in prehistoric times
the Indus Valley civilization (c. 2500–1700 B.C.). A series of invaders—Aryans, Persians,
Greeks, Arabs, Turks, and others—controlled the region for the next
several thousand years. Islam, the principal religion, was introduced in
711. In 1526, the land became part of the Mogul Empire, which ruled most
of the Indian subcontinent from the 16th to the mid-18th century. By 1857,
the British became the dominant power in the region. With Hindus holding
most of the economic, social, and political advantages, the Muslim
minority's dissatisfaction grew, leading to the formation of the
nationalist Muslim League in 1906 by Mohammed Ali Jinnah
(1876–1949). The league supported Britain in the Second World War
while the Hindu nationalist leaders, Nehru and Gandhi, refused. In return
for the league's support of Britain, Jinnah expected British backing for
Muslim autonomy. Britain agreed to the formation of Pakistan as a separate
dominion within the Commonwealth in Aug. 1947, a bitter disappointment to
India's dream of a unified subcontinent. Jinnah became governor-general.
The partition of Pakistan and India along religious lines resulted in the
largest migration in human history, with 17 million people fleeing across
the borders in both directions to escape the accompanying sectarian
violence.
Pakistan became a republic on March 23, 1956,
with Maj. Gen. Iskander Mirza as the first president. Military rule
prevailed for the next two decades. Tensions between East and West
Pakistan existed from the outset. Separated by more than a thousand miles,
the two regions shared few cultural and social traditions other than
religion. To the growing resentment of East Pakistan, the West monopolized
the country's political and economic power. In 1970, East Pakistan's Awami
League, led by the Bengali leader Sheik Mujibur Rahman, secured a majority
of the seats in the national assembly. President Yahya Khan postponed the
opening of the national assembly to skirt East Pakistan's demand for
greater autonomy, provoking civil war. The independent state of
Bangladesh, or Bengali nation, was proclaimed on March 26, 1971. Indian
troops entered the war in its last weeks, fighting on the side of the new
state. Pakistan was defeated on Dec. 16, 1971, and President Yahya Khan
stepped down. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto took over Pakistan and accepted
Bangladesh as an independent entity. In 1976, formal relations between
India and Pakistan resumed.
Pakistan's first elections under civilian rule
took place in March 1977, and the overwhelming victory of Bhutto's
Pakistan People's Party (PPP) was denounced as fraudulent. A rising tide
of violent protest and political deadlock led to a military takeover on
July 5 by Gen. Mohammed Zia ul-Haq. Bhutto was tried and convicted for the
1974 murder of a political opponent, and despite worldwide protests he was
executed on April 4, 1979, touching off riots by his supporters. Zia
declared himself president on Sept. 16, 1978, and ruled by martial law
until Dec. 30, 1985, when a measure of representative government was
restored. On Aug. 19, 1988, Zia was killed in a midair explosion of a
Pakistani Air Force plane. Elections at the end of 1988 brought longtime
Zia opponent Benazir Bhutto, daughter of Zulfikar Bhutto, into office as
prime minister.
In the 1990s, Pakistan saw a shaky succession of
governments—Benazir Bhutto was prime minister twice and deposed
twice and Nawaz Sharif three times, until he was deposed in a coup on Oct.
12, 1999, by Gen. Pervez Musharraf. The Pakistani public, familiar with
military rule for 25 of the nation's 52-year history, generally viewed the
coup as a positive step and hoped it would bring a badly needed economic
upswing.
To the surprise of much of the world, two new
nuclear powers emerged in May 1998 when India, followed by Pakistan just
weeks later, conducted nuclear tests. Fighting with India again broke out
in the disputed territory of Kashmir in May 1999.
Close ties with Afghanistan's Taliban government
thrust Pakistan into a difficult position following the Sept. 11 terrorist
attacks. Under U.S. pressure, Pakistan broke with its neighbor to become
the United States' chief ally in the region. In return, President Bush
ended sanctions (instituted after Pakistan's testing of nuclear weapons in
1998), rescheduled its debt, and helped to bolster the legitimacy of the
rule of Pervez Musharraf, who appointed himself president in 2001.
On Dec. 13, 2001, suicide bombers attacked the
Indian parliament, killing 14 people. Indian officials blamed the attack
on Islamic militants supported by Pakistan. Both sides assembled hundreds
of thousands of troops along their common border, bringing the two nuclear
powers to the brink of war.
In 2002, voters overwhelmingly approved a
referendum to extend Musharraf's presidency another five years. The vote,
however, outraged opposing political parties and human rights groups who
said the process was rigged. In August, he unveiled 29 constitutional
amendments that strengthened his grip on the country.
Pakistani officials dealt a heavy blow to
al-Qaeda in March 2003, arresting Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, the top aide to
Osama bin Laden, who organized the 2001 terrorist attacks against the U.S.
The search for bin Laden intensified in northern Pakistan following
Mohammed's arrest.
In Nov. 2003, Pakistan and India declared the
first formal cease-fire in Kashmir in 14 years. In April 2005, a bus
service began between the two capitals of Kashmir—Srinagar on the
Indian side and Pakistan's Muzaffarabad—uniting families that had
been separated by the Line of Control since 1947.
Abdul Qadeer Khan, the father of Pakistan's
nuclear bomb, was exposed in Feb. 2004 for having sold nuclear secrets to
North Korea, Iran, and Libya. Musharraf had him apologize publicly, and
then pardoned him. While much of the world reviled him for this
unconscionable act of nuclear proliferation, the scientist remains a
national hero in Pakistan. Khan claimed that he alone and not Pakistan's
military or government was involved in the selling of these
ultraclassified secrets; few in the international community have accepted
this explanation.
President Musharraf declared in December 2004
that he would retain his post as head of the army, a reversal of an
earlier promise.
Pakistan has launched major efforts to combat
al-Qaeda and Taliban militants, deploying 80,000 troops to its remote and
mountainous border with Afghanistan, a haven for terrorist groups. More
than 800 soldiers have died in these campaigns. Yet the country remains a
breeding ground for Islamic militancy, with its estimated
10,000–40,000 religious schools, or madrassas. In late 2006 and into
2007, members of the Taliban crossed into eastern Afghanistan from
Pakistan's tribal areas. The Pakistani government denied that its
intelligence agency has supported the Islamic militants, despite
contradictory reports from Western diplomats and the media.
In September 2006, President Musharraf signed a
controversial peace agreement with seven militant groups, who call
themselves the “Pakistan Taliban.” Pakistan's army agreed to
withdraw from the area and allow the Taliban to govern themselves, as long
as they promise no incursions into Afghanistan or against Pakistani
troops. Critics said the deal hands terrorists a secure base of
operations; supporters counter that a military solution against the
Taliban is futile and will only spawn more militants, contending that
containment is the only practical policy. That agreement came under fire
in the U.S. in July 2007 with the release of a National Intelligence
Estimate. The report cncluded that al-Qaeda has gained strength in the
past two years and that the United States faces "a persistent and evolving
terrorist threat over the next three years." The report also said the deal
has allowed al-Qaeda to flourish.
An earthquake with a magnitude of 7.6 struck
Pakistani-controlled Kashmir on October 8, 2005. More than 81,000 people
were killed and 3 million left homeless. About half of the region’s
capital city, Muzaffarabad, was destroyed. The disaster hit at the onset
of the Himalayan winter. Many rural villages were too remote for aid
workers to reach, leaving thousands vulnerable to the elements.
In 2006, Pakistan introduced legislation to
change the country’s harsh Islamic rape laws. The current law,
introduced in 1979, requires the victim of a rape to produce the testimony
of four male witnesses or else face charges of adultery. But after
pressure from religious conservatives, the government postponed submitting
the bill.
In March 2007, President Musharraf suspended
Chief Justice Iftakar Mohammed Chaudhry, accusing him of abuse of power
and nepotism. Supporters of Chaudhry took the streets in protest, claiming
the move was politically motivated. In May, 39 people were killed in
Karachi when dueling rallies—those in support of Chaudhry and others
of the government—turned violent. Justice Chaudhry has agreed to
hear cases involving disappearances of people believed to have been
detained by intelligence agencies and constitutional challenges involving
Musharraf’s continued rule as president and head of the military.
Chaudhry challenged his suspension in court, and in July Pakistan’s
Supreme Court ruled that President Musharraf acted illegally when he
suspended Chaudhry. The court reinstated him.
Radical Islamist clerics and students at
Islamabad's Red Mosque, who have been using kidnappings and violence in
their campaign for the imposition of Shariah, or Islamic law, in Pakistan,
exchanged gunfire with government troops in July 2007. After the initial
violence, the military laid seige to the mosque, which held nearly 2,000
students. Several students escaped or surrendered to officials. The
mosque's senior cleric, Maulana Abdul Aziz was caught by officials when
attempting to escape. After negotiations between government officials and
mosque leaders failed, troops stormed the compound and killed Abdul Rashid
Ghazi, who took over as chief of the mosque after the capture of Aziz, his
brother. More than 80 people died in the violence. Violence in remote
tribal areas intensified after the raid. In addition, the Taliban
rescinded the cease-fire signed in September 2006, and a series of suicide
bombings and attacks followed.
Musharraf's political troubles intensified in
the late summer. In August, the Supreme Court ruled that former prime
minister Nawaz Sharif could return to Pakistan from exile in Saudi Arabia.
Both Sharif and Benazir Bhutto, also a former prime minister, have sought
to challenge Musharraf's role as military leader and president. Days after
the ruling, Bhutto revealed that Musharraf had agreed to a power-sharing
agreement, in which he would step down as army chief and run for
reelection as president. In exchange, Bhutto, who has been living in
self-imposed exile for eight years, would be allowed to return to Pakistan
and run for prime minister. Aides to Musharraf, however, denied an
agreement was reached. Shortly after, however, Musharraf said that if
elected to a second term as president, he will step down from his post as
army chief before taking the oath of office. Some opposition leaders,
however, questioned whether he would follow through on his promise. In
September, Sharif was arrested and deported hours after he returned to
Pakistan.
On Oct. 6, Musharraf was easily reelected to a
third term by the country's national and provincial assemblies. The
opposition boycotted the vote, however, and only representatives from the
governing party participated in the election. In addition, the Supreme
Court said the results will not be formalized until it rules if Musharraf
was constitutionally eligible to run for president while still head of the
military.
Bhutto returned to Pakistan on October 18 amid
much fanfare and jubilation by her supporters. The triumphant mood gave
way to panic when a suicide bomber attacked her convoy, killing as many as
135 people. Bhutto survived the attack.
On Nov. 3, Musharraf declared a state of
emergency, suspended Pakistan's constitution, and fired Chief Justice
Iftakar Mohammed Chaudhry and the other judges on the Supreme Court. In
addition, police arrested at least 500 opposition figures. Political
opponents said Musharraf had in effect declared martial law. Analysts
suggested that Musharraf was trying to preempt an upcoming ruling by the
Supreme Court, which was expected to declare he could not constitutionally
run for president while head of the military. Musharraf, however, said he
acted to stem a rising Islamist insurgency and to "preserve the democratic
transition.” On November 5, thousands of lawyers took to the streets
to protest the emergency rule. Many clashed with baton-wielding police. As
many as 700 lawyers were arrested, including Chaudhry, who was placed
under house arrest. Under pressure from U.S. officials, Musharraf said
parliamentary elections would take place in January 2008.
On Nov. 9 thousands of police officers
barricaded the city of Rawalpindi, the site of a protest planned by
Bhutto. She was later placed under house arrest. On Nov. 15, the day that
Parliament's five-year term ended, Musharraf swore in a caretaker
government, with Mohammedmian Soomro, the chairman of Pakistan's senate,
as prime minister. He also lifted Bhutto's house arrest. Later that month,
the Supreme Court, stacked with judges loyal to Musharraf, dismissed the
case challenging the constitutionality of Musharraf being elected
president while head of the military. Former prime minister Nawaz Sharif
returned to Pakistan on Nov. 25 after eight years in exile and demanded
that Musharraf lift the emergency rule and reinstate the Supreme Court
justices that were dismissed on Nov. 3. Sharif, who has refused to share
power with Musharraf, poses a formidable political threat to
Musharraf.
Musharraf stepped down as military chief on
November 28, the day before being sworn in as a civilian president. Gen.
Ashfaq Parvez Kayani, the former head of Pakistan’s intelligence
agency, Inter-Services Intelligence, took over as army chief. Since he no
longer controls the military, Musharraf's power over Pakistan has been
significantly diminished.
Musharraf ended emergency rule on December 14
and restored the Constitution. At the same time, however, he issued
several executive orders and constitutional amendments that precluded any
legal challenges related to his actions during and after emergency rule
and barred the judges who he fired when he called emergency rule from
resuming their positions. "Today I am feeling very happy that all the
promises that I have made to the people, to the country, have been
fulfilled," he said.
Bhutto was assassinated in a suicide attack on
Dec. 27 at a campaign rally in Rawalpindi. President Pervez Musharraf
blamed al Qaeda for the attack, which killed 23 other people. Bhutto's
supporters, however, accused Musharraf's government of orchestrating the
combination bombing and shooting. Rioting throughout the country followed
the attack, and the government shut down nearly all the country's services
to thwart further violence. Bhutto had criticized the government for
failing to control militants who have been unleashing terrorist attacks
throughout Pakistan. In the wake of the assassination, Musharraf postponed
parliamentary elections, which had been scheduled for Jan. 8, 2008, until
February 18.
Scotland Yard investigators reported in February
2008 that Bhutto died of an injury to her skull. They said she hit her
head when the force of a suicide bomb tossed her. Bhutto's supporters,
however, insist she died of a bullet wound. Also in February, two Islamic
militants who had been arrested in connection to the assassination
admitted that they armed the attacker with a suicide vest and a
pistol.
In the parliamentary elections in February,
Musharraf's party, the Pakistan Muslim League-Q, which has been in power
for five years, suffered a stunning defeat, losing most of its seats. The
opposition Pakistan Peoples Party, which was led by Bhutto until her
assassination and is now headed by her widow, Asif Ali Zardari, won 80 of
the 242 contested seats. The Pakistan Muslim League-N, led by Sharif, took
66 seats. Musharraf party's won just 40. His defeat was considered a
protest of his attempts to rein in militants, his coziness with President
Bush, and his dismissal of Supreme Court Chief Justice Iftikhar Muhammad
Chaudhry. The Pakistan People's Party and the Pakistan Muslim League-N
formed a coalition government. In March, Parliament elected Fahmida Mirza
as speaker. She is the first woman in Pakistan elected to the
position.
In March, Zardari selected Yousaf Raza Gillani,
who served as speaker of Parliament in the 1990s under Benazir Bhutto, as
prime minister. One of Gillani's first moves as prime minister was to
release the Supreme Court justices that Musharraf ousted and detained in
late 2007.
The new government signaled it would set a clear
change of course when it announced that it would negotiate with militants
who live and train in Pakistan's remote tribal areas. The policy met
resistance from the United States, which, with approval from Musharraaf,
has stepped up its attacks against the militants.
In May, the coalition government reached a
compromise agreement to reinstate the Supreme Court justices who were
dismissed in November 2007 by Musharraf. The agreement fell apart days
later, when the Pakistan Muslim League-N said it would withdraw from the
cabinet because the Pakistan Peoples Party insisted on retaining the
judges who replaced those who were dismissed by Musharraf. In addition,
the two parties disagreed on how to reinstate the justices. Sharif wanted
the judges immediately reinstated by executive order; Asif Ali Zardari,
the leader of the Pakistan People's Party preferred it be done through
Parliament, a process that may be protracted.
Squirmishing along Kashmir's Line of Control
broke out over the summer of 2008, after more than four years of relative
calm. The problems arose after authorities in Indian-controlled Kashmir
transferred 99 acres of land to a trust that runs a Hindu shrine, called
Amarnath. Muslims launched a series of protests. The government rescinded
the order, which outraged Hindus. About 40 people were killed in the
protests and counterdemonstrations, which involved several hundred
thousand people. Despite the hostilities, a trade route between India and
Pakistan across the line of control opened in October for the first time
in 60 years.
U.S. intelligence agencies determined that
Pakistan's Directorate of Inter-Services Intellgence (ISI) helped to carry
out an attack outside the Indian Embassy in Kabul in July that killed more
than 50 people, including two Indian diplomats. The attack occurred while
Gillani was in the United States meeting with Preside Bush. Officials also
said that the ISI has been tipping off militants about U.S. operations
against them.
In August, the governing coalition announced
plans to "immediately initiate impeachment proceedings" against President
Musharraf on charges of violating the constitution and misconduct. The
charges stem from his actions in November 2007, when he suspended the
country's constitution and fired Chief Justice Iflikhar Muhammad Chaudhry
and the other judges on the Supreme Court. Days later, on Aug. 18,
Musharraf resigned as president. "Not a single charge can be proved
against me," he said, adding that he was stepping down to put the
country's interests above "personal bravado." Muhammad Mian Soomro, the
chairman of the Senate, was named acting president.
On Aug. 25, Sharif withdrew his party, the
Pakistan Muslim League-N, from the governing coalition, saying he could no
longer work with Zardari. He said Zardari went back on pledges to restore
Chaudhry to his role as chief justice of the Supreme Court and to work
with Sharif to select a presidential candidate. Instead, Zardari announced
plans to run for president.
In September, the two houses of Parliament
elected Zardari president by a wide margin. He faces the overwhelming task
of rooting out members of al Qaeda and the Taliban, who control much of
the country's tribal areas. He also promised to improve the relationship
between Parliament and the presidency. "Parliament will be
sovereign,” he said. “This president shall be subservient to
the Parliament.”
The Pakistani military launched a
three-week-long cross-border air assault into Afghanistan's Bajaur region
throughout August, which resulted in more than 400 Taliban casualties. The
continuous airstrikes forced many al-Qaeda and Taliban militants to
retreat from towns formally under their control. However, the Pakistani
government declared a cease-fire in the Bajaur region for the month of
September in observance of Ramadan, raising fears that the Taliban will
use the opportunity to regroup.
In its first acknowledged ground attack inside
Pakistan, U.S. commandos in September raided a village that was home to
al-Qaeda militants in the tribal region near the border with Afghanistan.
The New York Times later reported that in July, President Bush
authorized U.S. Special Operations troops to launch ground attacks inside
Pakistan without seeking approval from the Pakistani government. The
report said the U.S. would, however, alert Pakistan to attacks. A top
Pakistani military leader said the army will not tolerate such
attacks.
A truck bomb exploded outside the popular
Marriott Hotel in Islamabad in September, killing more than 50 people and
wounding hundreds. The bomb went off as government leaders, including the
president and prime minister, were dining a few hundred yards away, at the
prime minister's residence. It is one of the worst terrorist attacks in
Pakistan's history.
About 170 people were killed and about 300 wounded in a series of
attacks that began on November 26 on several landmarks and commercial hubs
in Mumbai, India. Indian officials said ten gunmen carried out the attack,
which was stunning in its brutality and duration; it took Indian forces
three days to end the siege. While a previously unknown group, Deccan
Mujahedeen, initially claimed responsibility for the attack, Indian and
U.S. officials said they have evidence that the Pakistan-based militant
Islamic group Lashkar-e-Taiba was involved. Lashkar-e-Taiba, which
translates to Army of the Pure, was established in the late 1980s with the
assistance of Pakistan's spy agency, Inter-Services Intellgence, to fight
Indian control of the Muslim section of Kashmir. The accusation further
strained an already tense relationship between the two countries. While
President Asif Ali Zardari first denied that Pakistani citizens were
involved in the attack, in December, Pakistan officials raided a camp run
by Lashkar-e-Taiba in Muzaffarabad, the capital of Pakistan-controlled
Kashmir, and arrested several militants.
See also Encyclopedia: Pakistan. U.S. State Dept. Country Notes:
Pakistan Statistics Division www.statpak.gov.pk
Information Please® Database, © 2008 Pearson
Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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