6. RESEARCH NEEDS

Although a considerable body of research addresses roadway safety issues in the general population, data are lacking in a number of areas relevant to work-related roadway safety. The following list outlines research that is needed to characterize occupational crashes, determine risk factors, and identify effective prevention strategies:

• Researchers should evaluate the effectiveness of workplace interventions to prevent roadway crashes.
  
  
• Research is needed to develop better measures of exposure to on-the-job driving. Fatality rates that are calculated on the basis of occupation or industry identify worker groups at highest risk but do not adjust for differences in hours or miles driven.
  
  
• Researchers should use existing programs such as the Crashworthiness Data System to investigate roadway crashes in which workers sustain nonfatal injuries, particularly those that involve a vehicle other than a large truck.
  
  
• Data systems specific to occupational fatalities and injuries should be evaluated and modified to conform with terminology used by the roadway safety community. CFOI currently does not contain adequate data on vehicle type, road type, environmental factors, driver-related factors, and manner of collision.
  
  
• Research is needed to assess the effects of safety management practices and work organization (e.g., scheduling and compensation practices, training and incentive programs, and vehicle selection and maintenance policies) on safety outcomes for occupational drivers.
  
  
• Research is needed to better describe risk factors for occupational crashes among workers who do not operate a vehicle as their primary job task. With the exception of large truck crashes, differences between work-related crashes and crashes in the general population are poorly understood.
  
  
• A broad-based effort is needed to arrive at improved methods for assessing and quantifying driver fatigue.
  
  
• Federal and State agencies should develop standardized national guidelines for assessing factors such as driver fatigue, driver distraction, and cell phone use in roadway crashes. Determination of these factors is largely subjective in the absence of guidelines for law enforcement officers and others who provide data on work-related and other crashes.

• Additional steps should be taken to improve quality and completeness of data on the involvement of cell phones and other electronic devices in roadway crashes:
  
  
  • Crash reports should be standardized nationwide to require that information be recorded about the involvement of cell phones, in-vehicle Internet, navigation systems, and other electronic equipment.
    
    
  • Studies that measure timing, duration, and content of cell phone calls during normal driving situations are needed to provide baseline data. Research projects that place event recorders and other instruments in cell phone users’ vehicles will help to detect real-world changes in driving performance during cell phone use and to collect information about associated crashes and near misses [NHTSA 1997].
    
    
  • Federal agencies and the research community should work together to develop focused studies on the safety effects of cell phone use during on-the-job driving. These studies should assess differences between cell phone use in work and nonwork situations so that unique occupational risk factors can be identified.
    
    
• Research is needed to assess the role of commuting in work-related roadway crashes and the role of workplace factors in crashes that occur during commuting time. Under definitions used by existing data systems, a crash is not work related if it occurs during commuting to or from work. Workplace factors such as shiftwork, length of shift, and hours of driving while at work may influence the likelihood of crashes during commuting. Conversely, factors such as the length of the commute may be associated with the risk of a crash on the job.

7. CONCLUSIONS

Preventing work-related roadway crashes requires an approach that is both multidisciplinary and multifaceted. Different vehicle work environments call for different interventions, and no single intervention will suffice for a given work environment. Groups working primarily in occupational safety need to understand more fully the issues that influence worker safety on the roadway. Developing comprehensive prevention programs requires knowledge of areas as diverse as physiological responses to fatigue, highway and vehicle design principles, psychosocial factors that influence risk-taking in young drivers, and onboard vehicle monitoring technology. Roadway safety advocates might also benefit from a greater understanding and appreciation of the unique challenges to preventing work-related crashes. Increased collaboration between these two communities will optimize limited resources and improve the quality of programs for preventing all vehicle-related injuries and fatalities on the Nation’s roadways.

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ONLINE RESOURCES

NOTE: The addresses below were correct as of July 2003. Since Internet addresses for Web sites change frequently, readers are cautioned that slight changes may have taken place since that time.

AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety
www.aaafoundation.org/home

Advocates for Highway and Auto Safety
www.saferoads.org

American Trucking Associations
www.trucking.org

Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM)
www.carcrash.org

Citizens for Reliable and Safe Highways (CRASH)
www.trucksafety.org

Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance
www.cvsa.org

Federal Highway Administration
www.fhwa.dot.gov

Federal Highway Administration
Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center
www.tfhrc.gov

Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration
www.fmcsa.dot.gov

Insurance Institute for Highway Safety
www.hwysafety.org

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
www.nhtsa.dot.gov

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
www.cdc.gov/niosh

National Safety Council Highway Traffic Safety Division
www.nsc.org/mem/htsd.htm

National Transportation Safety Board
www.ntsb.gov

Network of Employers for Traffic Safety
www.netsnational.org

Occupational Safety and Health Administration
www.osha.gov

Parents Against Tired Truckers
www.patt.org

Transportation Research Board
www.national-academies.org/trb

University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI)
www.umtri.umich.edu

U.S. Department of Transportation
www.dot.gov