A History of Foreign Leaders and Dignitaries Who Have Addressed
the U.S. Congress
There are three such methods: joint meetings, joint sessions, and separate House and Senate receptions.
A joint meeting is the preferred method for receiving addresses from foreign leaders and dignitaries. Joint meetings are used for special commemorative events and to receive addresses by domestic dignitaries. To initiate a joint meeting, both houses, by resolution or by unanimous consent, declare themselves in recess for a joint gathering in the House Chamber. House Rule IV governs this procedure:
“The Hall of the House shall be used only for the legislative business of the House and for caucus and conference meetings of its Members, except when the House agrees to take part in any ceremonies to be observed therein. The Speaker may not entertain a motion for the suspension of this clause.”
As precedent has evolved, however, the House has tended to use unanimous consent, rather than a resolution, for the purpose of receiving a foreign leader.
A joint session of Congress has been used almost exclusively to receive the President’s State of the Union Address (prior to 1942 called the Annual Message), other presidential addresses, and the counting of electoral votes for the President and Vice President of the U.S. Both chambers follow a formal procedure to establish these occasions by adopting a concurrent resolution. Only twice have foreign dignitaries addressed a joint session of Congress: French Ambassador Andre de Laboulaye (20 May 1934), to mark the centennial of the death of the Marquis de Lafayette, and Cuban Ambassador Guillermo Belt (19 April 1948), to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Cuban independence after the Spanish-American War in 1898.
(View chart of all House receptions)
Earlier in Congressional history the standard manner in which both the House and the Senate received addresses by foreign leaders was to invite dignitaries to a one- chamber reception. This procedure required either unanimous consent or resolution by the chamber that wished to receive the foreign leader. According to the Congressional Research Service (CRS), 122 such receptions have occurred in both chambers. Louis Kossuth, Governor of Hungary, was the first foreign dignitary to address a Senate reception (5 January 1852) and a House reception (7 January 1852).
These receptions are not associated with other informal, social receptions and lunches provided for foreign leaders on behalf of congressional leadership or individual committees. In the post-World War II era, the practice of using one-chamber receptions largely disappeared. The last House reception was held for Mexican President Joe Lopez Portillo (17 February 1977).
Date | House Reception or Address | Foreign Leader | |
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02/17/1977 | Address | Jose Lopez Portillo, President of Mexico. |
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07/26/1961 | Address | Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Prime Minister of Nigeria |
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06/22/1961 | Address | Hayato Ikeda, Prime Minister of Japan |
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04/18/1961 | Address | Constantine Karamanlis, Prime Minister of Greece |
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07/29/1958 | Address | Amintore Fanfani, Prime Minister of Italy |
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07/25/1958 | Address | Kwame Nkrumah, Prime Minister of Ghana. |
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06/25/1958 | Address | Muhammad Daoud Khan, Prime Minister of Afghanistan. |
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06/20/1957 | Address | Nobusuke Kishi, Prime Minister of Japan |
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05/28/1957 | Address | Konrad Adenauer, Chancellor of West Germany |
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03/15/1956 | Address | John Aloysius Costello, Prime Minister of Ireland |
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02/02/1956 | Address | Anthony Eden, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom |
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05/30/1955 | Address | U Nu, Prime Minister of Burma |
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05/04/1955 | Address | P. Phibunsongkhram, Prime Minister of Thailand |
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03/30/1955 | Address | Mario Scelba, Prime Minister of Italy. |
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03/16/1955 | Address | Robert Gordon Menzies, Prime Minister of Australia |
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08/01/1950 | Address | Robert Gordon Menzies, Prime Minister of Australia |
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07/31/1950 | Address | Tokutaro Kitamura, member of Japanese Diet |
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05/04/1950 | Address | Liaquat Ali Khan, Prime Minister of Pakistan. |
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10/13/1949 | Address | Jawaharlal Nehru, Prime Minister of India. |
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08/09/1949 | Address | Elpidio Quirino, President of the Philippines |
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01/20/1944 | Address | Isaias Medina Angarita, President of Venezuela |
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06/10/1943 | Address | President Hininio Morinigo M., President of Paraguay. |
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05/27/1943 | Address | Edwin Barclay, President of Liberia |
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05/13/1943 | Address | Edvard Benes, President of Czechoslovakia |
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05/06/1943 | Address | Enrique Penaranda, President of Bolivia |
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02/18/1943 | Address | Madame Chiang Kai-shek, of China |
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12/10/1942 | Address | Fulgencio Batista, President of Cuba. |
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11/24/1942 | Address | Carlos Arroyo del Rio, President of Ecuador |
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06/25/1942 | Address | Peter II, King of Yugoslavia. |
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06/15/1942 | Address | George II, King of Greece. |
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06/02/1942 | Address | Manuel Luis Quezon, President of the Philippines |
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05/11/1942 | Address | Manuel Prado, President of Peru. |
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05/08/1939 | Address | Anastasio Somoza Garcia, President of Nicaragua. |
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01/01/1937 | Address | John Buchan, Lord Tweedsmuir, Governor General of Canada. |
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01/25/1928 | Reception and Address | William Thomas Cosgrave, President of Executive Council of Ireland. |
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10/28/1919 | Address | Albert I, King of the Belgians. |
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01/08/1918 | Address | Milenko Vesnic, Head of Serbian War Mission. |
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09/05/1917 | Address | Kikujiro Ishii, Ambassador from Japan. |
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06/27/1917 | Address | Baron Moncheur, Chief of Political Bureau of Belgian Foreign Office at Havre. |
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06/23/1917 | Address | Boris Bakhmetieff, Ambassador from Russia. |
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06/02/1917 | Address | Ferdinando di'Savoia, Prince of Udine, Head of Italian Mission to U.S.; Guglielmo Marconi, member of Italian Mission to U.S. |
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5/05/1917 | Address | Arthur James Balfour, British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. |
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05/03/1917 | Address | Rene Raphael Viviani, Minister of Justice from France; Jules Jusserand, Ambassador from France; address attended by Marshal Joseph Jacques Cesaire Joffre, member of French Commission to U.S. |
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02/09/1911 | Address | Count Albert Apponyi, Minister of Education from Hungary |
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02/02/1880 | Address | Charles Stewart Parnell, member of Parliament from Ireland | |
03/06/1872 | Address | Tomomi Iwakura, Ambassador from Japan |
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01/07/1852 | Remarks and Reception | Louis Kossuth, exiled Governor of Hungary |
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12/10/1824 | Address | Speaker Henry Clay; General Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, of France |
As the United States attained greater status in the 20th century, the method used to invite foreign leaders and dignitaries to address Congress evolved. The practice of receiving foreign leaders before joint meetings or joint sessions was exceedingly rare prior to World War II. The French general and Revolutionary War hero the Marquis de Lafayette made the first address before the House of Representatives in 1824. While it is commonly assumed that it was the first joint meeting, Lafayette addressed the House and Senate separately. Members of the Senate were invited to the 10 December 1824 address in the House Chamber. On 8 December 1824 a joint congressional committee determined that General Lafayette would address both the House and Senate separately:
That the joint committee have agreed to recommend to their respective Houses, that each House receive General Lafayette in such manner as it shall deem most suitable to the occasion; and recommend to the House the adoption of the following resolutions:A full half-century passed before another foreign leader was extended the honor. On 18 December 1874, King David Kalakaua of Hawaii became the first member of royalty accorded the honor of appearing before a joint meeting of Congress. Hawaiian Chief Justice Elisha Hunt Allen, a former Member of the U.S. House, delivered the king’s address because the monarch was incapacitated with a head cold. French Ambassador Andre de Laboulaye spoke before a joint session of Congress on 20 May 1934. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill addressed a joint meeting of Congress on 26 December 1941—less than three weeks after the U.S. entered World War II.
1. Resolved, That the congratulations of this House be publicly given to General Lafayette on his arrival in the United States in compliance with the wishes of Congress; and that he be assured of the gratitude and deep respect which the House entertains for his signal and illustrious services in the Revolution; and the pleasure it feels in being able to welcome him, after an absence of so many years, to the theatre of his early labor, and early renown.2. Resolved, That, for this purpose, General Lafayette be invited, by a committee, to attend the House on Friday next at one o'clock: that he be introduced by the committee, and received by the members, standing, uncovered, and addressed by the Speaker, in behalf of the House, in pursuance of the foregoing resolution."
This report was read and agreed to, unanimously, by the House;2
Churchill’s address, the first of three he delivered before Congress, began a new trend in which Congress invited foreign leaders to address joint meetings rather than just one-chamber receptions. Within the next decade nine additional joint meetings were held for foreign leaders.
After the Second World War, foreign leaders who addressed joint meetings often represented America’s close wartime allies—particularly those from Atlantic Alliance countries. A large number also represented newly emerging democracies in Asia, South America, Latin America, and Africa.
The Marquis de Lafayette, the French general and Revolutionary War hero, was the first foreign dignitary to address the House of Representatives. Lafayette delivered a speech before a meeting in the House Chamber on 10 December 1824.
The first non-head of state to address a joint meeting of Congress was Polish Solidarity Leader Lech Walesa in 1989. Nelson Mandela, then Deputy President of the African National Congress addressed a joint session in 1990.
Including Bertie Ahern, Prime Minister of Ireland, who addressed a joint meeting of Congress on 30 April 2008, there have been 106 joint meeting addresses delivered by foreign leaders and dignitaries extending back to King David Kalakaua of Hawaii in 1874.
- Including Prime Minister Bertie Ahern, 102 leaders or dignitaries have addressed joint meetings of Congress. (Winston Churchill, Nelson Mandela, and Yitzak Rabin have addressed Congress multiple times.)
- Eleven (11) monarchs or royalty have addressed joint meetings of Congress.
- Nine (9) women have addressed joint meetings of Congress. Queen Juliana of the Netherlands was the first (3 April 1952). Others who followed include: Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands (21 April 1982), UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher (20 February 1985), Philippine President Corazon C. Aquino (18 September 1986), Prime Minister of Pakistan (7 June 1989), Nicaraguan President Violeta Barrios de Chamorro (16 April 1991), Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom (16 May 1991), Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, President of the Republic of Liberia (15 March 2006), and Vaira Vike-Freiberga, President of Latvia (7 June 2006).
- Two different families have had descendents address the Congress. Both Queen Juliana (1952), and her daughter Queen Beatrix (1982) have addressed joint sessions. Queen Wilhelmina (Juliana’s mother and Beatrix’s grandmother) addressed the Senate with the House as an invited guest in 1942. Both King Hussein I (1994) and King Hussein II (2007) have addressed joint sessions.
- The years in which the greatest number of foreign leaders or dignitaries have addressed joint meetings of Congress: 1976 (5), 1985 (5), 1954 (4), 1959 (4), 1960 (4), 1989 (4), and 1994 (4).
France leads the list with eight joint meeting addresses by heads of state or dignitaries. In descending order other countries leading the list of joint meeting addresses include: United Kingdom (7), Mexico (6), Italy (6), Israel (6), Ireland (6), Germany, including West Germany and unified Germany (4), South Korea (4), India (4), Canada (3), Argentina (3), and the Philippines (3).
Winston Churchill made more addresses to Congress than any other individual. He addressed joint meetings in 1941, 1943, and 1952. Nelson Mandela of South Africa has addressed Congress twice, in 1990 and 1994. Yitzak Rabin of Israel also addressed joint meetings of Congress on two occasions, in 1976 and 1994.
Date | Joint meeting and joint session addresses by foreign heads of state and dignitaries | |
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04/30/2008 | Bertie Ahern, Prime Minister of Ireland addresses a joint meeting of Congress. | |
11/07/2007 | Nicolas Sarkozy, President of the French Republic addresses a joint meeting of Congress. | |
03/07/2007 | King Abdullah II Bin Al Hussein, King of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan addresses a joint meeting of Congress. | |
07/26/2006 | Dr. Nouri Al-Maliki, Prime Minister of Iraq addresses a joint meeting of Congress. | |
06/07/2006 | Vaira Vike-Freiberga, President of Latvia addresses a joint meeting of Congress. | |
05/24/2006 | Ehud Olmert, Prime Minister of Israel addresses a joint meeting of Congress. | |
03/15/2006 | Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, President of the Republic of Liberia addresses a joint meeting of Congress. | |
03/01/2006 | Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi of the Republic of Italy addresses a joint meeting of Congress. | |
07/19/2005 |
Manmohan Singh, Prime Minister of India addresses a joint meeting of Congress. |
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04/06/2005 |
Viktor Yushchenko, President of Ukraine addresses a joint meeting of Congress. |
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09/23/2004 |
Interim Prime Minister Ayad Allawi of the Republic of Iraq addresses a joint meeting of Congress. |
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06/15/2004 |
President Hamid Karzai of the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan addresses a joint meeting of Congress. |
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02/04/2004 |
President Jose Maria Aznar of the Government of Spain addresses a joint meeting of Congress. |
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07/17/2003 |
Prime Minister Tony Blair of the United Kingdom addresses a joint meeting of Congress. |
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06/12/2002 |
Prime Minister John Howard of Australia addresses a joint meeting of Congress. The scheduled address by Prime Minister John Howard of Australia to a joint meeting of Congress on 09/12/2001 was cancelled. (CD.)3 |
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09/06/2001 |
President Vicente Fox of Mexico addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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09/14/2000 |
Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee of India addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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07/15/1998 |
Emil Constantinescu, President of Romania, addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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06/10/1998 |
Kim Dae-jung, President of South Korea, addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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02/27/1997 |
Eduardo Frei, President of Chile, addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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09/11/1996 |
John Bruton, Prime Minister of Ireland, addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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07/10/1996 |
Benyamin Netanyahu, Prime Minister of Israel, addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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02/01/1996 |
Jacques Chirac, President of France, addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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12/12/1995 |
Shimon Peres, Prime Minister of Israel, addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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06/26/1995 |
Kim Yong-sam, President of South Korea, addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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10/06/1994 |
Nelson Mandela, President of South Africa, addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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07/26/1994 |
Hussein I, King of Jordan, and Yitzhak Rabin, Prime Minister of Israel, address a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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05/18/1994 |
Narasimba Rao, Prime Minister of India, addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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06/17/1992 |
Boris Yeltsin, President of Russia, addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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04/30/1992 |
Richard von Weizsäcker, President of Germany, addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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11/14/1991 |
Carlos Saul Menem, President of Argentina, addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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05/16/1991 |
Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom, addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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04/16/1991 |
Violeta B. de Chamorro, President of Nicaragua, addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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06/26/1990 |
Nelson Mandela, Deputy President of the African National Congress, South Africa, addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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03/07/1990 |
Giulio Andreotti, President of the Council of Ministers of Italy, addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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02/21/1990 |
Vaclav Hável, President of Czechoslovakia, addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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11/15/1989 |
Lech Walesa, chairman of SolidarnoϾ labor union, Poland, addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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10/18/1989 |
Roh Tae Woo, President of South Korea, addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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10/04/1989 |
Carlos Salinas de Gortari, President of Mexico, addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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06/07/1989 |
Benazir Bhutto, Prime Minister of Pakistan, addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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06/23/1988 |
Robert Hawke, Prime Minister of Australia, addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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04/27/1988 |
Brian Mulroney, Prime Minister of Canada, addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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11/10/1987 |
Chaim Herzog, President of Israel, addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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09/18/1986 |
Corazon C. Aquino, President of the Philippines, addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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09/11/1986 |
Jose Sarney, President of Brazil, addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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10/09/1985 |
Lee Kuan Yew, Prime Minister of Singapore, addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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06/13/1985 |
Rajiv Gandhi, Prime Minister of India, addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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03/20/1985 |
Raul Alfonsin, President Argentina, addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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03/06/1985 |
Bettino Craxi, President of the Council of Ministers of Italy,addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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02/20/1985 |
Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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05/16/1984 |
Miguel de la Madrid, President of Mexico, addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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03/22/1984 |
François Mitterand, President of France, addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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03/15/1984 |
Dr. Garett FitzGerald, Prime Minister of Ireland, addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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10/05/1983 |
Karl Carstens, President of West Germany, addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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04/21/1982 |
Beatrix, Queen of the Netherlands, addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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02/22/1977 |
Prime Minister Pierre Elliot Trudeau of Canada addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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09/23/1976 |
President William R. Tolbert, Jr., of Liberia addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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06/02/1976 |
Juan Carlos I, King of Spain, addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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05/18/1976 |
President Valery Giscard d’Estaing of France addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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03/17/1976 |
Prime Minister Liam Cosgrave of Ireland addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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01/28/1976 |
Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin of Israel addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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11/05/1975 |
President Anwar El Sadat of Egypt addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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06/17/1975 |
President Walter Scheel of West Germany addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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06/15/1972 |
President Luis Echeverria Alvarez of Mexico addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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06/03/1970 |
President Rafael Caldera of Venezuela addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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02/25/1970 |
President Georges Pompidou of France addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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10/27/1967 |
President Gustavo Diaz Ordaz of Mexico addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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09/15/1966 |
President Ferdinand E. Marcos of the Philippines addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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05/28/1964 |
President Eamon de Valera of Ireland addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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01/15/1964 |
President Antonio Segni of Italy addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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04/12/1962 |
Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, Shahanshah of Iran, addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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04/04/1962 |
President Joao Goulart of Brazil addresses a joint meeting of Congress. ( CR .)4 |
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9/21/1961 |
President Manuel Prado of Peru addresses a joint meeting of Congress. ( CR .) |
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07/12/1961 |
President Mohammad Ayub Khan of Pakistan addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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05/04/1961 |
President Habib Bourguiba of Tunisia addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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06/29/1960 |
Bhumibol Adulyadej, King of Thailand, addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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04/28/1960 |
Mahendra, King of Nepal addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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04/25/1960 |
President Charles de Gaulle of France addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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04/06/1960 |
President Alberto Lleras-Camargo of Columbia addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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05/12/1959 |
Baudouin, King of the Belgians, addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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03/18/1959 |
President Sean T. O’Kelly of Ireland addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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03/11/1959 |
President Jose Maria Lemus of El Salvador addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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01/21/1959 |
President Arturo Frondizi of Argentina addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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06/18/1958 |
President Carlos F. Garcia of the Philippines addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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06/05/1958 |
President Theodor Heuss of West Germany addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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05/09/1957 |
President Ngo Dinh Diem of Vietnam addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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05/17/1956 |
President Sukarno of Indonesia addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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02/29/1956 |
President Giovanni Gronchi of Italy addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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01/27/1955 |
President Paul E. Magliore of Haiti addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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07/28/1954 |
President Syngman Rhee of South Korea addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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05/28/1954 |
Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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05/04/1954 |
Governor General Vincent Massey of Canada addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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01/29/1954 |
President Celal Bayar of Turkey addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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04/03/1952 |
Queen Juliana of the Netherlands addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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01/17/1952 |
Prime Minister Winston Churchill of the United Kingdom addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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09/24/1951 |
Prime Minister Alcide de Gasperi of Italy addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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06/21/1951 |
President Galo Plaza of Ecuador addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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04/02/1951 |
President Vincent Auriol of France addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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05/19/1949 |
President Gaspar Dutra of Brazil addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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04/19/1948 |
Ambassador Guillermo Belt of Cuba addresses a joint session of Congress held to memorialize the 50 th anniversary of Cuban independence. ( CR .)5 |
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05/01/1947 |
President Miguel Aleman of Mexico addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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11/13/1945 |
Prime Minister Clement R. Attlee of the United Kingdom addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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05/19/1943 |
Prime Minister Winston Churchill of the United Kingdom addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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12/26/1941 |
Prime Minister Winston Churchill of the United Kingdom addresses a joint meeting of Congress. (CD.) |
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05/20/1934 |
Ambassador Andre’ de Laboulaye of France addresses a joint session of Congress held to memorialize the centennial anniversary of the death of Lafayette. ( CR .)6 |
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12/18/1874 |
A joint meeting of Congress is held to receive King Kalakaua of Hawaii. (CD.) |
Bibliography
Congressional Directory, 109th Congress . “Statistical Information” section on “Joint Sessions, Joint Meetings, and Inaugurations”
(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2001).
Footnotes
- Chart based on 109th Congressional Directory table on "Joint Sessions."
- House Journal, 18th Cong., 2nd sess. (8 December 1824): 29.
- CD denotes source as the Congressional Directory.
- CR denotes source as the Congressional Record.
- The address was a joint session of Congress.
- The address was a joint session of Congress.