Vegetable Planting and Seed Saving Instructions

Arugula - Planting: Sow seeds outdoors just beneath the surface of the soil as soon as the soil can be worked and the danger of a hard frost has past.  For a continuous supply, seed a new row every three weeks throughout the summer. 

Seed Saving: Arugulas will cross-pollinate.  Separate varieties by ¼ mile.  Allow plants to bolt and form seed stalks.  Seedheads may need to be protected from bird damage and rain when drying on the plants.  Seeds are produced over a 2-3 week period and will require repeated harvesting.

Beans - Planting: Sow seeds outdoors after the danger of frost has past and the soil and air temperatures are warm. Plant seeds 1" deep and 2" apart in rows 24" to 36" apart. Pole beans will need support. Snap varieties will produce abundantly if kept well picked throughout the summer.

Saving Seed: Bean flowers are self-pollinating and almost never cross-pollinate. As a precaution never plant two white seeded varieties side-by-side if you intend to save seed because crossing may occur but not be visible. It is always best to save seed from plants that ripen first and are free from disease. Harvest seed pods when completely dry, crush in a cloth or burlap sack and winnow the seeds from the chaff.

Beet - Planting: Sow seeds outdoors in the spring, 6-8 seeds per foot ½" deep in rows 20-24" apart.  Minimum soil temperature must be 40° F.

Saving Seed: Biennial.  Beets will cross-pollinate.  Varieties must be separated by ½ mile from other beets the second year when going to seed.  Beets are fairly frost tolerant and will overwinter in mild climates if well mulched.  In northern climates trim leaves to 2" and store roots in slightly damp sawdust or sand in a root cellar over the winter.  Roots store 4-6 months at 32-40° F.  Replant in the spring and harvest seed heads when dry.     

Broccoli - Planting: Sow indoors ¼" deep in pots or flats 8 weeks before the last frost.  Thin seedlings when 2" tall and transplant into individual pots.  Plant outdoors 24" apart in rows 36" apart when a light frost is still possible.   

Saving Seed: Biennial.  Broccoli will cross-pollinate with all other Brassica oleracea, so isolate by 1 mile the second year when going to seed.  Do not harvest heads on plants you intend to save for seed.  Carefully dig the plants and pot them in sand.  Store plants between 32-40° F.  Plant back out in early spring and allow to bolt.  Harvest seed pods when dry and clean by hand.

Carrots - Planting: Sow seeds outdoors in the early spring 3-4 weeks before the last frost or as soon as the soil can be worked. Sow seeds ¼” deep making sure to firmly press soil against the seeds for good soil contact. Keep moist for optimal germination. Thin to 1-4” depending on the size of mature carrots.

Saving Seed: Biennial. Carrots will cross-pollinate, so isolate ¼ mile from other carrots and Queen Anne’s Lace the second year when going to seed. Dig up carrots in the fall before a hard frost. Trim the tops to 1” and store roots in slightly damp sawdust, sand or leaves in a root cellar over the winter. Replant in the spring and harvest seed heads when dry.

Cauliflower - Planting: Sow indoors ¼" deep in pots or flats 8 weeks before the last frost.  Thin seedlings when 2" tall and transplant into individual pots.  Plant outdoors 24" apart in rows 36" apart when a light frost is still possible.  

Seed Saving: Biennial.  Cauliflower will cross-pollinate with all other Brassica oleracea, so isolate by 1 mile the second year when going to seed.  Do not harvest heads on plants you intend to save for seed.  Carefully dig the plants and pot them in sand.  Store plants between 32-40° F.  Plant back out in early spring and allow to bolt.  Harvest seed pods when dry and clean by hand.

Cabbage - Planting: Sow indoors ¼" deep in pots or flats 8 weeks before the last frost.  Thin seedlings when 2" tall and transplant into individual pots.  Plant outdoors 24" apart in rows 36" apart when a light frost is still possible. 

Seed Saving: Biennial.  Cabbage will cross-pollinate with all other Brassica oleracea, so isolate by 1 mile the second year when going to seed.  Do not harvest heads on plants you intend to save for seed.  Carefully dig the plants and pot them in sand.  Store plants between 32-40° F.  Plant back out in early spring and allow to bolt.  Harvest seed pods when dry and clean by hand.

Corn - Planting: Sow seeds outdoors only after the danger of frost has passed.  Corn will not germinate properly when the soil is still cold in the spring.  Sow seeds 1" deep every 3-4" in rows 3-4' apart.  Thin the seedlings to 8" apart after the plants come up.  Corn should be planted in a 3-4 row block (instead of one long row) to ensure well filled-out ears.

Saving Seed: All corn varieties are wind-pollinated and will cross-pollinate with each other.  Varieties should be hand-pollinated or isolated by 1 mile to ensure purity.  Allow ears to dry on the plants, harvest and shell.

Cucumbers - Planting: Sow 6-8 seeds outdoors 1" deep in 12" diameter hills spaced 6' apart each way a week after the last frost when soil is warm.  Pinch off all but 3-4 of the strongest seedlings.  Can be started indoors in pots or flats 3-4 weeks before the last frost for an earlier harvest.

Saving Seed: Cucumbers will cross-pollinate, so isolate ¼ mile from other cucumbers.  Fruits for seed should ripen past edible stage and begin to soften and turn yellow.  Cut lengthwise, scoop out seeds, wash clean and dry.  Seeds are dry when they break instead of bending.

Eggplant - Planting: Start seedlings indoors 6 weeks before the last frost.  Thin seedlings when 2" tall and transplant into individual pots.  Transplant outdoors 24" apart in rows 36" apart.  Using landscape cloth or black plastic can accelerate growth and productivity in cooler climates. 

Seed Saving: Eggplants will cross-pollinate, so isolate ¼ mile from other eggplants or plant in insect-proof cages covered with screen.  Let the fruits grow far past maturity.  Seeds are much easier to remove from overripe fruits.  Most seeds are brown and are usually located in the bottom portion of the fruit.

Gourds - Planting: In mild climates sow seeds outdoors after the danger of frost has passed.  Northern growers may need to start seedlings indoors 3-4 weeks before the last frost.  Plant 6-8 seeds 1" deep in 12" diameter hills spaced 6-8' each way.

Saving Seed: Hard-shelled gourds will cross-pollinate, so isolate 1/4 mile away from other L. siceraria or hand pollinate.  When dry, the gourds can be broken or cut open and the seeds separated from the dry pulp.  Dry and wet gourd pulp can irritate skin and the respiratory tract.  Use caution when cleaning seed.

Kale- Planting: Sow indoors ¼" deep in pots or flats 8 weeks before the last frost.  Thin seedlings when 2" tall and transplant into individual pots.  Plant outdoors 24" apart in rows 36" apart when a light frost is still possible. 

Saving Seed: Biennial.  Kale will cross-pollinate with all other Brassica oleracea, so isolate by 1 mile the second year when going to seed.  Do not harvest heads on plants you intend to save for seed.  Carefully dig the plants and pot them in sand.  Store plants between 32-40° F.  Plant back out in early spring and allow to bolt.  Harvest seed pods when dry and clean by hand.

Lettuce - Planting: Sow seeds outdoors ¼" deep and 1" apart.  Thin to 8" apart for looseleaf and 12" for head lettuce.  Does well when soil temperature is  below 80° F., try to avoid planting in the middle of summer.  Keep soil moist for up to two weeks after planting.     

Saving Seed: There is only a slight chance of cross-pollination between lettuces.  As a precaution separate by 25' from other varieties that are going to seed.  Allow plants to bolt and form seed stalks.  Seedheads may need to be protected from bird damage and rain when drying.  Seeds are produced over a 2-3 week period and will require repeated harvesting.

Lima Beans - Planting: Sow seeds outdoors after the danger of frost has passed and the soil and air temperatures have warmed.  Plant seeds 1" deep and 2" apart in rows 36-48" apart. 

Seed Saving: Lima beans will cross with other limas, but not common garden beans, Phaseolus vulgaris.  To ensure absolute purity, isolate from other blooming varieties by 1 mile.  It is always best to save seed from plants that ripen first and are free from disease.  Harvest seed pods when completely dry, crush in a cloth or burlap sack and winnow the seeds from the chaff.    

Melons - Planting: Best when direct seeded in warm soil after the danger of frost has passed.  Plant 6-8 seeds 1" deep in 12" diameter hills spaced 6' apart each way.  After germination pinch off all but 3-4 of the strongest seedlings. 

Saving Seed: Melons will cross-pollinate, so isolate ¼ mile from other “melons” (cantaloupes, muskmelons, honeydew, snake melon and Armenian cucumbers will all cross).  Always save seeds from disease-free, early ripening melons.  Wash seeds from ripe melons in a strainer and dry.  Seeds are ready to store when they break instead of bend.

Okra - Planting: Sow seeds outdoors ½-1" deep when the soil temperature has warmed.  Okra thrives in warm weather and should only be planted in full sun.  Plants should be thinned to 6-8" after germination.   Okra will produce abundantly if kept well picked.      

Seed Saving: Okra's large decorative blossoms are cross-pollinated by insects very easily.  Varieties can be kept pure by covering blossoms with  cloth bags before they open,  or you can isolate varieties by 1 mile from each other.  Allow the okra pods to turn brown and dry on the plant.   Harvest before seedpods split open enough to drop seeds onto ground.

Onion - Planting: Start seedlings indoors 4-6 weeks before transplanting.  Sow seeds in flats ¼" deep and spaced 1" in all directions.  Transplant as soon as the soil can be worked in the spring.

Seed Saving: Biennial. Onions cross-pollinate and should be isolated by 1 mile from other onions going to seed. Select only the best bulbs for seed.  Bulbs store 3-6 months at 32-45° F.  Plant out bulbs in early spring and allow them to form seed heads.  When the heads start to dry, cut off, dry further and thresh.

Peas - Planting: Peas can be sown as soon as the soil can be prepared in the spring.  Sow seeds ½" to 1" deep with 3" between seeds in rows 24" apart.  Climbing peas will need support.  Double rows can be planted on each side of a trellis.  Peas thrive in cool weather.

Saving seed: Peas should be separated by 50' to ensure pure seed.  Select the healthiest plants for seed.  Allow pods to dry on the plant before harvesting and separate seeds from pods by hand.  If birds start eating the seeds before the pods are completely dry, they can be harvested slightly green and brought indoors to dry.

Peppers - Planting: Start seedlings indoors 8 weeks before transplanting.  Sow seeds ¼" deep.  Keep soil moist and near 80° F. using bottom heat.  Peppers may take two weeks to germinate.  Transplant outdoors when daytime soil temperatures are near 80° F. and nighttime temperatures are above 50° F.

Saving Seed: Peppers will cross-pollinate, so separate by at least 500' or plant in insect-proof cages covered with window screen.  Select peppers that are ripe, fully colored and show no signs of disease to save for seed.  Remove seeds off core and place on a paper plate to dry.

Popcorn - Planting: Sow seeds outdoors only after the danger of frost has passed.  Corn will not germinate properly when the soil is still cold in the spring.  Sow seeds 1" deep every 3-4" in rows 3-4' apart.  Thin the seedlings to 8" apart after the plants come up.  Corn should be planted in a 3-4 row block (instead of one long row) to ensure well filled-out ears.

Saving Seed: All corn varieties are wind-pollinated and will cross-pollinate with each other.  Varieties should be hand-pollinated or isolated by 1 mile to ensure purity.  Allow ears to dry on the plants, harvest and shell.

Radish - Planting: Sow seeds outdoors as soon as the soil can be prepared in the spring.  Successive plantings can be made every 3-4 weeks throughout the summer and fall to provide a continual harvest.  Seeds should be planted ½" deep and 1" apart in rows 12" apart.

Saving Seed: :  Radishes will cross-pollinate and must be isolated by ½ mile or planted in insect-proof cages covered with screen.  Radish seed stalks will grow up to 3' tall.  Always discard the early bolting plants, since they are not the best plants to save for seed.  The seed stalk is harvested when the stalk and pods are dry.  Seeds can then be separated by hand.  

Runner Bean - Planting: Sow seeds outdoors after the danger of frost has passed and the soil and air temperatures have warmed.  Plant seeds 1" deep and 2" apart in rows 24-36" apart.  Requires support. 

Seed Saving: Runner beans will cross-pollinate with other runner beans.  Varieties must be separated by at least ½ mile to ensure pure seed.  Another option for raising pure seed is to bag the blossoms before they open with a cloth bag.  It is necessary to "trip" or shake the blossoms daily to release the pollen, imitating bee activity.

Soybean - Planting: Sow seeds outdoors after the danger of frost has passed and the soil and air temperatures are warm.  Plant seeds 1" deep and 2" apart in rows 24-36" apart.

Seed Saving: Soybean flowers are self-pollinating and almost never cross-pollinate.  To ensure absolute purity, separate by the length of the garden from other soybeans.  It is always best to save seed from plants that ripen first and are free from disease.  Harvest seed pods when completely dry, crush in a cloth or burlap sack and winnow the seeds from the chaff.

Spinach - Planting: Sow seeds outdoors ½" deep and 1" apart.  Spinach grows best in cool weather and should be planted early in the spring or in late summer to produce a fall crop.  For best yield, harvest continually and make successive plantings every 10 days.

Saving Seed: Spinach will cross-pollinate with wind-blown pollen from other spinach varieties.  Commercial seed crops are separated by 5-10 miles to ensure purity, but home gardeners can reduce that distance.  Harvest seeds when they are completely dry on the plant.  It may be necessary to wear leather gloves because the seeds can be very prickly.

Squash - Planting: Sow seeds outdoors after the danger of frost has passed.  Plant 6-8 seeds 1" deep in 12" diameter hills spaced 6' apart each way.  Pinch off all but 3-4 of the strongest seedlings.       

Saving Seed: Squash within the same species will cross-pollinate, so isolate species by ¼ mile.  Seeds should be taken from fruits that have gone past maturity by 3 weeks.  Remove seeds, wash and let dry.  (Note: There are four species of squash: C. maxima, C. mixta, C. moschata and C. pepo.  This allows you to grow four different species of squash and save pure seed in the same garden.)

Sunberry - Planting: Sow indoors ¼” deep in pots or flats 6 weeks before the last frost. Thin seedlings when 2” tall and transplant into individual pots. Plant outdoors 24” apart in rows 36” apart.

Saving Seed: Take ripe fruits and crush them in a bowl. Add water to the bowl and the seeds will sink and the skin and pulp will float. Separate the contents and wash the seeds in a strainer. Allow seeds to dry.

Swiss Chard - Planting: Sow seeds outdoors early in the spring.  Plant seeds ½" deep and 4" apart in rows 20-24" apart.  Thin seedlings to one every 12".  Minimum soil temperature should be at least 40º F.       

Saving Seed: Biennial.  Varieties must be separated by ½ mile from all other Beta vulgaris when going to seed.  Will overwinter in mild climates if well mulched.  In northern climates trim leaves to 2" and store roots in sawdust or sand in a root cellar.  Roots will store 4-6 months at 32-40° F.  Replant in the spring and harvest seed heads when dry.

Tomato - Planting: Sow indoors ¼" deep in pots or flats 6 weeks before the last frost.  Thin seedlings when 2" tall and transplant into individual pots.  Plant outdoors 24" apart in rows 36" apart.  Indeterminate vines will require support.

Saving Seed: Cross-pollination between modern tomato varieties seldom occurs, except in potato leaf varieties which should be separated by the length of the garden.  Do not save seeds from double fruits or from the first fruits of large-fruited varieties.  Pick at least one ripe fruit from each of several plants.  Squeeze seeds and juice into a strainer and wash, spread on a paper plate and dry.

Tomatillo - Planting: Sow indoors ¼" deep in pots or flats 6 weeks before the last frost.  Thin seedlings when 2" tall and transplant into individual pots.  Plant outdoors 24" apart in rows 36" apart.  Culture is very similar to tomatoes.  Plants can be trellised to keep well contained and the fruits off of the dirt, or the plants can be allowed to sprawl on the ground.

Seed Saving: Tomatillos will not cross-pollinate.  Select fully ripe fruits to save for seed.  Pick at least one ripe fruit from each of several plants.  Squeeze seeds and juice into a strainer and wash, spread on a paper plate and dry.

Watermelons - Planting: Sow seeds outdoors after the danger of frost.  Minimum soil temperature should be at least 65º F.   Plant seeds ½" deep and 2" apart, in rows 20-24" apart.  Thin seedlings to one every 12".  Excellent grown on black landscape cloth.      

Saving Seed: Watermelons will cross-pollinate.  Separate varieties by ¼ mile or hand-pollinate.  Always select disease-free early maturing melons to save for seed.  Remove seeds from ripe melons, thoroughly wash in a strainer and dry.

Jelly Melon - Planting: Sow 6-8 seeds outdoors 1" deep in 12" diameter hills spaced 6' apart each way a week after the last frost when soil is warm.  Pinch off all but 3-4 of the strongest seedlings.  Can be started indoors in pots or flats 3-4 weeks before the last frost for an earlier harvest.   

Seed Saving: Jelly Melon will not cross with Cucumbers, Cucumis sativus or Melons, Cucumis melo. Fruits for seed should ripen past edible stage and begin to soften.  Cut lengthwise, scoop out seeds, wash clean and dry.  Seeds are dry when they break instead of bend.  

Red Malabar Spinach - Planting: Sow seeds ½" deep indoors 5-6 weeks before the last frost or outdoors when the danger of frost has past.  Plants should be spaced 6" apart.   Do not plant before air temperatures are consistently between 70 and 80 degrees.  For best yield, harvest continually.

Seed Saving: Malabar  Spinach will not cross-pollinate with garden spinach, Spinacia oleracea.  If two distinct strains of Basella rubra are being grown, isolate by 1/4 mile or cage to ensure purity.  When seed capsules turn from green to brown the seeds are ready to pick.

Garden Huckleberry (Solanum melanocerasum) - Planting: Sow indoors ¼" deep in pots or flats 6 weeks before the last frost.  Thin seedlings when 2" tall and transplant into individual pots.  Plant outdoors 24" apart in rows 36" apart. 

Seed Saving: Garden Huckleberries do not cross-pollinate.  To save seed simply take ripe fruits and crush them in a bowl.  Add water to the bowl and the seeds will sink and the skin and pulp will float.  Separate the contents and wash the seeds in a strainer.  Allow seeds to dry and store in a cool dry area.  

 

Flowers and Herbs by Latin Names

Achillea millefolium (Yarrow) - Planting:

Seed Saving:

Agastache foeniculum (Lavender Hyssop) - Planting: Sow the seeds of this fast-growing biennial indoors in early to mid-spring, or directly into the soil as soon as the soil can be worked. Seeds should be just covered when sowing. Does best in well-drained soil in partial shade to full sun.   

Seed Saving: Collect the seeds after seedheads turn brown and can be easily crushed by hand. Carefully clip seedheads with pruning shears to prevent seed loss due to shattering. When dry, seeds should fall readily from the heads.

Althaea rosea (Hollyhock) - Planting: Sow outdoors just beneath the sur¬face of the soil one week before last frost. Seeds germinate in 10-14 days. Space plants 18” to 36” apart. Prefers full sun to partial shade and rich, moist soil.

Seed Saving:

Allium schoenoprasum (Common Chives) - Planting: Start seedlings indoors 4-6 weeks before transplanting.  Sow seeds in flats ¼" deep and spaced 1" in all directions.  Transplant as soon as the soil can be worked in the spring.  Chives are also easy to direct seed.  Established plants can easily by divided in both the spring and fall.

Seed Saving: Chives are a perennial producing seed each season.   Chives will not cross with any other Alliums. The purple blooms are insect pollinated and then go on to form seed heads.  When the heads start to dry, cut off, dry further and thresh.

Amaranthus caudatus/cruentus/gangeticus (Amaranth) - Planting: Sow seeds indoors just beneath the surface of the soil 6-8 weeks before last frost.  Seeds will germinate in 10-14 days.  Plant out after the danger of frost has passed in late spring.  Can also be directly sown after the danger of frost has passed.  Prefers full sun to partial shade and tolerates almost any type of soil. 

Seed Saving: The hundreds of small sand-like seeds are contained in the rope-like trusses.  When the trusses start to dry, pick and dry further in a well protected area.  

Andropogon gerardii (Big Bluestem) - Planting: Sow seed indoors in pots in a warm area (70-85 degrees F) in late winter or spring. Plant out after the danger of frost is past. Seed can be directly sown into a weed-free seedbed in May or June. Fall seeding is not as effective as late spring seeding. Grows in almost any soil type. Requires full or nearly full sun.    

Seed Saving: Collect the seeds in fall when they are dry to the touch, usually in mid to late September. Seeds should shatter easily when ripe. When completely dry, thrash seeds from heads.

Anethum graveolens - Planting Sow outdoors early in the spring when the ground is warm. Place seeds just beneath the surface of the soil. Prefers full sun and rich well-drained soil.

Antirrhinum majus (Snapdragons) - Planting:

Seed Saving:

Asciepias tuberosa (Butterflyweed) - Planting: Sow seeds just beneath the surface of the soil in pots. Place the pots in plastic bags and refrigerate for three weeks, remove plastic and place in full light. Transplant when there is still a chance of light frost. Blooms the first year if sown early. Butterflyweed prefers full sun to partial shade and average soil.  

Seed Saving: Seeds are ready to harvest when the blooms begin to turn brown and dry.  When the heads are completely dry, gently crush the heads between your hands and then carefully winnow away the chaff. 

Asclepias incarnata (Red Milkweed) - Planting: For best germination, sow seeds in flats ¼" deep, moisten soil, cover with plastic bags and refrigerate for 10 days. Thereafter, provide light and 50-75 degrees F. Seeds will germinate in 10-15 days. This moist stratification is not absolutely necessary, but will help to increase germination. 

Seed Saving: Seeds are ready to harvest when the blooms begin to turn brown and dry.  When the heads are completely dry, gently crush the heads between your hand and then carefully winnow away the chaff.

Aster novae-agnliae (New England Aster) - Planting: Sow seeds indoors just beneath the surface of the soil in a flat. Enclose flat with plastic and refrigerate for 2 weeks. Remove plastic wrap and place in warm lighted area. Seeds germinate in 14-35 days. Asters prefer full sun and average soil. Hardy perennial.

Seed Saving: Seeds are ready to harvest when the blooms begin to turn brown and dry.  The seeds are contained in the very center.  When the heads are completely dry, gently crush the heads between your hands and then carefully winnow away the chaff.

Borago officinalis (Borage) - Planting: Easily grown from seed.  Seeds can be started indoors 3-4 weeks before the last frost or direct seeded just after the danger of frost has passed.  Plant seeds just beneath the surface of the soil.  Borage prefers full sun and rich, moist soil.   Plants typically grow 2-3' tall.

Seed Saving: Borage is extremely easy to save seed from.  Just keep a close eye on the blooms and when they begin to fade and turn brown, pick the seeds.  Be sure to get them before they fall as Borage is very good at seeding itself  for the next season, even without your help.  

Calendula officinalis (Calendula) - Planting: Sow seeds indoors 6-8 weeks before the last frost or directly outdoors after the last frost. Seeds germinate in 5-15 days. Plants prefer full sun but will tolerate light shade in warmer areas.

Seed Saving:

Campanula pyramidalis - Planting: Sow seeds indoors just beneath the surface of the soil 8-10 weeks before the last frost. Transplant when a light frost is still possible. Seeds will germinate in 14-28 days. Prefers full sun and average soil.

Celosia cristata (Amish Cockscomb) - Planting: Sow seeds indoors just beneath the surface of the soil 6-8 weeks before last frost.  Seeds will germinate in 7-10 days.  Plant out into full sun or partial shade, after the danger of frost has passed in late spring.  Prefers average, well-drained soil and full to partial sun. 

Seed Saving: When the blooms dry out, cut them off and hang upside down in bunches.  The seeds are contained in the heads between the velvety flowers.   Once the heads are dry and crisp, they can be lightly hand-crushed, and the seed winnowed from the chaff.

Cleome hassleriana (Cleome) - Planting: Sow seeds outdoors after the last frost.  Plant the seeds just beneath the surface of the soil.  Seeds will germinate in 10-14 days.  Cleome prefers full sun or very light shade and rich soil.  Tolerant of dry conditions.      

Seed Saving: Spider Flowers reliably produce lots of seed.  When the spider-like blooms dry out, cut them off and hang upside down in bunches.  The seeds are contained in the heads and, once dry and crisp, can be lightly hand-crushed and winnowed from the seed chaff.

Cobaea scandens (Cup and Saucer Vine) - Planting: Sow indoors just beneath the surface of the soil 6-8 weeks before the last frost.  Seeds will germinate in 10-25 days if the temperature is kept at 70 degrees Fahrenheit.  Plant out into full sun 2-3 weeks after the last frost. 

Seed Saving: Seeds are ready to harvest after the bell-shaped flowers turn into seed capsules are completely dry and brown. Once they are dry and crisp, they can be lightly hand-crushed, and the seed winnowed from the chaff.

Consolida ambigua - Planting: Sow outdoors just beneath the surface of the soil two weeks before last frost. Seeds will germinate in 15-20 days. Does best in cooler climates. Plants thrive in rich soil and full sun.

Convolvulus tricolor - Planting: Sow outdoors 1/4" deep after last frost. Keep moist while germinating 5-21 days. Can slightly chip and soak seeds in warm water for 24 hours before planting for better results. Prefers full sun and moist average soil. Needs adequate support to climb.

Coriandrum sativum (Cilantro)- Planting: Sow seeds outdoors ½" deep after the last frost.  Space plants 8-10" in all directions. Seeds germinate in 10 days.  Prefers full sun or partial shade and rich well-drained soil. Cilantro has a tendency to self-seed.

Seed Saving: Cilantro, will cross-pollinate with other varieties of cilantro so varieties must be separated by ½ mile while flowering. Seeds can be harvested when they are dry on the plant.

Cosmos sulphureus - Planting: Sow outdoors 1/8” deep after last frost or indoors 4-5 weeks before last frost. Seeds will germinate in 3-10 days. Prefers full sun and poor soil.

Coix lacryma-jobi (Job's Tears) - Planting: Sow seeds outdoors ½" deep and 6" apart early in spring after the danger of frost has passed.  To improve germination, pre-soak seeds in warm water for 2 hours before sowing.  Seeds may take 2-3 weeks to germinate, so be patient.  

Seed Saving: It is very easy to save Job’s Tears seed.  Just keep a close eye on the seeds and when they begin to turn dark grey.  Will fall off when touched, pick the seeds, then allow to dry further in a well protected area.

Dalea purpurea (Purple Prairie Clover) - Planting: Plant seed indoors in early spring, and transplant outdoors no later than August 1 to ensure good root development. Easy to grow when direct seeded into a weed-free seedbed in mid-spring to early summer. Requires a well-drained soil.

Seed Saving: Harvest seed in late summer or early fall when seed pods turn grey and become dry and crumbly to the touch. Seedheads should strip off readily when ripe. Sift out chaff with a screen and blow off remaining material.

Dianthus barbutus - Planting: Follow instructions for Dianthus chinesis Dianthus chinensis- Planting: Sow seeds just beneath the surface of the soil, indoors 8-10 weeks before last frost. Seeds will germinate in 5-20 days if the temperature is kept between 60-70° F. Transplant after last frost in full sun. Plants thrive in rich moist well-drained soil.

Digitalis purpurea (Giant Spotted Foxglove) - Planting: Sow indoors just beneath the surface of the soil 8-10 weeks before planting out.  Seeds will germinate in 14-21 days.  Transplant 2-3 weeks before the last frost.  Prefers full sun to partial shade and rich, moist, cool soil.

Seed Saving: Very  easy for seed savers.  When the blooms fade, a seedpod is formed, turning from green to brown.  Once the seedpod turns brown,  cut off and allow to completely dry before cracking open and removing the hundreds of small sand-like seeds.

Dolichos lablab (Hyacinth Bean) - Planting: Sow indoors in pots just beneath the surface of the soil 4-6 weeks before last frost.  Seeds will germinate in 15-20 days.  Transplant after the danger of frost.  Can be direct-seeded after the danger of frost has passed in warmer areas.  Prefers full sun and rich, moist soil.       

Seed Saving: Hyacinth beans are self-pollinating and almost never cross-pollinate.  To ensure absolute purity, separate varieties by 50'.  Harvest seed pods when completely dry and hand separate. 

Echinacea purpurea (Coneflower) - Planting:  Sow outdoors ½" deep when a light frost is still possible.  Seeds will germinate in 10-20 days.  Coneflower prefers full sun to light shade and well-drained average soil.  Tolerates heat and drought.  Flowers reliably the first year from seed if sown early.  Perennial.

Seed Saving: Coneflowers will produce lots of seed but you must beat the birds.  When the blooms dry out, cut them off and hang upside down in bunches.  The seeds are contained in the heads between the spikes.   Once the heads are dry and crisp, they can be lightly hand-crushed, with gloves on for protection, and the seed winnowed from the chaff.  

Echinops ritro (Platinum Blue) - Planting: Sow indoors just beneath the surface of the soil 4-5 weeks before the last frost.  Seeds will germinate in 5-15 days.  Plant outdoors when the danger of frost has passed 24-36" apart.  Prefers full sun to partial shade. 

Seed Saving: When the blooms dry out, cut them off and hang upside down in bunches.  The seeds are contained in the heads between the spikes.   Once the heads are dry and crisp, they can be lightly hand-crushed, with gloves on for protection, and the seed winnowed from the chaff.  

Eschscholzia californica (California Poppy Mixture) - Planting: Direct seeding is preferable, as poppies do not like to have their roots disturbed.  Sow in the early spring when the soil is still cool and light frost is possible.  Can also be sown in the fall just before the ground freezes.  Seeds will germinate in 10-15 days.  Plants prefer full sun and will tolerate poor soil.  

Seed Saving: Extremely easy for seed savers.  When the blooms fade, a long narrow seedpod is formed, turning from green to brown.  Once the seedpod turns brown, simple cut off and allow to completely dry before cracking open and removing the hundreds of small sand-like seeds.  Store seeds in a cool dry area.

Helianthus annuus & cucumerifolius (Sunflowers) - Planting: Sow seeds outdoors ½" deep and 6" apart in rows 24-36" apart after the last frost.  Successive plantings will provide continual blooms throughout the summer.  Seeds germinate in 10-14 days.  Prefers full sun to light shade and well-drained rich soil. 

Saving Seed: Sunflowers will cross-pollinate and must be separated by ½ mile to ensure pure seed.  Harvest the heads when they have completely filled out, lost all of their petals and the backs begin to turn brown.  It may be necessary to cover heads to protect them from birds.  Allow to dry in a protected area away from birds and then shell by hand.

Helianthus mollis (Downy Sunflower) - Planting: Germination is increased by a 30-day cold treatment in slightly damp paper towels in a plastic bag in the refrigerator, but this is not mandatory for good germination. Plant seed indoors in early spring. Seed can be directly sown into a prepared seedbed in fall, or in early to mid-spring. Requires a well-drained sandy or loamy soil in full sun.

Seed Saving: Collect seeds when petals have fallen off and the seedheads are brown and dry. Extract seeds by rubbing through a ¼" screen. Collect seed in a box and carefully blow off chaff with a fan.

Heliopsis helianthoides (Ox Eye Sunflower) - Planting: Plant seed indoors in late winter or early spring. Germinates readily when sown into a weed-free seedbed in fall, spring, or early summer. Prefers a moderately rich loam, clay or slightly damp sandy soil. Requires full sun for good results. Will tolerate very light shade.

Seed Saving: Harvest seeds in late summer after petals have fallen off and seedheads are dry and black. Mature seeds are hard and black. Rub seedheads over 3/16" screen. Collect seeds in a box and blow off chaff gently with a fan.

Helichrysum subulifolium - Planting: Sow indoors on surface of soil 6-8 weeks before last frost. Direct seed only in areas where summers are very long. Seeds will germinate in 5-20 days. Prefers full sun and average soil.

Hesperis matronalis - Planting: Sow indoors on surface 8-10 weeks before planting out. Seeds will germinate in 20-25 days Prefers full sun or partial shade and rich, moist soil.

Lupinus perennis (Lupine) - Planting: Germination is greatly increased by a 7 day cold treatment in a slightly damp paper towel in a plastic bag in the refrigerator.  Cold-treated seeds can be directly sown in spring or early summer.  Untreated seeds can be sown outdoors in fall.

Seed Saving: When seed pods begin to turn yellow and the seeds loosely rattle inside when shaken, they are ripe.  Pick and finish drying in a well protected area.

Impatiens balsamina - Planting: Sow indoors 8-10 weeks before last frost on the surface of the soil. Seeds w ill germinate in 7-25 days. Water from below to avoid damping-off Prefers partial shade to full sun and rich moist soil.

Ipomoea purpurea - Planting: Sow outdoors 1/4" deep after last frost. Keep moist while germinating 5-21 days. Can slightly chip and soak seeds in warm water for 24 hours before planting for better results. Prefers full sun and moist average soil. Needs adequate support to climb.

Lathyrus latifolius (Everlasting or Perennial Sweet Pea) - Planting: Sow seeds outdoors ½" deep and 3" apart.  Thin to one plant every 6-12".   Seeds will germinate in 10-20 days.  Plants will require support and prefer full sun.  Double rows work well on both sides of a trellis.  Plants continue to bloom if old blossoms are continually picked.  Sweetpeas are poisonous!

Seed Saving: Sweet peas should be separated by 25' to ensure absolute purity.  Wait for the pods to dry before picking.  Seed pods will burst, so picking in a timely manner is critical.

Lathyrus sativus (Azureus Sweet Pea) - Planting: Sow seeds outdoors ½" deep and 3" apart after the danger of frost has passed.  Thin to one plant every 6-12".  Seeds will germinate in 10-20 days.  Plants will require support and prefer full sun.  Double rows work well on both sides of a trellis.  Sweetpeas are poisonous!

Seed Saving: Sweet peas should be separated by 25' to ensure absolute purity.  Wait for the pods to dry before picking.  Seed pods will burst, so picking in a timely manner is critical.

Liatris pycnostachya (Prairie Blazingstar) - Planting: Germination is increased by a 30-day cold treatment in slightly damp paper towels in a plastic bag in the refrigerator. Plant seed indoors in the early spring. Seed can be directly sown into a prepared seedbed in fall, or in early to mid-spring. Requires a rich loam, clay or slightly moist sandy soil in full sun. 

Seed Saving: Harvest seeds when seedheads have fluffed out at least half way down the stalk. Cut entire seed stalk carefully to prevent seed shattering. Dry until seeds can easily be separated from the fluff.

Malope trifida - Planting: Sow outdoors 2-3 weeks before last frost just beneath the surface of the soil. Seeds will germinate in 15-30 days. Prefers sun or light shade and light well-drained soil.

Malva sylvestris - Planting: Sow outdoors just beneath the surface of the soil 1 week before last frost. Seeds germinate in 10-14 days. Space plants 18” to 36” apart. Prefers full sun to partial shade and rich moist soil.

Matihiola bicornis - Planting: Sow outdoors just beneath the surface of the soil after last frost or indoors 6-8 weeks before last frost. Seeds germinate in 3-20 days. Prefers full sun and moist well-drained fertile soil.

Mentha viridis (Spearmint) - Planting: Sow seeds indoors just beneath the surface of the soil 4-6 weeks before last frost. Can be directly sown outdoors just before the last spring frost.  Seeds will germinate in 7-10 days.  Plant out into full or partial shade, after the danger of frost has passed in late spring.  Prefers average, well-drained soil and will tolerate dry conditions.      

Seed Saving: Seeds are ready to harvest when the blooms begin to turn brown and dry.  When the heads are completely dry, gently crush the heads between your hands and then carefully winnow away the chaff from the seeds. 

Mirabilis jalapa (Four O'Clocks) - Planting: Sow indoors just beneath the surface of the soil 4-6 weeks before the last frost.  Seeds will germinate in 5-18 days if the temperature is kept at 70 degrees Fahrenheit.  Can also be direct-seeded after last frost.  Prefers full sun to partial shade,  and average soil.

Seed Saving: Four O’Clock seed is very easy to save.  Just keep a close eye on the blooms and when they begin to fade and turn brown, pick the seeds that have formed.  Be sure to collect before the seeds fall to the ground.  The dark Four O’Clocks seeds blend in with the soil, making them hard to see. 

Moluccella laevis - Planting: Sow indoors just beneath the surface of the soil 8-10 weeks before last frost. Transplant when a light frost is still possible. Seeds will germinate in 8-25 days. Prefers average soil and sun to partial shade.

Myostosis alpestris - Planting: Sow indoors just beneath the surface of the soil 8-10 weeks before last frost. Seeds germinate in 8-30 days. Water only from beneath. Transplant when a light frost is still possible. Self-seed quite readily. Prefers partial shade and moist rich soil.

Nepeta cataria (Catnip) - Planting: Sow indoors just beneath the surface of the soil 8-10 weeks before last frost. Seeds will germinate in 7-21 days.  Plant out in early spring when a light frost is still possible.  Best grown in full sun or partial shade. 

Seed Saving: Seeds are ready to harvest when the blooms begin to turn brown and dry.  When the heads are completely dry, gently crush the heads between your hands and then carefully winnow away the chaff.

Nicotianu alata & sylvestris (Tobacco) - Planting: Sow seeds indoors just beneath the surface of the soil 6-8 weeks before last frost.  Seeds will germinate in 10-20 days.  Plant out after the danger of frost has passed in late spring.  Prefers full sun to partial shade and average soil.  Will reseed year after year.   

Seed Saving: Very  easy for seed savers.  When the blooms fade, a seedpod is formed at the base of the bloom, turning from green to brown.  Once the seedpod turns brown,  cut off and allow to completely dry before removing the hundreds of small sand-like seeds.

Nigella damuscenu (Love-in-a-Mist "Oxford Blue") - Planting: Sow outdoors just beneath the surface of the soil when a light frost is still possible.  Seeds germinate in 8-15 days.  Will self-seed profusely.  Love-in-a-Mist prefers full sun and average soil. Tolerates dry conditions.

Seed Saving: Extremely easy for seed savers.  When the blooms fade, a very ornamental seedpod is formed as seen in the photograph on the seed packet.  Once the seedpod turns brown, simple cut off and allow to completely dry before cracking open and removing the hundreds of small seeds.  Store seeds in a cool dry area.

Nigella sativa (Black Cumin) - Planting: Sow outdoors just beneath the surface of the soil when a light frost is still possible.  Seeds germinate in 8-15 days.  Will self-seed profusely.  Cumin prefers full sun and average soil. Tolerates dry conditions. 

Seed Saving: Extremely easy for seed savers.  When the blooms fade, a very ornamental seedpod is formed as seen in the photograph on the seed packet.  Once the seedpod turns brown, simply cut off and allow to completely dry before cracking open and removing the hundreds of small seeds.  Store seeds in a cool dry area.

 Ocimum basilicum (Basil) - Planting: Sow seeds outdoors when the soil is warm and the temperature does not drop below 65° F.  Can be started indoors 4-6 weeks before planting out.  Space plants 4-6" apart in all directions.  Plant seeds just beneath the surface.  Seeds germinate in 5-30 days, so keep moist.  Prefers full sun and rich, well- drained soil.

Seed Saving: Basil will cross-pollinate with other varieties of basil and must be separated by 150' while flowering.  Plants form seed capsules containing four seeds.  Allow seed capsules to dry, then harvest and separate by hand.

Osteospermum ecklonis - Planting: Sow indoors just beneath the surface of the soil 6-8 weeks before last frost. Seeds germinate in 10-15 days. Transplant when soil is warm. Prefers full sun and rich well-drained soil.

Petunia multiflora (Petunia) - Planting: Sow seeds indoors on the surface of the soil 8-10 weeks before last frost.  Seeds will germinate in 7-10 days.  Plant out after the danger of frost has passed in late spring.  Prefers full sun to partial shade and average soil.

Seed Saving: Very  easy for seed savers.  When the blooms fade, a seedpod is formed, turning from green to brown.  Once the seedpod turns brown,  cut off and allow to completely dry before cracking open and removing the hundreds of small sand-like seeds.

Petroselinum crispum - Planting: Sow outdoors 1/4” deep when there is still a chance of light frost. Seeds germinate in 14-21 days. Can soak seeds in warm water for 24 hours before planting. Prefers full sun to partial shade and well-drained rich soil.

Pimpinellu anisum (Parsley)- Planting: Sow seeds outdoors ¼ " deep when there is still a chance of light frost.  Can also be started earlier and set out as small plants.  Seeds germinate in 14-21 days.  Seeds can be soaked in warm water for 24 hours before planting.  Prefers full sun to partial shade and well-drained, rich soil.        

Seed Saving: Parsleys will cross-pollinate, so isolate by 1 mile the second year when going to seed.  Dig up parsley roots in the fall before a hard frost.  Trim the tops to 2" and store in sawdust, sand or leaves.  Parsley roots will store 3-4 months when kept between 32-40° F.  Plant out in the early spring.  Harvest seed heads when dry, and separate by hand.

Polygonum orientale (Kiss-Me-Over-the-Garden-Gate) - Planting: Sow seed in the spring in a sunny, moist, well-drained area.  Plant ¼" deep, thin to 1' apart after germination.  Seeds are very hard and may take up to 4 weeks to germinate, so keep moist.  Planting seeds in the fall can also work well.  Prefers full sun to partial shade and a rich well-drained soil.  Reseeds year after year.  If transplanting volunteers, be careful not to disturb roots.         

Seed Saving: Seeds can easily be saved at the end of the season.  Before frost clip off the most mature pink catkins and allow to dry in a well protected area.  When completely dry rub the catkins between your hands to separate the seeds. 

Ricinus communis (Castor Bean) - Planting: Sow indoors in pots ½" beneath the surface of the soil, 6-8 weeks before last frost.  Seeds will germinate in 15-20 days.  Transplant after the danger of frost has passed.  Can also be direct-seeded in warmer areas.  Castor beans prefer rich soil and full sun.

Seed Saving: Seed pods form intriguing sea-urchin like red globes, as seen in the photograph on the seed packet.  These globes can be allowed to mature and will contain the seeds.  If you are worried about curious children, remove globes as soon as they appear.      

Rudbeckia hirta (Black-Eyed Susan) - Planting: Sow indoors just beneath the surface of the soil 6-8 weeks before last frost. Seeds will germinate in 5-21 days. Transplant when the danger of frost is past. Black-Eyed Susan prefers average well-drained soil and full sun to partial shade. Biennial or hardy annual.     

Seed Saving: Seeds are ready to harvest when the blooms begin to turn brown and dry.  When the heads are completely dry, gently crush the heads between your hand and then carefully winnow away the chaff.

Salpiglossis sinuata (Painted Tongue) - Planting: Sow seeds indoors just beneath the surface of the soil 10 weeks before last frost.  Seeds will germinate in 7-14 days and do best when allowed to germinate in darkness.  Plant out after the danger of frost has passed in late spring.  Prefers full sun to partial shade and average soil. 

Seed Saving: Very  easy for seed savers.  When the blooms fade, a seedpod is formed, turning from green to brown.  Once the seedpod turns brown,  cut off and allow to completely dry before cracking open and removing the hundreds of small sand-like seeds.  

Salvia officinalis (Sage) - Planting: Sow seeds indoors on the surface of the soil 6-8 weeks before last frost. Can be directly sown outdoors two weeks after the last spring frost.  Seeds will germinate in 4-21 days.  Plant out into full sun after the danger of frost has passed in late spring.  Prefers rich, moist, well-drained soil.   

Seed Saving: Seeds are ready to harvest when the blooms begin to turn brown and dry.  When the heads are completely dry, gently crush the heads between your hands and then carefully winnow away the chaff from the seeds.

Silphium perfoliatum (Cupplant) - Planting: Sow indoors just beneath the surface of the soil 6-8 weeks before the last frost.  Seeds will germinate in 10-14 days.  Plant seedlings outdoors after the danger of frost has passed and the soil is warm.  Can also be direct-seeded after the danger of frost.  Plants prefer full sun to partial shade and tolerate almost any soil.  Annual.

Seed Saving: Seeds are ready to harvest when the blooms begin to turn brown and dry.  When the heads are completely dry, gently crush the heads between your hand and then carefully winnow away the chaff.  

Stachys lanata (Lamb's Ear) - Planting: Sow indoors 8-10 weeks before planting out.  Sow seeds just beneath the surface of the soil.  Seeds will germinate in 15-30 days.  Transplant outdoors in early spring when a light frost is still possible.  Does best full sun to partial shade and rich well-drained soil.      

Seed Saving: Lamb’s Ear is a perennial producing seed each season.       Watch the small purple flowers closely, when they begin to fade, cut off the stalks, and dry further in a protected area over newspaper.  The seed is very small.  Plants will also self-sow.

Tagetes patula/tenuifolia (Marigold) - Planting: Sow seeds outdoors 2 weeks before the last frost.  Plant the seeds just beneath the surface of the soil.  Seeds will germinate in 4-10 days.  Marigolds prefer full sun  (may need light shade in extremely warm areas) and a well-balanced slightly dry soil.         

Seed Saving: Marigolds will  produce lots of seed in a similar fashion to a Zinnia or Calendula.  When the blooms dry out, cut them off and hang upside down in bunches.  The seeds are contained in the heads and, once dry and crisp, can be lightly hand-crushed and winnowed from the seed chaff.  

Talinum paniculatum (Jewel's of Opar) - Planting: Sow seeds indoors on the surface of the soil 6 weeks before the last frost in pots or flats.   Seeds will germinate in 14-21 days.  Transplant outdoors after the last frost.  Prefers full sun.

Seed Saving: When the blooms fade, a ruby-orange seedpod is formed.  Once the seedpod starts to dry,  cut off and allow to dry further in a well protected area.  Then the seedpods can be cracked open and all of the small seeds can be collected.  

Tithonia rotundiflora - Planting: Sow indoors 6-8 weeks before last frost or sow outdoors just beneath the surface of the soil after the last frost in areas where summers are long. Prefers full sun and light soil; quite drought tolerant.

Trapaeolum majus - Planting: Sow outdoors 1 week after last frost 1/4" beneath the surface of the soil. Seeds will germinate in 7-12 days. Will need support to climb. Prefers full still and average moist soil.

Venidium fastuosum - Planting: Sow indoors 1/8" deep 8-10 weeks before last frost just beneath the surface of the soil. Seeds germinate in 6-14 days. Does well in dry areas. Prefers full sun and light dry soil.

Vigna caracalla (Snail Flower) - Planting: Sow seeds indoors, 1" deep, 4-6 weeks before the last frost. Seeds will germinate in 5-15 days.  Transplant outdoors after the danger of frost has passed.  Prefers full sun.   

Seed Saving: Viable seed is extremely hard to produce, but when it does set seed, harvest when the pods dry.  The roots can be dug in the fall in northern areas and overwintered the way you would a dahlia.  Can also be propagated by cuttings.  The blooms the second year are even more magnificent.

Viola x wittrockiana (Historic Pansies Mixture) - Planting: Sow indoors ¼"  deep, 10-12 weeks before planting out.  Seeds will germinate in 10-14 days.  Transplant when the spring temperatures are still cool and a light frost is possible.  Plants enjoy cool, rich soil and grow well in partial shade.    

Seed Saving: Violas are well known for being self-seeders.  Seeds can be collected by cutting the entire plant in late summer after the blooming has stopped.  Dry plants on a piece of paper and collect the tiny black seeds.

Zinnia elegans (Zinnia) - Planting: Sow outdoors after last frost just beneath the surface of the soil.  Seeds will germinate in 5-24 days.  Zinnias prefer full sun and well-drained average soil.     

Seed Saving: Zinnias will cross-pollinate.  Gardeners should only grow one variety at a time to save pure seed, or isolate varieties by ¼ mile.  Seeds are ready to harvest when the blooms begin to turn brown and dry.  The seeds are contained in the very center.  When the heads are completely dry, gently crush the heads between your hand and then carefully winnow away the chaff. 

Saving seed from flowers and herbs: Most flowers and herbs are self-seeding and volunteer. Seed must be harvested from dry pods before they shatter, usually 2-3 weeks after flowering. Dry the seeds in a shaded area for one week, then seal in an air-tight container and store under refrigeration.

For additional seed planting instructions, A-Z Guide to Growing Flowers: from Seed to Bloom by Eileen Powell contains detailed techniques for over 600 annuals, perennials, and bulbs.