I attempted to respond to Cats are Invasive Species, 20 May 2007 by Sally, but found that comments were restricted to the team. Her contention is that by strictly construing the opening of the federal defintion, and more importantly, setting aside certain human needs and values in the consideration, that, then, by definition, house cats are invasive species. While true at a surface level understanding, as usual, invasive species matters never quite hold still for our particular desired outcomes.
Of course, the federal definition goes a little further, and has certain implied and stated qualifiers. I hold that this is not a world of absolutes, but, a world entwined with issues laden with value judgements; it is a wicked inconvenience that the invasive species issue is wrought with such complexities that individual stakeholders start with their end game results in mind and then define the term to suit their desired outcome. I have written much about invasive species as a wicked problem: Invasive Species; Wicked Inconvenience: part two. http://ipetrus.blogspot.com/2007/02/invasive-species-wicked-inconvenience_18.html
I have included excerpts from a federal white paper and a link thereto: "An invasive species is a non-native species whose introduction does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human, animal, or plant health. The National Invasive Species Management Plan indicates that NISC will focus on non-native organisms known to cause or likely to cause negative impacts and that do not provide an equivalent or greater benefit to society. In the technical sense, the term ‘invasion’ simply denotes the uncontrolled or unintended spread of an organism outside its native range with no specific reference about the environmental or economic consequences of such spread or their relationships to possible societal benefits. However, the policy context and subsequent management decisions necessitate narrowing what is meant and what is not meant by the term invasive species. Essentially, we are clarifying what is meant and not meant by “causing harm” by comparing negative effects caused by a non-native organism to its potential societal benefits.For a non-native organism to be considered an invasive species in the policy context, the negative effects that the organism causes or is likely to cause are deemed to outweigh any beneficial effects. Many non-native introductions provide benefits to society and even among species that technically meet the definition of invasive, societal benefits may greatly exceed any negative effects (for example crops and livestock raised for food). However, in some cases any positive effects are clearly overshadowed by negative effects, and this is the concept of causing harm. For example, water hyacinth has been popular in outdoor aquatic gardens but its escape to natural areas where its populations have expanded to completely cover lakes and rivers has devastated water bodies and the life they support, especially in the southeastern U.S. And, there are some organisms, such as West Nile virus, that provide almost no benefits to society at all. Such organisms constitute a small fraction of non-native species, but as a consequence of their ability to spread and establish populations outside their native ranges, they can be disastrous for the natural environment, the economies it supports, and/or public health. Because invasive species management is difficult and often very expensive, these worst offenders are the most obvious and best targets for policy attention and management." excerpt from http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/docs/council/isacdef.pdf
Thursday, October 25, 2007
Invasive Species Definitions akin to Herding Cats
Saturday, October 13, 2007
Biofuel species (updated with links to GRIN & GCW): Traits of Invasive Species
I am posting today my updated partial list with links to GRIN and CWG of plant species which are or have been under consideration as possible bio-fuel sources. This is by no means a comprehensive list, but rather a quick scan of the first twenty pages of a “google” search using the phrase ‘biofuel species’. The economic benefits of bio-fuel species are large, but considered with in a short term time frame. The long term challenges may collide with the short term benefits “…because traits deemed ideal in a bio-energy crop are also commonly found among invasive species (note the following).”[1]
“C4 photosynthesis;
Long canopy duration;
Perennial;
No known pests or diseases;
Rapid growth in spring (to out-compete weeds);
Sterility;
High water-use efficiency;
Partitions nutrients to belowground components in the fall”[2]
This partial listing is not exclusive to the United States, but rather provides an over-view as to the direction the world community may be exploring. Further, this is not a list of invasive species, as, by its very nature, it is more a guide for reference, and for use in making regionally local determinations of the possibility of invasiveness.
Users should not use this list as an authority without first checking sources and verifying the information for themselves. Any information or corrections as to native range will be appreciated. Users should refer to the Global Compendium of Weeds for definitions of terminology. Listing of a species herein does not necessarily imply an invasive species, but rather suggests a closer look before introducing or cultivating the species for bio-fuel.
Today’s additions are for the most part traditional agricultural commodity crops
Any corrections or additions would be appreciated; please include citation for accreditation.
Acer pseudoplatanus L. (sycamore)[3] native-western Eurasia; cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, noxious weed, sleeper weed, weed: North America[GCW]
Acrocomia (aculeate) aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Mart. (macaw palm [GRIN] Macauba palm) [4] native-Central and North South America; weed Florida[GCW]
Aleurites fordii Hemsl. (tung oil tree)[5] native-Eurasia[GCW]; agricultural weed, casual alien, environmental weed, naturalised, weed: Japan, Florida, New Zealand, Dominican Republic [GCW]
Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd. (candlenut) [6] widely cultivated & naturalized in tropics, exact native range obscure[GRIN]; casual alien, environmental weed, naturalised, weed: nican Republic, Federated States of Micronesia, Christmas Island, New Zealand, partsd of North America[GCW]
Anacardium occidentale L. (cashew nut)[7] native-Northern & Western South America[GRIN]; agricultural weed, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, sleeper weed, weed: Australia, Costa Rica, Belize, Singapore[GCW]
Andropogon gerardii Vitman (big blue-stem, Gerard grass)[8] native-North & Central & North America[GRIN]; cultivation escape, naturalised, weed[GCW]
Annona muricata L. (soursop)[9] widely cultivated & naturalized, probable origin West Indies[GRIN]; agricultural weed, cultivation escape, environmental weed, naturalised, weed: Vanuatu, R.D.Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, Ecuador, Galapagos, Federated States of Micronesia, Singapore[GCW]
Arachis hypogaea L. (Ariachis hypogaea) [10] (peanut) only cultivated[GRIN], tropical S America, trop S Amer (probably Brazil - not known in wild), S. America, Brazil, South America, Brazil[GCW]; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, naturalised, weed: Finland, Denmark, Isle of Wight, Cornwall, British Isles, Belize, United States, Galapagos, Lithuanian, Taiwan, Mexico[GCW]
Arundo donax L. (giant reed)[11] native-North Africa, Central & South Eurasia[GCW]; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, noxious weed: Azores Archipelago, New Zealand, Portugal, Australia, United States, Jamaica, Japan, Canary Islands, South Africa, Egypt, Guyana; Surinam; French Guiana. Hungary, Pacific Ecosystems, Spain[GCW]
Attalea funifera Mart. ex Spreng. (piassava)[12] native-South America, Brazil[GRIN]; no negative references in GRIN or GCW
Avena sativa L. (oat)[13] only cultivated[GRIN], West Asia/Europe, "Kulturpfl., Heimat:SE-Eur., SW-As.,", Probably cultivated origin in Medit, from Avena fatua, Euras., Eurasia, Europe, southern Europe, Old World, Eurasia, Obscure[GCW]; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, weed: New Zealand, Brazil, Denmark, Finland, Canary Islands, Japan, Australia, Hungary, Cornwall, Iceland, Mexico, Spain, Australia, British Isles, United States, Czech Republic, Chile, South Africa, Argentina, Iceland, Tasmania, Galapagos[GCW]
Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (neem)[14] native-Asia tropical[GRIN]; Asia (Bangladesh, India, northern Myanmar), exact native range obscure[GCW]; agricultural weed, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, noxious weed, sleeper weed, weed: Caribbean, North America (USA & Canada), British Isles, China, Czech Republic, Belarus[GCW]
Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl. (Brazil nut)[15] native-South America[GRIN]; naturalised: Dominican Republic, Micronesia[GCW];
Brassica alba (L.) Rabenh. (mustard)[16] native: no information[GCW]; agricultural weed, environmental weed, naturalised, weed: Canada. United States, Mexico[GCW]
Brassica napus L. (rapeseed)[17] only cultivated, possible origin in cultivation[GRIN]; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, noxious weed, weed: Japan, Palestine, Europe (Czech Republic, Spain, British Isles, Nordic Countries. Ireland), Mexico, Iceland, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, Paraguay, United States (California, Idaho), Galapagos, Lithuania, Ukraine, Chile [GCW]
Calendula officinalis L. (calendula)[18] native origin unknown[GRIN]; casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, sleeper weed, weed: Finland, Denmark, Japan. Australia, Hungary, Mediterranean, British Isles, New Zealand, Mexico, Spain[GCW]
Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz (camelina)[19] native-Eurasia[GRIN]; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, naturalised, weed: Finland, Denmark, Japan, Argentina, Australia, United States (Illinois, Michigan, California, Colorado), Iceland, Germany, Netherlands[GCW]
Cannabis sativa L. (hemp)[20] probable origin south-central Asia[GRIN]; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, noxious weed: Finland, India, Korea, South Africa, Australia, British Isles, New Zealand, Cornwall, Micronesia, China, United States[GCW]
Carthamus tinctorius L. (safflower)[21] probable origin west Asia[GRIN]; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, weed: Finland, Denmark, Japan, Canary Islands, Western Europe[GCW]
Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch, orth. var. (pecan)[22] native origin unknown[GCW]; weed: region undefined [GCW]
Caryocar brasiliense Cambess. (pequi)[23] native-South America[GRIN]; weed: region undefined [GCW]
Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. (kapok)[24] naturalized in tropical Asia, native range uncertain[GRIN]; cultivation escape, environmental weed, naturalised, weed: Tanzania, Micronesia, Galapagos, Australia, Christmas Island [GCW]
Cocos nucifera L. (coconut)[25] pantropic, probable origin paleotropics[GRIN]; casual alien, cultivation escape, naturalised, weed: Guyana; Surinam; French Guiana, Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly, Marquesas Islands, Australia, Singapore, Galagapos, United States, Belize[GCW]
Coffea arabica L. (coffee)[26] native range uncertain[GRIN]; casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, sleeper weed, weed: Australia, Surinam, Belize, Paraguay, Micronesia, Marquesas Islands, Hawaii, Ecuador, Pierto Rico, Caribbean Isalnds, Galapagos, Canary Islands, Swaziland, Surinam; French Guiana[GCW]
Coriandrum sativum L. (coriander, cilantro)[27] probable origin Mediterranean region[GRIN]; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, garden thug, naturalised, sleeper weed, weed: Finland, Japan, Canary Islands, Egypt, Australia, Hungary, United States (California), British Isles, Spain, Austria, Germany, Belize, New Zealand, China, Puerto Rico, Canary Islands, Lithuania, Hawaii, Czech Republic, Spain[GCW]
Corylus avellana L. (hazelnut)[28] origin uncertain-Eurasia[GRIN]; environmental weed, naturalised, weed: Westerm Europe, Australia, United States, Hawaii[GCW]
Crambe abyssinica Hochst. ex R. E. Fr. (crambe)[29] native-uncertain; casual alien, naturalised: Czech Republic[GCW]
Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth (buffalo gourd)[30] native-uncertain [GRIN]; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, weed: Mexico, United States, Austria[GCW]
Cucurbita pepo L. (pumpkin seed)[31] native-uncertain[GCW]; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, sleeper weed, weed: Finland, Denmark, Canary Islands, Australia, Hungary, British Isles, Spain, Costa Rica, Paraguay, Czech Republic, Ukraine, Canada[GCW]
Diploknema butracea (species not listed in USDA plant list; maybe local name)[32]
Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (oil palm)[33] [34] native-tropical Africa[GRIN]; naturalised, weed: Guyana; Surinam, French Guiana, United States (Florida)[GCW]
Erythea salvadorensis H.Wendl. ex Becc. (palm)[35] (species not listed in USDA plant list; taxonomy confused)
Euphorbia lagascae Spreng. (euphorbia)[36] native-Italy, Spain[GRIN]; casual alien: Czech Republic[GCW]
Euphorbia lathyris L. (gopher plant)[37] exact native range obscure[GRIN]; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, noxious weed, weed: United States, New Zealand, Portugual, Denmark, Japanm, Australia, Switzerland, Chile[GCW]
Garcinia (no species reference: Genus: Garcinia L )[38]
Glycine max (L.) Merr. (soybean)[39] origin east Asia[GRIN]; casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, naturalised, weed: Finland, Denmark, Hungary, Australia, British Isles, R.D.Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, Paraguay, Belize, United States, Galapagos, Puerto Rico, Lithuania[GCW]
Gossypium hirsutum L. (cotton)[40] native-no information[GCW]; casual alien, environmental weed, naturalised, weed: British Isles, Spain, Australia, Paraguay, Hawaii[GCW]
Helianthus annuus L. (sunflower)[41] native-North America, probably not native in eastern United States[GRIN]; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, naturalised, environmental weed, garden thug, noxious weed, weed: Philippines, Finland, Israel, Portugual, Denmark, Japan, Australia, Canary Islands, Hungary, British Isles, Mexico, Canada, United States, Austria, Germany, Belize, Puerto Rico, South Africa[GCW]
Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Müll. Arg. (rubber seed[42])[43] native-South America[GRIN]; environmental weed, naturalised, weed: Dominican Republic, Mexico, R.D.Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, Micronesia, Belize, Australia, Singapore, Christmas Island[GCW]
Hibiscus cannabinus L. (kenaf)[44] native-Africa[GRIN]; agricultural weed, garden thug, naturalised, weed: Japan, Egypt, South Africa, United States (Florida), Zimbabwe[GCW]
Hypericum canariense L. (canari)[45] native-Canary Islands[GRIN]; environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, weed: United States, Hawaii, Australia[GCW]
Jatropha curcas L. (jatropha) [46] [47] native-Mexico, South America[GRIN]; agricultural weed, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, noxious weed, weed: Guyana; Surinam, French Guiana, Carribean, Tanzania, Australia, Costa Rica (native invasive?), Hawaii, South Africa, United States (Florida), Galapagos, Puerto Rico, Swaziland[GCW]
Lesquerella ludoviciana (Nutt.) S. Watson (silver bladderpod)[48] native-North America[GRIN]; no negative references in GRIN or GCW
Licania rigida Benth. (oiticia)[49] native-South America[GRIN]; no negative references in GRIN or GCW
Linum usitatissimum L. (linseed, flax)[50] only cultivated[GRIN]; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, weed: Finland, Denmark, Chile, Autralia, Iceland, British Isles, New Zealand, Hawaii[GCW]
Liquidambar styraciflua L. (sweetgum)[51] native- El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico – Chiapas, Nicaragua, United States[GRIN]; agricultural weed, casual alien, naturalised, weed: Canada, Australia, New Zealand[GCW]
Lupinus albus L. (lupine)[52] native-Europe & western Asia[GRIN]; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, naturalised, weed: Hungary Chile, Austria, British Isles, United States, Australia, Czech Republic, New Zealand[GCW]
Macadamia ternifolia F. Muell. (Macadamia terniflora)[53] (Macadamia nut)[54] native- Australasia[GRIN]; naturalised: Swaziland[GCW]
Madhuca indica J. F. Gmel. (mehua, Tengkawang or Illipe nut)[55] native to-no information; no negative references in GRIN or GCW
Mauritia flexuosa L. f. (Buriti palm)[56] native-South America[GRIN]; no negative references in GRIN or GCW
Melia azedarach L. (mindi) [57] native-temperate & tropical Asia, Autralasia, southwestern Pacific[GRIN]; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, noxious weed, sleeper weed, weed: South Africa, Caribbean, Palestine, southern Australia, United States, Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana, United Kingdom[GCW]
Merunggai[58] (species not listed in USDA plant list)
Miscanthus × giganteus[59] (Miscanthus x giganteus Sterile hybrids. Most cultivars used as commercial crops in Europe start with this name.)[60] not listed in GRIN or CWG. This is an obvious gap in knowledge and should probably not be taken as a indication of non invasive tendencies.
Miscanthus sacchariflorus (Maxim.) Benth. (Amur silvergrass).”[61] Native-Russian Far East, China, Japan[GRIN]; agricultural weed, casual alien, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, noxious weed, weed: Austria, United States, China, British Isles, Canada[GCW]
Miscanthus sinensis Andersson (Chinese silvergrass) [62] native-Russian Federation - Kurile Islands [s.], Primorye [s.], Sakhalin [s.],China: China [e.], Japan, Korea, Taiwan,
Malesia, Indonesia – Celebes, Philippines[GRIN]; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, noxious weed, weed: United States, Australia, Japan, British Isles, Canada, China, Micronesia, Guyana, Micronesia[GCW]
Olea europaea L. (olive)[63] native-Africa & Eurasia[GRIN]; weed, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, noxious weed, sleeper weed, weed: New Zealand, Australia, United States[GCW]
Orbignya martiana Barb. Rodr. (Babassu palm)[64] native to-no information; no negative references in GRIN or GCW
Oryza sativa L. (rice)[65] cultivated throughout tropic, subtropic, & warm-temperate regions[GRIN]; weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, noxious weed, weed: Cuba, Brazil, United States (California, Florida), Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana, Mexico, Costa Rica, Australia[GCW]
Nephelium lappaceum L. (rambutan)[66] native- China, Hainan, Yunnan, Cambodia; Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Malesia, Indonesia, Celebes, Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra, Malaysia[GRIN]; no negative references in GRIN or GCW
Panicum virgatum L. (switch grass)[67] native-Canada, United States, Mexico, Central America, Cuba[GRIN]; agricultural weed, casual alien, naturalised, weed: Finland, Canada, Denmark, British Isles, United States[GCW]
Papaver somniferum L. (opium poppy)[68] native-Portugal, Spain, Algeria, Libya, Cyprus, Morrocco, Tunisia, Greece, Italy, France[GRIN]; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, noxious weed, weed: Finland, Denmark, Japan, Australia, Canary Islands, Portugal, United States (California), Hungary, Cornwall, Switzerland[GCW]
Pennisetum purpureum Schumach. (elephant grass)[69] native-Africa[GRIN]; agricultural weed, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, noxious weed, sleeper weed, weed: Caribbean, United States, Canada, Hawaii[GCW]
Persea americana Mill. (avocado)[70] native-North America, Central America[GRIN]; casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, weed: Finland, Caribbean, Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana, British Isles, Micronesia, Belize, United States (Florida), Galapagos, New Zealand, Puerto Rico[GCW]
Phalaris arundinacea L. (reed canary grass) [71] native-North America, Eurasia[GRIN]; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, noxious weed, weed: United States, Canada, Japan, Australia, Iceland, Austria, New Zealand, Queen Charlotte Islands, Tasmania, China[GCW]
Pinus taeda L. (loblolly pine)[72] native-North America[GRIN]; agricultural weed, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, noxious weed, weed: South Africa, Paraguay, Ecuador, United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand[GCW]
Platonia insignis Mart. (bacuri)[73] native-Guyana, Suriname, Brazil, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Para, Colombia, Paraguay[GRIN]; no negative references in GRIN or GCW
Polygonum cuspidatum Siebold & Zucc. (Japanese knotweed)[74] native-no information in GRIN or GCW; agricultural weed, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, noxious weed, weed: United States, Canada, New Zealand, Ecuador, Korea, South Africa, China[GCW]
Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre (karanj[75]) [76] native-no information; garden thug, weed: R.D.Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, Puerto Rico, United States (Florida)[GCW]
Populus deltoides W. Bartram ex Marshall subsp. deltoides (cottonwood)[77] native-North America[GRIN]; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, naturalised, noxious weed, weed: Portugal, Spain, South Africa, Australia, United States, New Zealand, Lithuania[GCW]
Psophocarpus tetrangonolobus (four-sided bean)[78] origin possibly tropical Asia or Madagascar[GRIN]; naturalised: New Zealand[GCW]
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn (bracken)[79] worldwide weed[GRIN]; agricultural weed, cultivation escape, environmental weed, naturalised, noxious weed, weed: Palestine, Philippines, Jamaica, Brazil, Australia, United States, South Africa, Slovenia, Canada[GCW]
Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. var. lobata (Willd.) Maesen & S. M. Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep (kudzu)[80] native- Russian, China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Malesia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Fiji, New Caledonia, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu[GRIN]; agricultural weed, environmental weed, naturalised, noxious weed, weed: United States, Ecuador, British Isles, Japan, Canada, New Zealand, Ireland[GCW]
Punica granatum L. (Chinese apple; pomegranate) [81] native-Asia[GRIN]; casual alien, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, weed: India, Canary Islands, British Isles, Spain, Belize, United States, Galapagos, Canada, Puerto Rico, Switzerland[GCW]
Ricinus communis L. (castor)[82] [83] probable origin Africa[GRIN]; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, noxious weed, weed: Finland, Azores, New Zealand, Portugal, Japan, Brazil, Thailand, Peru, Ecuador, Untied States, Hawaii[GCW]
Robinia pseudoacacia L. (black locust) [84] native-North America[GRIN]; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, noxious weed, sleeper weed, weed: New Zealand, Portugal, New England, Korea, Japan, Poland, South Africa, Thailand, Peru, Ecuador, Hawaii[GCW]
Salix spp (willows)[85] (no species reference: Genus: Salix L )[86]
Salvadora persica L. (meswak; toothbrush tree)[87] native-Africa, Mid East, Asian subcontinent[GRIN]; weed: Egypt[GCW]
Sesamum orientale L. (sesame) [88] [89] native-no information; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, naturalised, weed: Denmark, Java, Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana, British Isles, Australia, Puerto Rico, United States (Florida) [GCW]
Shorea pinanga Scheff. [90] Native-Brunei. Indonesia, Malaysia[GRIN]; no negative references in GRIN or GCW
Shorea seminis (unsure of species nomenclature and taxonomic reference)[91]
Shorea singkawang (unsure of species nomenclature and taxonomic reference)[92]
Sida hermaphrodita (L.) Rusby (Virginia mallow)[93] native-no information; casual alien: Czech Republic[GCW]
Simmondsia chinensis (Link) C. K. Schneid. (jojoba, goatnut)[94] native-North America[GRIN]; naturalised: United States, Canary Islands[GCW]
Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. (Johnson grass) [95] native-Egypt, Libya, Asia[GRIN]; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, naturalised, noxious weed, weed: United States, New Zealand, Cuba, Korea, Denmark, Japan, South Africa, Italy, Argentina,Hungary, Australia, Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana, Gibralter, Taiwan[GCW]
Spartina alterniflora Loisel. (smooth cordgrass)[96] native-North & South America: casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, naturalised, noxious weed, weed: United States, New Zealand, Denmark, Canada, British Isles, Australia, South Africa[GCW]
Spartina anglica C. E. Hubb. (English cordgrass)[97] native-United Kingdom[GRIN]; cultivation escape, environmental weed, naturalised, noxious weed, weed: United States, New Zealand, Australia, England, Tasmania, China, Germany[GCW]
Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Roth (big cordgrass) native-North America[GRIN]; weed[GCW]
Spartina patens (Aiton) Muhl. (marsh grass) native-North America & Caribbean[GRIN]; environmental weed, naturalised, noxious weed, weed: United States, Canada, Spain[GCW]
Spartina pectinata Link (sloughgrass)[98] native-North America[GRIN]; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, naturalised: Denmark, Ireland, England, Canada[GCW]
Theobroma cacao L. (cocoa)[99] native-South America[GRIN]; cultivation escape, naturalised, weed: R.D.Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, Costa Rica, Micronesia, Galapagos, Puerto Rico[GCW] Zea mays L. (corn)[100] [101] no information in GRIN or GCW on native range; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, garden thug, naturalised, weed: Finland, Denmark, Canary Islands, Hungary, Cornwall, New Zealand, Austria, Micronesia, Paraguay, Ecuador, Galapagos, Puerto Rico, Chile, Czech Republic, British Isles, Canada, Ukraine, Australia, United States (Florida) [GCW]
[1] Adding Biofuels to the Invasive Species Fire?, S. Raghu,* R. C. Anderson, C. C. Daehler, A. S. Davis, R. N. Wiedenmann, D. Simberloff, R. N. Mack: http://www.bio.ilstu.edu/anderson/Raghu_et_al_2006%20Final%20published%20article%20September%2022%202006.pdf
[2] Adding Biofuels to the Invasive Species Fire?, S. Raghu,* R. C. Anderson, C. C. Daehler, A. S. Davis, R. N. Wiedenmann, D. Simberloff, R. N. Mack: http://www.bio.ilstu.edu/anderson/Raghu_et_al_2006%20Final%20published%20article%20September%2022%202006.pdf
[3] Plant Materials Used for Biofuel, Plant Materials Program: http://plant-materials.nrcs.usda.gov/pubs/NPMFactSheets/Biofuel/Biofuels-FactSheet-June07.pdf
[4] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[5] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[6] 50 species of plants in Indonesia can provide Alternative fuel, Tourism Indonesia: http://www.tourismindonesia.com/2007/08/50-species-of-plants-in-indonesia-can.html
[7] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[8] Virginia mallow – Huge potential for one of the most promising perennial biomass crops, prof. Halina Borkowska, Agricultural College Lublin prof. Bolesław Styk, Agricultural College Lublin, Roman Molas, Hort-Max/BNI, Lublin, Poland: http://www.worldofrenewables.com/index.php?do=viewarticle&artid=198&title=virginia-mallow-huge-potential-for-one-of-the-most-promising-perennial-biomass-crops
[9] 50 species of plants in Indonesia can provide Alternative fuel, Tourism Indonesia: http://www.tourismindonesia.com/2007/08/50-species-of-plants-in-indonesia-can.html
[10] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[11] Adding Biofuels to the Invasive Species Fire?, S. Raghu,* R. C. Anderson, C. C. Daehler, A. S. Davis, R. N. Wiedenmann, D. Simberloff, R. N. Mack: http://www.bio.ilstu.edu/anderson/Raghu_et_al_2006%20Final%20published%20article%20September%2022%202006.pdf
[12] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[13] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[14] 50 species of plants in Indonesia can provide Alternative fuel, Tourism Indonesia: http://www.tourismindonesia.com/2007/08/50-species-of-plants-in-indonesia-can.html
[15] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1
[16] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[17] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[18] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[19] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[20] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[21] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[22] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[23] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[24] 50 species of plants in Indonesia can provide Alternative fuel, Tourism Indonesia: http://www.tourismindonesia.com/2007/08/50-species-of-plants-in-indonesia-can.html
[25] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[26] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[27] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[28] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[29] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[30] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[31] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
ATTRA Publication #IP281
[32] Biodiesel: Hitting the target, Hm Behl, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow- 226001, INDIA: http://isebindia.com/environews/souvenir_tech_papers.pdf
[33] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
ATTRA Publication #IP281
[34] 50 species of plants in Indonesia can provide Alternative fuel, Tourism Indonesia: http://www.tourismindonesia.com/2007/08/50-species-of-plants-in-indonesia-can.html
[35] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[36] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[37] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[38] Biodiesel: Hitting the target, Hm Behl, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow- 226001, INDIA: http://isebindia.com/environews/souvenir_tech_papers.pdf
[39] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[40] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[41] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[42] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[43] Biodiesel: Hitting the target, Hm Behl, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow- 226001, INDIA: http://isebindia.com/environews/souvenir_tech_papers.pdf
[44] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[45] 50 species of plants in Indonesia can provide Alternative fuel, Tourism Indonesia: http://www.tourismindonesia.com/2007/08/50-species-of-plants-in-indonesia-can.html
[46] Jatropha Curcas: Promising Biofuel Or Invasive Species?, Bruce Mulliken, Green Energy News: http://www.enn.com/energy/article/21863
[47] Biodiesel: Hitting the target, Hm Behl, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow- 226001, INDIA: http://isebindia.com/environews/souvenir_tech_papers.pdf
[48] Evaluation, Improvement, and Development of New/alternative Industrial Crops, 2004 Annual Report
[49] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[50] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[51] POTENTIAL HARDWOOD TREE SPECIES FOR BIOFUELS IN
THE SOUTHEAST UNITED STATES, Oghenekome Onokpise, Clifford Louime,
Don Rockwood and Richard Hall: http://www.mdpi.org/ijms/specialissues/IJMS-24-04-abstract.pdf
[52] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[53] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[54] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[55] Biodiesel: Hitting the target, Hm Behl, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow- 226001, INDIA: http://isebindia.com/environews/souvenir_tech_papers.pdf
[56] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[57] 50 species of plants in Indonesia can provide Alternative fuel, Tourism Indonesia: http://www.tourismindonesia.com/2007/08/50-species-of-plants-in-indonesia-can.html
[58] 50 species of plants in Indonesia can provide Alternative fuel, Tourism Indonesia: http://www.tourismindonesia.com/2007/08/50-species-of-plants-in-indonesia-can.html
[59] Adding Biofuels to the Invasive Species Fire?, S. Raghu,* R. C. Anderson, C. C. Daehler, A. S. Davis, R. N. Wiedenmann, D. Simberloff, R. N. Mack: http://www.bio.ilstu.edu/anderson/Raghu_et_al_2006%20Final%20published%20article%20September%2022%202006.pdf
[60] MULTILINGUAL MULTISCRIPT PLANT NAME DATABASE: http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Miscanthus.html
[61] SEARCHING FOR SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, The Editors, Copyright © 2003-2007 The Illinois Steward Magazine, All Rights Reserved.: http://ilsteward.nres.uiuc.edu/Issues/2007/Spring/energy_4.htm
[62] SEARCHING FOR SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, The Editors, Copyright © 2003-2007 The Illinois Steward Magazine, All Rights Reserved.: http://ilsteward.nres.uiuc.edu/Issues/2007/Spring/energy_4.htm
[63] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[64] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[65] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[66] 50 species of plants in Indonesia can provide Alternative fuel, Tourism Indonesia: http://www.tourismindonesia.com/2007/08/50-species-of-plants-in-indonesia-can.html
[67] Adding Biofuels to the Invasive Species Fire?, S. Raghu,* R. C. Anderson, C. C. Daehler, A. S. Davis, R. N. Wiedenmann, D. Simberloff, R. N. Mack: http://www.bio.ilstu.edu/anderson/Raghu_et_al_2006%20Final%20published%20article%20September%2022%202006.pdf
[68] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[69] Brazilian scientists identify elephant grass as a promising biomass crop; first projects already underway, Biopact: http://biopact.com/2007/10/brazilian-scientists-identify-elephant.html
[70] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[71] Adding Biofuels to the Invasive Species Fire?, S. Raghu,* R. C. Anderson, C. C. Daehler, A. S. Davis, R. N. Wiedenmann, D. Simberloff, R. N. Mack: http://www.bio.ilstu.edu/anderson/Raghu_et_al_2006%20Final%20published%20article%20September%2022%202006.pdf
[72] Plant Materials Used for Biofuel, Plant Materials Program: http://plant-materials.nrcs.usda.gov/pubs/NPMFactSheets/Biofuel/Biofuels-FactSheet-June07.pdf
[73] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[74] Energy from Biomass: Proceedings of the Workshop and Ec Contractors' Meeting, Wolfgang Palz, D. Pirrwitz: http://books.google.com/books?id=lXBhn2RPIvEC&pg=PA58&lpg=PA58&ots=UnR3_-U1bq&dq=biofuel+species+spartina&output=html&sig=k-FER16Zc88sW48rnEakdwjhk-E
[75] 50 species of plants in Indonesia can provide Alternative fuel, Tourism Indonesia: http://www.tourismindonesia.com/2007/08/50-species-of-plants-in-indonesia-can.html
[76] Biodiesel: Hitting the target, Hm Behl, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow- 226001, INDIA: http://isebindia.com/environews/souvenir_tech_papers.pdf
[77] POTENTIAL HARDWOOD TREE SPECIES FOR BIOFUELS IN
THE SOUTHEAST UNITED STATES, Oghenekome Onokpise, Clifford Louime,
Don Rockwood and Richard Hall: http://www.mdpi.org/ijms/specialissues/IJMS-24-04-abstract.pdf
[78] 50 species of plants in Indonesia can provide Alternative fuel, Tourism Indonesia: http://www.tourismindonesia.com/2007/08/50-species-of-plants-in-indonesia-can.html
[79] Energy from Biomass: Proceedings of the Workshop and Ec Contractors' Meeting, Wolfgang Palz, D. Pirrwitz: http://books.google.com/books?id=lXBhn2RPIvEC&pg=PA58&lpg=PA58&ots=UnR3_-U1bq&dq=biofuel+species+spartina&output=html&sig=k-FER16Zc88sW48rnEakdwjhk-E
[80] Invasive species, BARC, Kudzu and Bio-fuel, John Peter Thompson, Invasive Notes: http://ipetrus.blogspot.com/2007/06/invasive-species-barc-kudzu-and-bio.html
[81] Invasive Species Council report on biofuels, media release: http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/biofuelwatch/message/1115
[82] Biodiesel: Hitting the target, Hm Behl, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow- 226001, INDIA: http://isebindia.com/environews/souvenir_tech_papers.pdf
[83] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[84] Plant Materials Used for Biofuel, Plant Materials Program: http://plant-materials.nrcs.usda.gov/pubs/NPMFactSheets/Biofuel/Biofuels-FactSheet-June07.pdf
[85] Invasive Species Council report on biofuels, media release: http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/biofuelwatch/message/1115
[86] Biodiesel: Hitting the target, Hm Behl, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow- 226001, INDIA: http://isebindia.com/environews/souvenir_tech_papers.pdf
[87] Biodiesel: Hitting the target, Hm Behl, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow- 226001, INDIA: http://isebindia.com/environews/souvenir_tech_papers.pdf
[88] 50 species of plants in Indonesia can provide Alternative fuel, Tourism Indonesia: http://www.tourismindonesia.com/2007/08/50-species-of-plants-in-indonesia-can.html
[89] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[90] 50 species of plants in Indonesia can provide Alternative fuel, Tourism Indonesia: http://www.tourismindonesia.com/2007/08/50-species-of-plants-in-indonesia-can.html
[91] 50 species of plants in Indonesia can provide Alternative fuel, Tourism Indonesia: http://www.tourismindonesia.com/2007/08/50-species-of-plants-in-indonesia-can.html
[92] 50 species of plants in Indonesia can provide Alternative fuel, Tourism Indonesia: http://www.tourismindonesia.com/2007/08/50-species-of-plants-in-indonesia-can.html
[93] Virginia mallow – Huge potential for one of the most promising perennial biomass crops, prof. Halina Borkowska, Agricultural College Lublin prof. Bolesław Styk, Agricultural College Lublin, Roman Molas, Hort-Max/BNI, Lublin, Poland: http://www.worldofrenewables.com/index.php?do=viewarticle&artid=198&title=virginia-mallow-huge-potential-for-one-of-the-most-promising-perennial-biomass-crops
[94] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[95] Adding Biofuels to the Invasive Species Fire?, S. Raghu,* R. C. Anderson, C. C. Daehler, A. S. Davis, R. N. Wiedenmann, D. Simberloff, R. N. Mack: http://www.bio.ilstu.edu/anderson/Raghu_et_al_2006%20Final%20published%20article%20September%2022%202006.pdf
[96] Will the Emerging Bioeconomy Add to the Burden of Invasive Species Management?, S. Raghu, Division of Biodiversity and Ecological Entomology: http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/inhsreports/2007/spring2007.pdf
[97] Energy from Biomass: Proceedings of the Workshop and Ec Contractors' Meeting, Wolfgang Palz, D. Pirrwitz: http://books.google.com/books?id=lXBhn2RPIvEC&pg=PA58&lpg=PA58&ots=UnR3_-U1bq&dq=biofuel+species+spartina&output=html&sig=k-FER16Zc88sW48rnEakdwjhk-E
[98] Virginia mallow – Huge potential for one of the most promising perennial biomass crops, prof. Halina Borkowska, Agricultural College Lublin prof. Bolesław Styk, Agricultural College Lublin, Roman Molas, Hort-Max/BNI, Lublin, Poland: http://www.worldofrenewables.com/index.php?do=viewarticle&artid=198&title=virginia-mallow-huge-potential-for-one-of-the-most-promising-perennial-biomass-crops
[99] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[100] CORN STOVER IMPACTS ON NEAR-SURFACE SOIL PROPERTIES OF NO-TILL CORN IN OHIO; http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=182800
[101] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
Thursday, October 11, 2007
Feathers to Plastic BARC strikes again
Today, I was able to watch a demonstration at USDA/BARC which turned poultry feathers into biodegradable plastic. Think a moment of the possibilities, and then note all my postings on the lack of support for this type of research. From climate change to food safety, fundamental science keeps sustaining our quality of life, and we keep through our benevolent polticians benigningly allowing it to fade away. If you are interested in helping and or supporting this kind of research, please write to me: JPETER@BEHNKES.NET
Invasive Species Complexities: A Wicked Inconvenience
Invasive Species (Kudzu) Meets Fox News
National Agricultural Research Center; Invasive Species, Climate Change & Poison Ivy
BARC: Funding for Research Continues to Fall
BARC-National Agricultural Research Center Alliance NARAB
Homeland security; E. coli, and diminished funding & BARC
Monday, October 08, 2007
Invasive notes "biofuels as weeds"
copied from: aliens-l@indaba.iucn.org
Many plants being promoted as biofuels are serious weeds that should not be grown, a new assessment by the Invasive Species Council has found. In a report released at the Greenhouse 2007 climate change conference in Sydney, the Invasive Species Council explained that some biofuel crops “have bad reputations as weeds without any proven value as crops.” Seven plants considered promising as biofuels are banned as noxious weeds in parts of Australia: jatropha, spartina, castor oil plant, Chinee apple, olive, willows, and poplars. Two species – giant reed and spartina – appear on the IUCN’s ‘List of 100 of the World’s Worst Invasive Species'. Giant reed is now on trial as a biofuel crop in South Australia and in Florida, despite the enormous weed problems it causes around the world. In California alone, many millions of dollars are spent each year destroying it. “We should not try to solve one environmental problem by creating another,” said ISC spokesman and report author, Tim Low. “These plants have no proven value as biofuel crops but bad reptuations as weeds.” Jatropha is widely promoted as a “miracle crop” but there is no technology for harvesting its seeds. It is closely related to bellyache bush, one of the worst weeds of farmland in northern Australia. “The naïve enthusiasm shown for jatropha and other weedy biofuel plants recalls the enthusiasm shown for cane toads in a past age,” said Tim, “and the outcome may be similar.” “We should be very wary of over-hyped agricultural ventures, as past experience with golden apple snails and deer farming has shown." Any plant proposed as a biofuel should be assessed first for its environmental impact. Governments and biofuel experts have largely failed to acknowledge that the weed risk exists, an unacceptable situation. The report can be downloaded from the Invasive Species Council website at http://www.invasives.org.au/issues/biofuels.html
From: Tim Low [mailto:Tim.Low@uq.net.au]
Sent: Monday, 8 October 2007 12:18 p.m.
To: aliens-l@indaba.iucn.org
Subject: [Aliens-L] Biofuels as Weeds
Friday, October 05, 2007
New England Native Alternatives Gardening Guide
Every so often, a great and wonderful tool comes along, which helps those who wish to help the cause of sustainable landscape alternatives, and, therefore, fight the battle of invasive species in our environment. One of the largest problems facing the end-user is the difficulty in identifying conservation landscape alternatives. Having decided that English Ivy should be eliminated leaves the consumer struggling with a lack of easy to find alternative information as to which species could be substituted.
Over at Invasive Species Weblog, a user-friendly alternative species tool is now up and ready for your use at the New England Native Alternatives Gardening Guide. Lest you be put off by my first attempts at review and, seemingly negative comments, let me stress that I am delighted, encouraged, and fully supportive of this endeavor. If my first two attempts were somewhat unusual, I was not discouraged, but rather suspected that this was a symptom of a work in process.
Entering in Lythrum gave me eleven alternatives! I can envision a retail use and wish we had this tool at our nursery. Jennifer Forman Orth, Ph.D. and her team are to be commended and supported in their effort to provide a simple, easy-to-use tool for those consumers and users searching for non-harmful plants to grow in their gardens and landscapes.