Worker Health Chartbook 2004

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1		Figure 1-10 Fatal occupational injury rates by State, 2002. Fatal occupational injury rates varied by State from 1.4 to 14.1 per 100,000 employed workers. (The U.S. rate was 4.0 per 100,000 employed workers in 2002.) Fatal occupational injuries exceeded 10 per 100,000 employed workers in Alaska, Wyoming, and Montana. (Sources: BLS [2003a]; BLS [2003b].)
2		Figure 1-11 Incidence rates of occupational injuries and illnesses in private industry by case type, 1973-2001. The private-industry sector reported 5.2 million nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses during 2001, corresponding with an overall rate of 5.7 cases per 100 full-time workers. Approximately 2.6 million were lost-workday cases requiring recuperation away from work or restricted duties at work. The total occupational injury and illness incidence rate continues to decline. This trend is reflected in the private-sector data reported to BLS since 1973. (Note: Lost-workday cases include cases with days away from work and cases with restricted work activity only-that is, cases in which workers report to their jobs for limited duty. See Appendix B for details about case types.) (Source: BLS [2002b].)
3		Figure 1-13 Incidence rates for lost-workday cases of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses in private industry, 1973-2001. Since 1973, the incidence rate for lost-workday cases has varied from 4.3 per 100 full-time workers in 1979 to 2.8 cases per 100 full-time workers in 2001. Lost-workday case rates have been declining since 1990, with a strong contribution from decreases in cases with days away from work. The decline is offset by increases in restricted work activity cases, which have increased steadily since 1987. These cases include those with shortened workdays, temporary job changes, or temporary restrictions of job duties. (Source: BLS [2002b].)
4		Figure 1-15 Number and rate of total nonfatal occupational injuries in private-industry sectors with at least 100,000 cases, 2001. Each of these eight industry sectors (ranked by occupational injury rate) reported more than 100,000 injuries in 2001. Air transportation reported the highest rate in the group (13.6 per 100 workers), followed by nursing and personal care facilities (13.0). Together, these eight industry sectors accounted for about 1.4 million nonfatal injuries, or 29% of the 4.9 million total. (Source: BLS [2002b].)
5		Figure 1-16 Incidence rates for nonfatal occupational injuries in private industry by establishment size, 2001. By establishment size, nonfatal occupational injury rates varied from 7.1 to 2.0 per 100 full-time workers. Incidence rates were higher for establishments employing 50-249 workers than for smaller or larger establishments. This pattern did not hold for all industries. (Source: BLS [2002b].)
6		Figure 1-17 Incidence rates of injuries and illnesses in six major industry sectors, 1992-2001. Overall, incidence rates declined for each of the selected industry sectors during 1992-2001. The highest rates occurred within durable goods manufacturing, construction, and nondurable goods manufacturing. (Source: BLS [2002b].)
7		Figure 1-18 Incidence rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses in private industry by State, 2001. Nonfatal occupational injury and illness rates varied by State from 2.3 to 8.7 per 100 full-time workers. (The U.S. rate was 5.7 per 100 full-time workers.) Lower rates were reported for States in the South, southern coastal States, and the Southwest. (Source: BLS [2003d].)
8		Figure 1-19 Incidence rates for lost-workday cases of nonfatal occupational injury and illness in private industry by State, 2001. Rates of lost-workday cases of nonfatal occupational injury and illness varied among the States from 1.9 to 5.0 per 100 full-time workers, with an overall U.S. rate of 2.8. Lower rates were reported for the South, southern coastal States, and the Southwest. (Source: BLS [2003d].)
9		Figure 1-20 Incidence rates for nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases involving days away from work in private industry by State, 2001. Rates of nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases with days away from work varied among the States from 1.2 to 3.5 per 100 full-time workers. (The U.S. rate was 1.7 per 100 full-time workers.) Lower rates were reported for the South, southern coastal States, Mississippi Delta, and western mountain States. (Source: BLS [2003d].)
10		Figure 1-23 Incidence rates of occupational illness in private industry by illness category, 1984-2001. Since first reporting illness category rates in 1984, BLS has tracked the steep increase in overall illness rates that began in the mid-1980s and peaked in 1994. The overall pattern reflects the trends for disorders associated with repeated trauma. (Source: BLS [2002b].)
11		Figure 1-24 Incidence rates of occupational illness in private industry by illness category other than disorders associated with repeated trauma, 1984-2001. Rates for other categories of illness were smaller than for disorders associated with repeated trauma. These diseases and disorders represent approximately one-third of all reported occupational illnesses. Skin diseases or disorders have consistently accounted for 12%-14% of all occupational illness cases, with rates ranging from 8.2 to 4.3 per 10,000 full-time workers between 1992 and 2001. (Source: BLS [2002b].)
12		Figure 1-26 Incidence rates for occupational illness in private industry by State, 2001. Occupational illness rates varied widely among the States, from 8.8 per 10,000 full-time workers in New Mexico to 142.6 in Maine. (The U.S. rate was 36.7 per 10,000 full-time workers.) Higher rates were reported in the Midwest. Lower rates were reported for States in the South and in the southern coastal and western mountain States. (Source: BLS [2003d].)
13		Figure 2-2 Annual rates of anxiety, stress, and neurotic disorder cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual rate of anxiety, stress, and neurotic disorder cases involving days away from work declined 25% between 1992 and 2001-from 0.8 to 0.6 per 10,000 full-time workers. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
14		Figure 2-8 Incidence rate of anxiety, stress, and neurotic disorder cases by private industry sector, 2001. For anxiety, stress, and neurotic disorders, private industry reported an overall incidence rate of 0.6 per 10,000 full-time workers in 2001. Higher rates were reported for transportation and public utilities (1.1), finance, insurance, and real estate (1.1), and services (0.7) (Note: A dash in parentheses indicates that no data were reported or that data do not meet BLS publication criteria). (Source: BLS [2003a].)
15		Figure 2-9 Annual rates of anxiety, stress, and neurotic disorder cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 1992-2001. The annual rate for these disorders declined 25% in the private sector during 1992-2001, and rates declined for each industry sector except retail trade. Finance, insurance, and real estate had consistently higher rates than other industry sectors during the 10-year period and experienced a 42.1% rate reduction. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
16		Figure 2-11 Incidence rates of hepatitis B infection per 100,000 U.S. health care workers, 1993-1999. The incidence rate (rate of new infections) of hepatitis B infections generally declined about 60% from 1993 to 1999 among U.S. health care workers. These infections include both symptomatic and asymptomatic cases. (Source: CDC [2002a].)
17		Figure 2-15 Numbers and rates of traumatic occupational fatalities, 1980-2000. (All data for 1980-2000 exclude New York City.) The numbers of traumatic occupational fatalities decreased 33% during 1980-2000, from 7,343 fatalities in 1980 to 4,956 in 2000. During this period, the average annual rate for traumatic occupational fatalities decreased 50%-from 7.4 per 100,000 civilian workers in 1980 to 3.7 in 2000. (Source: NIOSH [2003].)
18		Figure 2-16 Numbers and rates of fatal occupational injuries, 1992-2002. A total of 5,524 fatal occupational injuries were recorded in 2002. During 1992-2002, fatality rates declined from 5.2 per 100,000 workers to 4.0. (Source: BLS [2003].)
19		Figure 2-17 Average annual rate of fatal occupational injuries per 100,000 workers by State of death, 1980-2000. (All data for 1980-2000 exclude New York City.) The States with the highest fatality rates for occupational injury during 1980-2000 include Alaska (20.9 per 100,000 workers), Wyoming (14.9), Montana (11.1), Idaho (9.7), Mississippi (9.6), and West Virginia (9.6). The greatest numbers of fatal occupational injuries occurred in California (12,221), Texas (11,635), Florida (7,252), Illinois (5,145), and Pennsylvania (4,420). (Source: NIOSH [2003].)
20		Figure 2-22 Annual rates of fatal occupational injuries by race, 1980-2000. (All data for 1980-2000 exclude New York City.) In general, fatal occupational injury rates decreased for all races during 1980-2000. From 1991 through 1994, the rates for other races increased because of changes in methods for coding race information. Before 1998, black workers had slightly higher fatal occupational injury rates than white workers. But after 1998, the rates for white workers were slightly higher than those for black workers and for workers of all other races. (Source: NIOSH [2003].)
21		Figure 2-34 Average State rates of elevated BLLs per 100,000 employed workers, 1998-2001: (A) 25 µg/dL or greater, and (B) 40 µg/dL or greater. During 1998-2001, the mean State rates for adults with BLLs of 25 µg/dL or greater ranged from 2.6 to 40.9 per 100,000 employed workers. Among the reporting States, those with the highest rates included Pennsylvania (40.9), New Hampshire (28.4), and Alabama (27.5). The lowest rate was reported by Arizona (2.6). State rates may truly reflect the magnitude of the lead exposure problem, but they may be biased because of varying degrees of completeness of blood lead testing carried out by employers among the States. (Sources: NIOSH [2002c]; CDC [2002d].) During 1998-2001, the mean State rates for adults with BLLs of 40 µg/dL or greater ranged from 0.4 to 8.8 per 100,000 employed workers. Among the reporting States, those with the highest rates included Alabama (8.8), New Hampshire (7.5), and North Carolina (7.0). The lowest rate was reported by Arizona (0.4). (Note: Nebraska provided 2 years of data, and South Carolina provided 3 years. All other States provided 4 years of data for this figure.) (Sources: NIOSH [2002c]; CDC [2002d].)
22		Figure 2-38 Rates of MSD cases involving days away from work in private industry by State, 2001. The rate of new MSD cases within reporting States ranged from 35.0 to 141.5 per 10,000 full-time workers in 2001. The States with the highest rates include West Virginia (141.5), Alaska (123.5), and Washington (112.1). BLS reported an overall rate of 57.5 per 10,000 full-time workers for the United States in 2001. (Source: BLS [2003d].)
23		Figure 2-46 Annual rates of CTS cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual rate of CTS cases involving days away from work declined 30.2% during this period-from 4.3 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 3.0 in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
24		Figure 2-53 Annual rates of CTS cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 1992-2001. The private-sector annual rate declined 30.2% during 1992-2001. Rates declined for each industry sector except wholesale trade. During this 10-year period, manufacturing had consistently higher rates than other industry sectors and experienced a 33% rate reduction. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b]; Booth-Jones et al. [2003b].)
25		Figure 2-57 Incidence rates of disorders associated with repeated trauma in private industry, 1984-2001. BLS reported increasing rates for repeated trauma disorders-from 5.1 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1984 to 41.1 in 1994. BLS reported a rate of 23.8 per 10,000 full-time workers in 2001. (Source: BLS [2002].)
26		Figure 2-59 Incidence rates for disorders associated with repeated trauma in private industry by State, 2001. Incidence rates for disorders associated with repeated trauma varied by State in 2001, from a low of 2.9 per 10,000 full-time workers in New Mexico to a high of 120.1 in Maine. The U.S. rate was 23.8 per 10,000 full-time workers. Lower rates were reported for States in the West, the Southwest, and the South. (Source: BLS [2002].)
27		Figure 2-61 Annual rate of tendonitis cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual rate of private-sector tendonitis cases involving days away from work declined 51.5% during this period-from 3.3 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 1.6 in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
28		Figure 2-67 Incidence rate of tendonitis cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 2001. Private industry reported a tendonitis incidence rate of 1.6 per 10,000 full-time workers in 2001. Three sectors reported rates exceeding the private-sector rate: manufacturing (3.2 per 10,000 full-time workers or 5,567 cases), construction (2.0 per 10,000 full-time workers or 1,230 cases), and transportation and public utilities (1.7 per 10,000 full-time workers or 1,128 cases). (Source: BLS [2003a].)
29		Figure 2-68 Annual rates of tendonitis cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 1992-2001. The annual rate of tendonitis cases declined 51.5% in the private sector during 1992-2001. Rates declined among most industry sectors except for mining and transportation and public utilities. Manufacturing had consistently higher rates of tendonitis than other industry sectors and experienced a 59% rate reduction during this 10-year period. (Source: BLS [2003a].)
30		Figure 2-70 Incidence rates of injury cases by type of case in private industry, 1976-2001. The incidence rate for total recordable occupational injuries reached a high of 9.2 cases per 100 full-time workers in 1979 then declined to a low of 5.4 per 100 full-time workers in 2001. Injury rates for cases with restricted work activity only increased steadily from a rate of 0.2 per 100 full-time workers in 1976 to 1.0 in 2001. (Note: Data before 1992 include fatalities.) (Source: BLS [2002].)
31		Figure 2-71 Number and rate of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses treated in hospital emergency departments, by age of worker, 1999. An estimated 3.9 million occupational injuries and illnesses were treated in hospital emergency departments among all industry and occupation groups for workers aged 15 and older. The highest numbers of these injuries and illnesses occurred among workers aged 25-44, and the highest rates were among workers aged 15-24. The overall rate was 3.0 per 100 full-time workers. (Sources: NEISS [2003]; Jackson [2003].)
32		Figure 2-72 Number and rate of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses treated in U.S. hospital emergency departments, by sex of worker, 1999. Two-thirds (or 2.7 million) of all occupational injuries and illnesses treated in hospital emergency departments occurred among male workers aged 15 and older. However, the disparity between male and female workers was not as great when comparing incidence rates (2.2 versus 3.5 per 100 full-time workers). (Sources: NEISS [2003]; Jackson [2003].)
33		Figure 2-73 Number of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses treated in hospital emergency departments, by race/ethnicity, 1999. Among workers of known race/ethnicity treated in hospital emergency departments, 2,464,000 or 78.3% were white, non-Hispanic; 459,000 or 14.6% were black, non-Hispanic; and 225,000 or 7.1% were Hispanic. Race/ethnicity was unknown for a large portion of the workers treated in U.S. hospital emergency departments. (Sources: NEISS [2003]; Jackson [2003].)
34		Figure 2-74 Incidence rate of total nonfatal occupational injury cases by private industry sector, 2001. The private sector reported a total injury incidence rate of 5.4 per 100 full-time workers in 2001. Rates exceeding the private-sector rate were reported for construction (7.8 per 100 full-time workers or 474,500 cases), manufacturing (7.0 per 100 full-time workers or 1.2 million cases), agriculture, forestry, and fishing (7.0 per 100 full-time workers or 104,400 cases), transportation and public utilities (6.6 per 100 full-time workers or 436,900 cases), and retail trade (5.5 per 100 full-time workers or 964,200 cases). (Source: BLS [2002].)
35		Figure 2-75 Incidence rates of total occupational injury cases by private industry sector, 1976-2001. Incidence rates of total occupational injury cases declined for each major industry sector during 1976-2001. With the general decline in rates, the high-to-low rate ratio narrowed from 7.9 in 1976 to 5.2 in 2001. Two industry sectors (construction and manufacturing) had consistently higher rates than most other sectors during the 25-year period. (Note: Data before 1992 include fatalities.) (Source: BLS [2002].)
36		Figure 2-76 Incidence rates of lost-workday injury cases by private industry sector, 1976-2001. The incidence rates for recordable lost-workday injuries varied among industry sectors, with the high-to-low rate ratio narrowing from 8.1 in 1976 to 6.0 in 2001. Three industry sectors (construction, manufacturing, and transportation and public utilities) had consistently higher rates than other sectors during 1976-2001. (Source: BLS [2002].)
37		Figure 2-77 Incidence rates of injury cases with restricted work activity only by private industry sector, 1992-2001. During this 10-year period, the incidence rate for cases of restricted work activity only increased for each major industry sector. The highest rates were reported for manufacturing, ranging from a low of 1.5 per 100 full-time workers in 1992 to a high of 2.1 in 1998 and 2000. The lowest rates (0.1 to 0.2 per 100 full-time workers) were reported for finance, insurance, and real estate. (Source: BLS [2002].)
38		Figure 2-79 Annual rates of amputation cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual rate of amputation cases involving days away from work declined 37.5% in the private sector-from a high of 1.6 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 1.0 in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
39		Figure 2-80 Numbers and rates of nonfatal occupational amputations treated in hospital emergency departments, by age of worker, 1999. An estimated 19,700 occupational amputations were treated in hospital emergency departments-about 0.5% of all injuries and illnesses treated in hospital emergency departments among workers aged 15 and older. The number of cases corresponded to a rate of 1.5 amputations per 10,000 full-time workers. The highest rate of occupational amputations treated in hospital emergency departments occurred among workers under age 25; however, the greatest number occurred among workers aged 35-44. (Sources: NEISS [2003]; Jackson [2003].)
40		Figure 2-82 Number and rate of nonfatal occupational amputations treated in hospital emergency departments, by sex of worker, 1999. Men suffered an estimated 17,200 amputations, 6 to 7 times more amputations at work than women. (Sources: NEISS [2003]; Jackson [2003].)
41		Figure 2-87 Incidence rate of amputation cases involving days away from work in private industry by industry sector, 2001. Private industry reported an amputation incidence rate of 1.0 per 10,000 full-time workers in 2001. Higher rates were reported for agriculture, forestry, and fishing (2.7 per 10,000 full-time workers or 401 cases), manufacturing (2.5 per 10,000 full-time workers or 4,239 cases), construction (1.6 per 10,000 full-time workers or 949 cases), and mining (1.1 per 10,000 full-time workers or 64 cases). (Source: BLS [2003a].)
42		Figure 2-88 Annual rates of amputation cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 1992-2001. The annual rate of amputations declined 37.5% in the private sector during 1992-2001. During this period, rates declined for each of the major industry sectors. Manufacturing had consistently higher rates than other industry sectors during the 10-year period and experienced a 26.5% reduction. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
43		Figure 2-90 Annual rates of back injury cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual rate of back injury cases involving days away from work declined 52% during this 10-year period-from 85.4 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 41.0 in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
44		Figure 2-96 Incidence rate of back injury cases involving days away from work in private industry by industry sector, 2001. In 2001, back injury incidence rates exceeding the private-sector rate (41.0 per 10,000 full-time workers) were reported for transportation and public utilities (77.1 per 10,000 full-time workers or 50,765 cases), construction (63.9 per 10,000 full-time workers or 38,973 cases), agriculture, forestry, and fishing (58.8 per 10,000 full-time workers or 8,830 cases), and wholesale trade (47.3 per 10,000 full-time workers or 30,421 cases). (Source: BLS [2003a].)
45		Figure 2-97 Annual rates of back injury cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 1992-2001. The annual rate for back injuries involving days away from work declined 52% during 1992-2001, and similar reductions occurred in each of the major industry sectors. Two industry sectors (transportation and public utilities and construction) had consistently higher rates than other industry sectors during this 10-year period and experienced 36.1% and 52.7% rate reductions, respectively. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
46		Figure 2-99 Annual rates of bruise and contusion cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual rate of bruise and contusion cases involving days away from work declined 48.5% during 1992-2001, from 29.1 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 15.0 in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
47		Figure 2-105 Incidence rate of bruise and contusion cases by private industry sector, 2001. Private industry reported an incidence rate of 15.0 per 10,000 full-time workers for bruise and contusion cases in 2001. Higher rates were reported for transportation and public utilities (28.5 per 10,000 full-time workers or 18,742 cases), agriculture, forestry, and fishing (26.4 per 10,000 full-time workers or 3,964 cases), construction (20.8 per 10,000 full-time workers or 12,689 cases), mining (19.0 per 10,000 full-time workers or 1,127 cases), wholesale trade (17.8 per 10,000 full-time workers or 11,461 cases), and retail trade (15.9 per 10,000 full-time workers or 27,689 cases). (Source: BLS [2003a].)
48		Figure 2-106 Annual rate of bruise and contusion cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 1992-2001. The private-sector annual rate of bruise and contusion cases declined 48% during 1992-2001, and rate reductions were reported for each of the major industry sectors. Four industry sectors (transportation and public utilities, construction, mining, and agriculture, forestry, and fishing) had consistently higher rates than other sectors during this 10-year period and experienced rate reductions of 35%, 49%, 50%, and 31%, respectively. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
49		Figure 2-108 Annual rates of heat burn and scald cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual rate of heat burn and scald cases involving days away from work declined 48.1% during 1992-2001, from a high of 5.4 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 2.8 in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
50		Figure 2-109 Number and rate of nonfatal occupational burns treated in an emergency department, by age of worker, 1999. In 1999, more than 142,000 occupational burns of all types (thermal, chemical, and radiation) were treated in emergency departments for workers aged 15 and older. The rate of these burns was about 11 per 10,000 full-time workers. Workers under age 25 had an incidence rate that was 2 to 5 times the rates for older age groups. (Sources: NEISS [2003]; Jackson [2003].)
51		Figure 2-111 Numbers and rates of nonfatal occupational burns treated in an emergency department, by sex of worker, 1999. The number of burns among male workers was twice the number among female workers in 1999. (Sources: NEISS [2003]; Jackson [2003].)
52		Figure 2-116 Incidence rate of heat burn and scald cases in private industry by industry sector, 2001. Private industry reported an incidence rate of 2.8 per 10,000 full-time workers for heat burn and scald cases in 2001. Incidence rates exceeding the private-sector rate were reported for retail trade (5.8 per 10,000 full-time workers or 10,082 cases) and construction (4.0 per 10,000 full-time workers or 2,453 cases). (Source: BLS [2003a].)
53		Figure 2-117 Annual rates of heat burn and scald cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 1992-2001. The annual rate of heat burn and scald cases declined by nearly half (48.1%) during 1992-2001, and rate reductions occurred among each of the major industry sectors. Three sectors (retail trade, construction, and manufacturing) had higher rates than the other sectors and experienced rate reductions of 50%, 37.5%, and 50%, respectively, during this 10-year period. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
54		Figure 2-119 Annual rates of cut and laceration cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual rate of cut and laceration cases involving days away from work declined 44.5% during 1992-2001, from 22.7 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 12.6 in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
55		Figure 2-125 Incidence rate of cut and laceration cases in private industry by industry sector, 2001. For 2001, incidence rates exceeding the private-sector rate of 12.6 per 10,000 full-time workers were reported for construction (35.8 per 10,000 full-time workers or 21,849 cases), agriculture, forestry, and fishing (26.5 per 10,000 full-time workers or 3,984 cases), manufacturing (16.1 per 10,000 full-time workers or 27,881 cases), and retail trade (15.4 per 10,000 full-time workers or 26,739 cases). (Source: BLS [2003a].)
56		Figure 2-126 Annual rates of cut and laceration cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 1992-2001. The annual rate of cut and laceration cases declined 44.5% during 1992-2001, and rates declined for each major industry sector. Two sectors (construction and agriculture, forestry, and fishing) had consistently higher rates than other industry sectors during this 10-year period and experienced rate reductions of 26.3% and 41.2%, respectively. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
57		Figure 2-128 Annual rates of fracture cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual rate of fracture cases involving days away from work declined 36.7% during 1992-2001, from 18.8 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 11.9 in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
58		Figure 2-129 Number and rate of nonfatal occupational fractures treated in emergency departments, by age of worker, 1999. In 1999, an estimated 210,000 occupational fractures were treated in U.S. hospital emergency departments. This number corresponded to a rate of 15.9 fractures per 10,000 full-time workers. Although workers aged 35-44 experienced the highest number of fractures, workers aged 15-24 had the highest rate of fractures. Workers aged 55 and older had the smallest number of fractures, but they experienced a slightly higher rate of fractures than workers aged 25-54. (Sources: NEISS [2003]; Jackson [2003].)
59		Figure 2-131 Number and rate of nonfatal occupational fractures treated in emergency departments, by sex of worker, 1999. Men experienced 2 to 3 times more fractures at work than women. (Sources: NEISS [2003]; Jackson [2003].)
60		Figure 2-136 Incidence rate of fracture cases by private industry sector, 2001. Private industry reported an incidence rate of 11.9 per 10,000 full-time workers for fracture cases in 2001. Incidence rates exceeding the private-sector rate were reported for construction (32.5 per 10,000 full-time workers or 19,786 cases), mining (25.4 per 10,000 full-time workers or 1,505 cases), agriculture, forestry, and fishing (21.7 per 10,000 full-time workers or 3,260 cases), transportation and public utilities (20.9 per 10,000 full-time workers or 13,758 cases), and manufacturing (13.0 per 10,000 full-time workers or 22,493 cases). (Source: BLS [2003a].)
61		Figure 2-137 Annual rates of fracture cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 1992-2001. The annual rate of fracture cases in the private sector declined 36.7% during 1992-2001. Rate reductions occurred among each of the major industry sectors. Three sectors (construction, mining, and agriculture, forestry, and fishing) had higher rates than other industry sectors during this 10-year period. They experienced rate reductions of 38.9%, 35.5%, and 33.6%, respectively. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
62		Figure 2-139 Annual rates of sprain, strain, and tear cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual rate of sprain, strain, and tear cases involving days away from work declined 44.9% during 1992-2001, from 133.7 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 73.7 in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
63		Figure 2-145 Incidence rate of sprain, strain, and tear cases by private industry sector, 2001. Private industry reported an incidence rate of 73.7 per 10,000 full-time workers for sprain, strain, and tear cases in 2001. Incidence rates exceeding the private-sector rate were reported for transportation and public utilities (147.0 per 10,000 full-time workers or 96,700 cases), construction (116.8 per 10,000 full-time workers or 71,225 cases), agriculture, forestry, and fishing (91.6 per 10,000 full-time workers or 13,758 cases), and wholesale trade (81.2 per 10,000 full-time workers or 52,261 cases). (Source: BLS [2003a].)
64		Figure 2-146 Annual rates of sprain, strain, and tear cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 1992-2001. The annual rate for sprain, strain, and tear cases declined 44.9% during 1992-2001. Rate reductions occurred for each major industry sector. Two sectors (transportation and public utilities and construction) had consistently higher rates than other industry sectors during this 10-year period. They experienced rate reductions of 41.5% and 30.4%, respectively. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
65		Figure 2-148 Incidence rates for occupational disorders due to physical agents in private industry, 1984-2001. BLS reported rates of disorders due to physical agents ranging from 1.3 to 2.9 per 10,000 full-time workers during 1984-2001. The rate was 1.6 per 10,000 full-time workers in 2001. Disorders due to physical agents accounted for approximately 4% of all reported illness cases. The pattern of rate increases and decreases after 1984 seems to parallel disorders associated with repeated trauma. (Source: BLS [2002].)
66		Figure 2-150 Incidence rates for occupational disorders due to physical agents in private industry by State, 2001. Rates of occupational disorders due to physical agents vary among the States from a reported low of 0.2 per 10,000 full-time workers in Delaware to a high of 4.1 in Nebraska. The U.S. rate was 1.6 per 10,000 full-time workers. (Source: BLS [2002].)
67		Figure 2-152 Annual rates of occupational poisoning in private industry, 1984-2001. BLS reported poisoning rates ranging from a high of 1.0 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1993 to a low of 0.3 in 2001. Occupational poisonings have low rates and generally account for only about 1% of all illnesses. (Source: BLS [2002].)
68		Figure 2-154 Incidence rates for occupational poisoning in private industry by State, 2001. Occupational poisoning rates varied from a low of less than 0.1 per 10,000 full-time workers in many States to a high of 1.2 per 10,000 full-time workers in Maine. The U.S. rate was 0.3 per 10,000 full-time workers. (Source: BLS [2002].)
69		Figure 2-166 Age-adjusted mortality rates for hypersensitivity pneumonitis in U.S. residents aged 15 and older by State, 1990-1999. States with higher hypersensitivity pneumonitis mortality rates during 1990-1999 were in the upper Midwest, the northern Plains and Mountain States, and New England. In the group of States with the highest mortality from hypersensitivity pneumonitis, rates ranged from three to five times the U.S. rate of 0.2 per million. (Source: NIOSH [2002e].)
70		Figure 2-169 Age-adjusted mortality rates for malignant mesothelioma in U.S. residents aged 15 or older by State, 1999. The highest malignant mesothelioma mortality rates occurred in Alaska and Maine in 1999. The rates for each of these States were more than twice the national rate of 11.7 per million. States in the next highest rate group were widely dispersed, with a concentration on the eastern seaboard and in the West. The rates in these States were nearly 1.5 to 2 times the U.S. rate. (Source: NIOSH [2002e].)
71		Figure 2-177 PMRs and 95% confidence intervals for asbestosis in U.S. residents aged 15 or older by industry and occupation, adjusted for age, race, and sex, 1990-1999. Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral and stone products and ship and boat building and repairing had the highest significant asbestosis PMRs among industries. Among occupations, insulation workers and boilermakers had the highest asbestosis PMRs. (Note: The figure presents the highest significant PMRs based on 10 or more deaths.) (Source: NIOSH [2002f].)
72		Figure 2-179 Age-adjusted mortality rates for byssinosis in U.S. residents aged 15 or older by State, 1990-1999. States with the highest byssinosis mortality rates during 1990-1999 were located predominantly in the Southeast in the textile-producing States. During this period, more than half of byssinosis decedents were residents of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. (Source: NIOSH [2002f].)
73		Figure 2-193 Age-adjusted mortality rates for silicosis in U.S. residents aged 15 or older by State, 1990-1997. States with the highest silicosis mortality rates during 1990-1999 were regionally dispersed: West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Vermont make up the eastern cluster; and Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah constitute the western cluster. Mortality rates for each of these States were at least three times the rate of 1.21 per million for the entire United States. (Source: NIOSH [2002f].)
74		Figure 2-196 Incidence rates of dust diseases of the lungs in private industry, 1984-2001. During 1984-2001, BLS reported incidence rates of dust diseases of the lungs ranging from a high of 0.5 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1986 and in 1987 to a low of 0.1 in 2001. The overall trend during this period was downward. Dust diseases of the lungs are the least prevalent of the illness conditions, accounting for approximately 1% of all reported illness cases. (Source: BLS [2002].)
75		Figure 2-198 Incidence rates for dust diseases of the lungs in private industry by State, 2001. Rates for occupational dust diseases of the lungs varied by State in 2001, from a low of 0.1 per 10,000 full-time workers in most States to a high of 3.8 per 10,000 full-time workers in West Virginia. The U.S. rate was 0.1 per 10,000 full-time workers. Lower rates were reported for States in the South, the Southwest, and the West. (Source: BLS [2002].)
76		Figure 2-200 Incidence rates of respiratory conditions due to toxic agents in private industry, 1984-2001. During 1984-2001, BLS reported relatively low rates of respiratory conditions due to toxic agents. The highest rate (3.1 per 10,000 full-time workers) was reported for 1992-1994, and the lowest rate (1.6) was reported for 1984 and 2000-2001. Respiratory conditions due to toxic agents accounted for approximately 4%-5% of all reported illness cases. (Source: BLS [2002].)
77		Figure 2-202 Incidence rates for respiratory conditions due to toxic agents in private industry by State, 2001. In 2001, incidence rates of occupational respiratory conditions due to toxic agents varied by State from a low of 0.7 per 10,000 full-time workers in Louisiana to a high of 5.0 in Maine. The U.S. rate was 1.6 per 10,000 full-time workers. Lower rates were reported for Southern, Southwestern, and Western States. (Source: BLS [2002].)
78		Figure 2-203 Incidence rates of TB in health care workers, 1994-2000. The TB incidence rate in health care workers declined from 5.4 per 100,000 workers in 1994 to 3.7 in 2000. (Note: The TB incidence rate for each year was computed using the number of health care workers as the denominator. This number was obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau's Current Population Survey for each year.) (Source: CDC [2002c].)
79		Figure 2-205 Incidence rates of skin diseases and disorders in private industry, 1984-2001. Rates of skin diseases and disorders increased from 6.3 cases per 10,000 full-time workers in 1984 to 8.2 in 1992. Rates remained elevated through 1995 then declined to 4.3 cases per 10,000 full-time workers in 2001-the lowest rate ever reported by BLS. (Source: BLS [2002].)
80		Figure 2-207 Incidence rates for skin diseases and disorders in private industry by State, 2001. In 2001, rates of occupational skin diseases and disorders varied by State from a low of 1.2 cases per 10,000 full-time workers in New Mexico to a high of 9.8 in Kansas. The U.S. rate was 4.3 cases per 10,000 full-time workers. Lower rates were reported for the West, the Southwest, and the Mid-Atlantic States. (Source: BLS [2002].)
81		Figure 2-209 Annual rates of dermatitis cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual rate of private-sector dermatitis cases involving days away from work declined 58.3% during 1992-2001, from 1.2 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 0.5 in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
82		Figure 2-215 Incidence rate of dermatitis cases by private industry sector, 2001. For dermatitis cases, private industry reported an incidence rate of 0.5 per 10,000 full-time workers in 2001. Higher rates were reported for agriculture, forestry, and fishing (1.3), manufacturing (0.7), transportation and public utilities (0.7), and services (0.6). (Note: A dash in parentheses indicates that no data were reported or that data do not meet BLS publication criteria.) (Source: BLS [2003a].)
83		Figure 2-216 Annual rates of dermatitis cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 1992-2001. The annual rate for dermatitis cases in the private sector declined 58.3% during 1992-2001, and rates declined for each industry sector. Agriculture had consistently higher rates of dermatitis cases than other industry sectors and experienced a 78% rate reduction during this 10-year period. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
84		Figure 3-2 Annual rates of fatal occupational injury in the agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry and the private sector, 1992-2002. Annual rates of fatal occupational injury in agriculture, forestry, and fishing ranged from 26.5 per 100,000 employed workers in 1993 to 21.3 in 2000. The rates during 1992-2002 were 3.9 to 5.4 times the private-sector rates. Both agriculture, forestry, and fishing and the private sector show declining rates of fatal occupational injuries since 1993. (Sources: BLS [2003]; Myers [2003].)
85		Figure 3-3 Fatal occupational injury rates in the agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry and the private sector by age, 1992-2001. (Fatality data exclude New York City.) During 1992-2001, fatal occupational injury rates in agriculture, forestry, and fishing were higher in every age group than in the private sector. The rates in agriculture ranged from 13.7 per 100,000 for workers aged 16-24 to 62.0 for workers older than 64. These differences increase with age. The greatest differences were noted for workers aged 55 or older. (Sources: BLS [2002a]; Myers [2003].)
86		Figure 3-4 Number and rate of fatal occupational injuries by race in the agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry, 1992-2001. (Fatality data exclude New York City.) White workers accounted for the highest number of fatal occupational injuries (7,018) in agriculture, forestry, and fishing during 1992-2001. The highest rate was observed among black workers (26.9 fatalities per 100,000 employed workers). American Indians or Alaska Natives had the lowest number (60) and rate (20.7 per 100,000) of fatal occupational injuries. (Sources: BLS [2002a,b]; Myers [2003].)
87		Figure 3-5 Fatal occupational injury rates among Hispanic and non-Hispanic workers in the agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry, 1992-2001. (Fatality data exclude New York City.) During 1992-2001 in the agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry, non-Hispanic workers accounted for a higher rate of fatal occupational injuries than Hispanic workers (20.2 compared with 15.8 fatal injuries per 100,000 employed workers). (Sources: BLS [2002a,b]; Myers [2003].)
88		Figure 3-9 Fatal occupational injury rates in the agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry by State, 1992-2000. (Fatality data exclude New York City.) During 1992-2000, the highest fatal occupational injury rates in agriculture, forestry, and fishing were reported by Alaska (175.9 per 10,000 workers), Kentucky (62.3), and Tennessee (44.3). (Sources: BLS [2001a,b]; Myers [2001b].)
89		Figure 3-14 Occupational injury rates in the agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry (excluding farms with fewer than 11 employees) and the private sector, 1981-2001. Occupational injury rates in agriculture, forestry, and fishing declined from 11.7 per 100 full-time workers in 1981 to 6.8 in 2000. The rate increased slightly in 2001 to 7.0 per 100 full-time workers. Injury rates for agriculture consistently exceeded comparable rates in the private sector. (Note: Data before 1992 include fatalities.) (Sources: BLS [2002c]; Myers [2002].)
90		Figure 3-16 Rates of nonfatal occupational farming injuries by State, 1993-1995. Mississippi had the highest rate of nonfatal occupational farming injury (14.5 per 100 full-time workers), followed by Alaska and Washington (combined injury rate of 14.3), Arizona (13.7), Ohio (13.1), and Colorado (11.3). (Note: For reporting purposes, the following States were combined: Alaska and Washington; Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island; Delaware and Maryland; Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont; Montana and Wyoming; and Nevada and Utah.) (Sources: BLS [2002b]; NIOSH [2001b]; Myers [2001c].)
91		Figure 3-18 Rates of nonfatal occupational farming injuries by type of farm operation, 1993-1995. Nonfatal occupational injury rates were similar for crop and livestock farms during 1993-1995, but rates were slightly higher for crop farms. (Sources: NIOSH [2001b]; Myers [2001c].)
92		Figure 3-20 Number and rate of all nonfatal on-farm injuries to youths under age 20 by relationship to the farm, 1998. In 1998, farm youths accounted for 25,768 nonfatal on-farm injuries, both occupational and nonoccupational. Household farm youths had a higher overall nonfatal injury rate (1.87 per 100) than youths hired to work on the farm (0.32 per 100). (Note: A probability sample was used to produce different injury estimates. Because of rounding in calculating these estimates, data may not sum to the totals.) (Source: Myers and Hendricks [2001].)
93		Figure 3-21 Number and rate of nonfatal occupational on-farm injuries to youths under age 20 by relationship to the farm, 1998. In 1998, farm youths under age 20 accounted for 12,382 nonfatal occupational on-farm injuries. Youth visitors and hired youths accounted for similar numbers of occupational injuries (2,208 and 2,127 injuries, respectively). Household farm youths had a higher overall occupational injury rate than youths hired to work on the farm. (Note: A probability sample was used to produce different injury estimates. Because of rounding in calculating these estimates, data may not sum to the totals.) (Source: Myers and Hendricks [2001].)
94		Figure 3-22 Number and rate of all nonfatal on-farm injuries to youths under age 20 by region, 1998. In 1998, the Midwest region of the United States had the highest number of all nonfatal on-farm injuries to youths under age 20 (12,040 injuries), whereas the West had the highest rate of these injuries (1.38 per 100 youths). (Source: Myers and Hendricks [2001].)
95		Figure 3-23 Number and rate of occupational on-farm injuries to youths under age 20 by region, 1998. The Midwest region of the United States had the highest number of occupational on-farm injuries to youths in 1998 (6,107 injuries) as well as the highest occupational injury rate (0.95 per 100 youths). (Source: Myers and Hendricks [2001].)
96		Figure 3-25 Number and rate of nonfatal injuries to household youths under age 20 on racial minority farm operations by race, 2000. American Indian and Alaska Native youths had the highest number (177) and rate (24.0 per 1,000 youths) of nonfatal injuries among household youths on minority farm operations. Youths of other races had the second highest number (96) and rate (12.3 per 1,000 youths) of nonfatal injuries among household youths, followed by black youths and Asian or Pacific Islander youths. (Source: Myers et al. [2003].)
97		Figure 3-26 Number and rate of nonfatal injuries to youths under age 20 on racial minority farm operations by relationship to the farm, 2000. Household youths had the highest number (348) and rate (12.2 per 1,000 youths) of nonfatal injuries among youths on racial minority farm operations in 2000. Hired workers had the second highest injury rate (2.7 per 1,000 hired working youths) but the lowest number of injuries (20). Visiting relatives accounted for the second highest number of nonfatal youth injuries (124), followed by hired workers (20). (Source: Myers et al. [2003].)
98		Figure 3-27 Number and rate of nonfatal occupational injuries to youths under age 20 on racial minority farm operations by relationship to the farm, 2000. Household youths had the highest number (138) and rate (11.7 per 1,000 youths) of nonfatal occupational injuries to youths on racial minority farm operations in 2000. Visiting relatives had the next highest number of injuries (42) and the same rate of nonfatal occupational injuries as hired workers (2.7 per 1,000 youths). (Source: Myers et al. [2003].)
99		Figure 3-28 Number and rate of nonfatal injuries to household youths under age 20 on racial minority farm operations by known injury hazard, 2000. Of the four known injury hazards to household youths in 2000, work accounted for the highest number (138) and rate (11.7 per 1,000 youths) of nonfatal injuries to these youths on racial minority farm operations. Horses accounted for the second highest number (60) and rate (8.0 per 1,000 youths) of these nonfatal injuries, followed by all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) and tractors. (Source: Myers et al. [2003].)
100		Figure 3-30 Number and rate of nonfatal injuries to youths under age 20 on Hispanic farm operations by relationship to the farm, 2000. Household youths had the highest number (256) and rate (14.2 per 1,000) of nonfatal injuries to youths on Hispanic farm operations in 2000. Visiting relatives accounted for an additional 58 injuries on these farms, followed by other visitors (33 injuries). Hired workers accounted for the lowest number of nonfatal injuries to youths (17), but they had the second highest injury rate (3.3 per 1,000 youths). (Source: Myers et al. [2003].)
101		Figure 3-31 Number and rate of nonfatal occupational injuries to youths under age 20 on Hispanic farm operations by relationship to the farm, 2000. On Hispanic farm operations in 2000, household youths had a much higher number (114) of occupational injuries than nonhousehold youths, and their rate of injury (14.4 per 1,000 youths) was 8 times the rate for nonhousehold working youths (1.7 per 1,000 youths). (Source: Myers et al. [2003].)
102		Figure 3-32 Number and rate of nonfatal injuries to household youths under age 20 on Hispanic farm operations by known injury hazard, 2000. Of the four recognized hazards to household youths in 2000, work accounted for the highest number (114) and rate (14.4 per 1,000 youths) of nonfatal injuries to these youths on Hispanic farm operations. Horses accounted for the second highest number (31) and rate (5.8 per 1,000 youths) of these nonfatal injuries, followed by ATVs and tractors. (Source: Myers et al. [2003].)
103		Figure 3-38 Occupational injury rates for farm workers by age, 1999. In 1999, nonfatal occupational injury rates for farm workers increased with age, peaking at 11.2 per 100 workers aged 45-54 and declining steeply for workers aged 55-64. (Note: A dash in parentheses indicates that no injury data were reported or estimated from the survey for this age group; thus no rate estimates were made.) (Sources: DOL [2001]; Myers [2001d].)
104		Figure 4-1 Fatal occupational injury rates by industry division, 2002. Fatal occupational injury rates in 2002 were highest in mining (23.5 per 100,000 workers), agriculture, forestry, and fishing (22.7), construction (12.2), and transportation and public utilities (11.3). The rate for all private industry was 4.2 per 100,000 workers. (Source: BLS [2003a].)
105		Figure 4-2 Incidence rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses in private industry and in high-risk industrial sectors, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, the rates of total recordable injuries and illnesses in construction and agriculture exceeded those for all private industry by an average of 37% and 22%, respectively. However, the rates all decreased by similar percentages during this period-36% for all private industry, 40% for construction, and 37% for agriculture, forestry, and fishing. (Source: BLS [2002a].)
106		Figure 4-5 Number and average annual rate of fatal occupational injuries in coal and metal/nonmetal mining for each 5-year period during 1966-2000, including factors affecting reductions in these injuries. The Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969 was passed soon after 78 coal miners died in 1968 during an underground explosion in the Consol No. 9 Mine at Farmington, West Virginia. Numbers and rates of fatal injuries in coal mining declined steadily after passage of the 1969 Act. During the most recent 5-year period (1996-2000), the fatal injury rate for coal mining was at its lowest-33 per 100,000 full-time equivalent workers. The Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 (which included metal/nonmetal mining) was passed a few years after 91 miners lost their lives in a 1972 underground mine fire at the Sunshine Silver Mine. The fatal occupational injury rate for metal/nonmetal mining declined to its lowest rate (25.3 per 100,000 full-time equivalent workers) in 1991-1995. During 1996-2000, this rate increased to 27.1 fatalities per 100,000 full-time equivalent workers. Safety and health legislation has been an important factor in reducing fatal occupational injury rates over the past three decades. However, other critical factors include improvements in mining technology such as roof bolting to prevent roof cave-ins, dust suppression and ventilation techniques, and use of noncombustible materials to prevent explosions and fires. Despite large declines in the numbers and rates of fatal injuries to miners, mining continues to be one of the most hazardous occupations. (Sources: MSHA [2002]; NIOSH [2003a].)
107		Figure 4-8 Number and rate of fatal mining injuries by employment size of mining operation (excluding independent contractor workers), 1998-2002. During 1998-2002, rates of fatal mining injuries generally decreased as the employment size of mining operations increased. The highest fatal injury rate occurred in mining operations employing fewer than 10 workers (40.0 fatal per 100,000 workers). Conversely, the lowest fatal injury rate (17.8 per 100,000 workers) occurred in mining operations employing 250 or more workers. (Sources: MSHA [2003]; NIOSH [2003a].)
108		Figure 4-9 Rate of lost-workday injuries for surface mining operations by type of employer and commodity, 1993-2002. From 1993 to 2002, the rate of lost-workday injuries declined overall for operator workers in all commodities and for metal/nonmetal-independent contractor workers. Throughout this 10-year period, the highest rates of lost-workday injuries were consistently observed for stone operator workers. (Sources: MSHA [2003]; NIOSH [2003a].)
109		Figure 4-11 Rate of lost-workday injuries by type of incident and work location, 1998-2002. During 1998-2002, miners at underground locations generally had higher nonfatal injury rates than those working on the surface. Injuries to miners at both surface and underground locations were most frequently associated with handling materials and slip or fall of person. Miners working underground also had relatively high rates of injury from fall of ground incidents (caving rock), or in incidents involving powered haulage or machinery. (Sources: MSHA [2003]; NIOSH [2003a].)
110		Figure 4-19 Numbers of deaths, crude mortality rates, and age-adjusted mortality rates for U.S. residents aged 15 or older with coal workers' pneumoconiosis recorded as an underlying or contributing cause on the death certificate, 1968-1999. After passage of the Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969, an increase occurred in the number and rate of deaths reported with coal workers' pneumoconiosis (black lung) recorded on the death certificate. The number and rate of these deaths were at their lowest in 1999, the last year for which data are currently available. The number decreased from 2,870 in 1972 to 1,003 in 1999. In 1972, the crude and age-adjusted mortality rates were 18.9 and 21.2 per million population, respectively. Both rates declined to 4.7 per million in 1999. (Note: Age-adjusted mortality rates are standardized to the year 2000 standard population.) (Sources: NCHS [2002]; NIOSH [2002].)
111		Figure 4-21 Distribution of fatal occupational injuries among construction workers by age, 1992 and 2001. The construction workforce has been growing older: In 2001, the average age for construction workers was 38.7 (1.5 years older than it was in 1992). In addition, the median age increased from 35 to 39 during this 10-year period. The aging of the construction workforce is reflected in the distribution of fatal occupational injuries in this group by age. From 1992 to 2001, the largest proportion of fatal occupational injuries shifted from construction workers aged 25-34 to those aged 35-44. For construction workers aged 25 or 34, the proportion with fatal injuries declined (from 27.8% to 21.7%), whereas it increased for workers aged 65 or older (from 3.9% to 5.9%). (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Dong et al. [2004].)
112		Figure 4-22 Fatal occupational injury rates among Hispanic and non-Hispanic workers in the construction industry, 1992-2001. Fatal occupational injuries among Hispanic construction workers increased from 108 in 1992 to 281 in 2001. Since 1992, Hispanic construction workers have had markedly higher fatal occupational injury rates than their non-Hispanic counterparts. In 2001 (the most recent year measured), the rate of work-related deaths from construction injuries for Hispanics was 19.5 per 100,000 full-time workers-62.5% higher than the rate of 12.0 for non-Hispanic construction workers. During 1990-2001, Hispanic employment in the U.S. construction industry increased greatly, from 649,800 in 1990 to 1.5 million (or 15.6% of the construction workforce) in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Dong et al. [2004].)
113		Figure 4-23 Fatal occupational injury rates by construction trade, 2001. Fatal occupational injury rates in the construction trades for 2001 ranged from 6.0 per 100,000 full-time workers for drywall installers to 75.6 for ironworkers-more than a 12-fold difference. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Chowdhury and Dong [2002].)
114		Figure 4-24 Distribution of construction workers and fatal occupational injuries by employment size of establishment, 2001. In 2001, more than 80% of construction establishments had fewer than 10 employees, and establishments with fewer than 20 employees employed only 38.2% of the wage-and-salary workforce. However, fatal occupational injuries among these smaller establishments accounted for more than 55.5% of fatal occupational injuries in 2001. (Note: The calculation excludes the self-employed workers and deaths reported without establishment-size information.) (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Census [2003]; Dong et al. [2004].)
115		Figure 4-25 Numbers and rates of fatal occupational injuries among construction workers by fatal event, 2001. In 2001, falls to lower level accounted for the greatest number of fatal occupational injuries among construction workers (410 fatalities or 4.3 per 100,000 full-time workers). Highway accidents accounted for 161 deaths, a fatal injury rate of 1.7 per 100,000 full-time workers. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Dong et al. [2004].)
116		Figure 4-26 Fatal occupational fall rates by selected construction trade, 2001. The 2001 rate for fatal occupational falls among ironworkers was 66.8 per 100,000 workers-15 times the average rate for all construction. For roofers, the fatal fall rate was 30.1, or 7 times the average rate for all construction. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Dong et al. [2004].)
117		Figure 4-27 Rate of nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases with days away from work by construction trade, 2001. In 2001, the rate of nonfatal injuries and illnesses involving days away from work ranged from 131.2 per 10,000 full-time workers among painters to 751.8 for ironworkers-nearly a 6-fold difference. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)
118		Figure 4-28 Rates of nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases with days away from work in construction and private industry by selected ergonomic events or exposures, 2001. Injuries and illnesses associated with ergonomic events or exposures made up 26.5% (49,237 of 185,662) of all nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work in the construction industry in 2001. The rate of bending, climbing, crawling, reaching, twisting injuries in construction was 15 per 10,000 full-time workers-nearly double the rate of 8 for all private industry that year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b,c]; Dong et al. [2004].)
119		Figure 4-29 Fatal occupational injury rates for brickmasons and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, fatal occupational injury rates for brickmasons were generally lower than those for all construction workers. Rates for brickmasons showed an up-and-down decreasing pattern, varying from 6.3 per 100,000 full-time workers in 2001 to 15.2 in 1995. BLS reported 145 fatal occupational injuries among brickmasons during this 10-year period-an average of 14 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)
120		Figure 4-30 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for brickmasons and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work were generally lower for brickmasons than for all construction workers. Rates for brickmasons showed a downward trend from a 424 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1994 to 201 in 2001. BLS reported 36,172 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among brickmasons during this 10-year period-an average of 3,617 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)
121		Figure 4-31 Fatal occupational injury rates for carpenters and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, fatal occupational injury rates for carpenters were parallel to and consistently lower than rates for all construction workers. Rates for carpenters varied within a narrow range, from 8.9 per 100,000 full-time workers in 1995 to 6.7 in 2000. BLS reported 848 fatal occupational injuries among carpenters during this 10-year period-an average of 85 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)
122		Figure 4-32 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for carpenters and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work were slightly higher for carpenters than for all construction workers, but they were comparable in overall magnitude. Rates for carpenters showed a downward trend, from 489 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1993 to 313 in 2001. BLS reported 285,705 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among carpenters during this 10-year period-an average of 28,570 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)
123		Figure 4-33 Fatal occupational injury rates for drywall installers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Fatal occupational injury rates for drywall installers were consistently lower than those for all construction workers during 1992-2001. Except for 1992, the rates for drywall installers varied within a narrow range, from 6.7 per 100,000 full-time workers in 1993 to 3.4 in 1998. BLS reported 80 fatal occupational injuries among drywall installers during this 10-year period-an average of 10 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)
124		Figure 4-34 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for drywall installers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for drywall installers showed a downward trend during 1992-2001, from 720 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 259 in 2000. BLS reported 43,575 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among construction workers during this 10-year period-an average of 4,357 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)
125		Figure 4-35 Fatal occupational injury rates for electricians and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Fatal occupational injury rates for electricians during 1992-2001 were comparable with those for all construction workers. Rates for electricians showed an up-and-down decreasing pattern, from 18.3 per 100,000 full-time workers in 1995 to 9.0 in 2000. BLS reported 671 fatal occupational injuries among electricians during this 10-year period-an average of 67 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)
126		Figure 4-36 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for electricians and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for electricians were slightly higher but comparable with those for all construction workers. Rates for electricians showed a downward trend, from 522 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1994 to 246 in 2001. BLS reported 142,811 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among electricians during this 10-year period-an average of 14,281 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)
127		Figure 4-37 Fatal occupational injury rates for ironworkers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Fatal occupational injury rates for ironworkers during 1992-2001 were substantially greater (4.8-10.5 times greater) than those for all construction workers. Rates for ironworkers showed a downward trend, from 147.6 per 100,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 60.0 in 2000. BLS reported 424 fatal occupational injuries among ironworkers during this 10-year period-an average of 42 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)
128		Figure 4-38 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for ironworkers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for ironworkers during 1992-2001 were consistently greater (1.7-3.9 times greater) than those for all construction workers. Rates for ironworkers showed a downward trend, from 1,750 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 550 in 1997. The 2001 rate of 752 per 10,000 full-time workers represents a 57% decrease from the 1992 rate of nonfatal injury and illness for ironworkers. BLS reported 40,173 cases of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among ironworkers during this 10-year period-an average of 4,017 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)
129		Figure 4-39 Fatal occupational injury rates for construction laborers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Fatal occupational injury rates for construction laborers during 1992-2001 were substantially greater (2.5-3.4 times greater) than those for all construction workers. Between 1992 and 1997, rates increased from 36.8 per 100,000 full-time workers to 47.3, then decreased to a low of 30.8 in 2000. BLS reported 2,873 fatal occupational injuries among construction laborers during this 10-year period-an average of 287 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)
130		Figure 4-40 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for construction laborers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for construction laborers during 1992-2001 were consistently greater (1.8-2.7 times greater) than those for all construction workers. Rates for construction laborers showed a downward trend, from 1,330 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 512 in 2001. The 2001 rate represents a 62% decrease from the 1992 rate. BLS reported 467,258 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among construction laborers during this 10-year period-an average of 46,726 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)
131		Figure 4-41 Fatal occupational injury rates for operating engineers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Fatal occupational injury rates for operating engineers during 1992-2001 exceeded those for all construction workers except during 1995. Rates for operating engineers showed an increasing trend, varying between 12.2 per 100,000 full-time workers and 23.0 (compared with 12.4 and 14.8 per 100,000 full-time workers for all construction workers). BLS reported 342 fatal occupational injuries among operating engineers during this 10-year period-an average of 34 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)
132		Figure 4-42 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for operating engineers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work were lower for operating engineers than for all construction workers, but both rates were comparable in overall magnitude. Rates for operating engineers showed a downward trend, from 581 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 162 in 2001. BLS reported 37,431 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among operating engineers during this 10-year period-an average of 3,743 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)
133		Figure 4-43 Fatal occupational injury rates for painters and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, fatal occupational injury rates for painters were lower than those for all construction workers. Rates for painters showed an up-and-down decreasing pattern, varying from 12.2 per 100,000 full-time workers in 1996 to 7.9 in 1999. BLS reported 384 fatal occupational injuries among painters during this 10-year period-an average of 38 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)
134		Figure 4-44 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for painters and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for painters were consistently lower (0.5 to 0.8 times lower) than those for all construction workers. Rates showed a downward trend, from 368 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 131 in 2001. The 2001 rate of 131 per 10,000 full-time workers represents a 64% decrease in rates since 1992. BLS reported 50,264 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among painters during this 10-year period-an average of 5,026 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)
135		Figure 4-45 Fatal occupational injury rates for plumbers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, fatal occupational injury rates for plumbers were lower than those for all construction workers. Rates for plumbers showed a downward trend, from 9.7 per 100,000 full-time workers in 1994 to 5.1 in 1998. BLS reported 284 fatal occupational injuries among plumbers during this 10-year period-an average of 28 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)
136		Figure 4-46 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for plumbers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for plumbers were slightly higher than those for all construction workers, though they were comparable in overall magnitude. Rates for plumbers showed a downward trend, from 504 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 326 in 1998. BLS reported 113,679 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among plumbers during this 10-year period-an average of 11,370 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)
137		Figure 4-47 Fatal occupational injury rates for roofers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Fatal occupational injury rates for roofers were 1.6-2.8 times greater than those for all construction workers during 1992-2001. Rates followed an up-and-down increasing pattern, with a high of 41.2 per 100,000 full-time workers in 2001 and a low of 22.3 in 1998. BLS reported 569 fatal occupational injuries among roofers during this 10-year period-an average of 57 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)
138		Figure 4-48 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for roofers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work were consistently greater for roofers (1.1-1.8 times greater) than for all construction workers. Rates for roofers showed a downward trend, from 838 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1994 to 325 in 1998. BLS reported 61,539 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among roofers during this 10-year period-an average of 6,154 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)
139		Figure 4-49 Fatal occupational injury rates for truck drivers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Fatal occupational injury rates for truck drivers were 1.3-2.9 times greater than those for all construction workers during 1992-2001. Rates for truck drivers showed a down-and-up pattern, with a low of 17.0 per 100,000 full-time workers in 1993 and a high of 39.2 in 1999. BLS reported 479 fatal occupational injuries among truck drivers during this 10-year period-an average of 48 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)
140		Figure 4-50 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for truck drivers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for truck drivers usually exceeded rates for all construction workers. Rates for truck drivers varied from 533 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 359 in 1998. BLS reported 57,999 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among truck drivers during this 10-year period-an average of 5,800 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)
141		Figure 4-51 Fatal occupational injury rates for welders and cutters and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Fatal occupational injury rates for welders and cutters were 1.7-3.3 times greater than those for all construction workers during 1992-2001. Rates for welders and cutters showed an increasing trend, from 23.7 per 100,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 45.4 in 1997. The 2001 fatal injury rate of 39.9 per 100,000 full-time workers was 3 times the rate for all construction workers and represented a 68% increase from 1992. BLS reported 257 fatal occupational injuries among welders and cutters during this 10-year period-an average of 26 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)
142		Figure 4-52 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for welders and cutters and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for welders and cutters show an overall decreasing trend, ranging from 573 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1994 to 171 in 2001. BLS reported 21,940 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among welders and cutters during this 10-year period-an average of 2,194 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)
143		Figure 5-5 Numbers and rates of fatal occupational injuries among workers aged 16-17 and 18-19, 1993-2002. Fatal occupational injury rates declined during this 10-year period from 2 to 1.1 per 100,000 employed workers aged 16-17 and from 3 to 2.2 per 100,000 employed workers aged 18-19. Fatal injury rates were higher each year for workers aged 18-19 compared with workers aged 16-17. The number of fatal injuries ranged from 32 in 1998 to 46 in 1999 for workers aged 16-17, and from 92 in 2002 to 137 in 1998 for workers aged 18-19. (Note: BLS rounded rates to whole numbers for 1993-1995.) (Source: BLS [2003d].)
144		Figure 5-22 Numbers and rates of fatal occupational injuries among workers aged 55-64 and older, 1992-2002. Rates of fatal occupational injuries among older workers declined during 1992-2002. For workers aged 55-64, rates varied from 8 per 100,000 workers in 1994 to 5 in 2002. The number of fatal occupational injuries ranged from 767 in 1992 to 875 in 1997. For workers aged 65 and older, rates declined from 15 per 100,000 workers in 1993 to 11.5 in 2002. The number of fatal occupational injuries in this group ranged from 467 in 1992 to 565 in 1999. (Note: BLS rounded rates to whole numbers for 1992-1995.) (Source: BLS [2003d].)
145		Figure 5-33 Number and rate of fatal occupational injuries among employed Hispanic workers, 1992-2002. During the 11-year period 1992-2002, the number of fatal occupational injuries among Hispanic workers ranged from 533 in 1992 to 895 in 2001. The fatal occupational injury rates varied from 5 to 6.0 per 100,000 employed workers during this 11-year period. (Note: BLS rounded rates to whole numbers for 1992-1995.) (Sources: BLS [2003a,d].)
146		Table 4-1 Number and 5-year average rate of fatal mining injuries by type of employer and commodity at various work locations, 1998-2002. Underground mines posed the greatest risk of fatal injury to mine workers during 1998-2002. At these mines, the highest fatal injury rates were among metal mine operator workers and all independent contractor workers. At surface locations, the highest fatal injury rate was at the dredge. All 11 fatalities at the dredge occurred at sand and gravel mines. Within each commodity, fatal injury rates were highest for independent contractor workers at two metal/nonmetal surface locations: strip/open pit/quarry and mills. (Sources: MSHA [2003]; NIOSH [2003].)
147		Table 4-2 Number and 5-year average rate of lost-workday injuries by type of employer and commodity at various work locations, 1998-2002. During 1998-2002, both the highest numbers and rates of lost-workday injuries occurred in the underground work areas of underground mines. Within underground work areas, the highest rates were observed for coal mine operator and coal mine contractor workers, who together accounted for 88% (17,260) of all the lost-workday injuries in underground work areas. Within surface locations, the highest injury rates were in stone and nonmetal dredge locations. High numbers and rates of injuries were also experienced by stone mine operator workers at both surface production areas and processing (mill) work areas. (Sources: MSHA [2003]; NIOSH [2003a].)

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