NIOSH Publication No. 2004-146

Worker Health Chartbook 2004

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1 Figure 1-5 Employment by major occupational group, 2000 and projected to 2010. BLS projects employment to increase by 22 million workers (to a total of 167.7 million) over the period 2000 to 2010. The largest numbers of workers will be employed in professional and related occupations and service. BLS estimates that these occupational groups will experience the greatest growth between 2000 and 2010, with employment increasing to 33.7 million for professional and related occupations and 31.2 million for service occupations. (Source: BLS [2002a].)

2 Figure 1-7 Occupations projected to have the most rapid growth during the period 2000-2010. The fastest growing occupations are computer- and health-care-related jobs. The numbers of computer software engineers and support specialists are expected to increase 100% and 97%, respectively. The numbers of medical and physician assistants are expected to increase 57% and 53%, respectively. (Sources: BLS [2002a]; Hecker [2001].)

3 Figure 1-8 Occupations expected to add the most jobs during 2000-2010. Service- and computer-related jobs are expected to predominate during 2000-2010. These include food preparation workers, customer service representatives, registered nurses, and retail sales representatives. (Sources: BLS [2002a]; Hecker [2001].)

4 Figure 1-31 Distribution of employed workers and injury and illness cases with days away from work in private industry by occupation, 2001. Operators, fabricators, and laborers accounted for nearly 40% of all occupational injuries and illnesses, well above the percentage of employed workers they represent (15.4%). (Sources: BLS [2001]; BLS [2003c].)

5 Figure 1-32 Number of occupational injuries and illnesses with days away from work in private industry for selected occupations, 1992-2001. In 1992, nonconstruction laborers suffered more injuries than any other occupational group. From 1993 to 2001, truck drivers suffered the most injuries involving time away from work. (Source: BLS [2003c].)

6 Figure 1-34 Occupations with the highest median days away from work due to occupational injuries or illnesses in private industry, 2001. Among the occupations with at least 0.5% of the total cases involving days away from work, bus drivers had a median of 11 days. Truck drivers; plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters; and industrial machinery repairers each had a median of 10 days. The median number of days away from work was 6 for all cases in 2001. (Source: BLS [2003c].)

7 Figure 2-7 Distribution and number of anxiety, stress, and neurotic disorder cases involving days away from work in private industry by occupation, 2001. Technical, sales, and administrative support along with managerial and professional specialty occupations constituted 63.5% of anxiety, stress, and neurotic disorder cases in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b]; Booth-Jones et al. [2003a].)

8 Figure 2-12 Distribution and number of documented cases of occupational transmission of HIV among health care workers by occupation, 1981-2002. Among the cases of occupational HIV transmission reported to the HIV/AIDS Reporting System (HARS) from 1981 through December 2002, 57 cases were documented and 139 cases were possible. Most documented cases of occupational HIV transmission occurred among nurses (24 cases or 42.1%) and laboratory workers (19 cases or 33.3%). Among the documented cases of HIV following occupational exposure, 84% resulted from percutaneous exposure. (Source: CDC [2003].)

9 Figure 2-24 Distribution and number of fatal occupational injuries by occupation, 2002. In 2002, the majority of fatal injuries (55.2% or 2,999 cases) occurred among two occupational groups: operators, fabricators, and laborers (34.9% or 1,895 cases) and precision production, craft, and repair workers (20.3% or 1,104 cases). (Source: BLS [2003].)

10 Figure 2-43 Distribution of MSD cases and all nonfatal injury and illness cases involving days away from work in private industry by occupation, 2001. Operators, fabricators, and laborers accounted for 40.8% of all MSD cases involving days away from work in 2001. Comparisons between MSD cases and nonfatal injuries and illnesses by occupational groups indicate only small differences. (Source: BLS [2003d].)

11 Figure 2-51 Distribution and number of CTS cases involving days away from work in private industry by occupation, 2001. In 2001, the majority of CTS cases requiring days away from work (18,952 cases or 70.9%) occurred among two occupational groups: operators, fabricators, and laborers and technical, sales, and administrative support workers. Precision production, craft, and repair workers constituted 15.6% (4,172) of the overall CTS cases. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b]; Booth-Jones et al. [2003b].)

12 Figure 2-54 Number of CTS cases in California by occupation, 1998-2000. For each year during this period, technical, sales, and administrative support occupations consistently accounted for a disproportionately large number of CTS cases in California-nearly three times the number accounted for by other occupations. The number of CTS cases decreased during this period for four of the seven occupational groups. (Source: Harrison and Flattery [2002a].)

13 Figure 2-66 Distribution and number of tendonitis cases involving days away from work in private industry by occupation, 2001. Operators, fabricators, and laborers represented 47.1% of tendonitis cases in 2001. Two other occupations accounted for nearly 39% of the cases: technical, sales, and administrative support (20.8%); and precision production, craft, and repair (18.0%). (Sources: BLS [2003a,b]; Booth-Jones et al. [2003c].)

14 Figure 2-86 Distribution of amputation cases and all nonfatal injury and illness cases involving days away from work in private industry by occupation, 2001. Two occupational groups accounted for more than 75% of all amputations in 2001: operators, fabricators, and laborers (55.1%) and precision production, craft, and repair (23%). The same two occupational groups accounted for more than half (57.8%) of all nonfatal injuries and illnesses. (Source: BLS [2003a].)

15 Figure 2-95 Distribution of back injury cases and all nonfatal injury and illness cases involving days away from work in private industry by occupation, 2001. Two occupational groups (operators, fabricators, and laborers and service workers) accounted for 58.0% of all back injury cases in 2001 and 56.9% of all nonfatal injury and illness cases. (Source: BLS [2003a].)

16 Figure 2-104 Distribution of bruise and contusion cases and all nonfatal injury and illness cases involving days away from work in private industry by occupation, 2001. Two occupational groups accounted for the majority (60.5%) of all bruise and contusion cases in 2001: operators, fabricators, and laborers (42% of bruise and contusion cases versus 39.5% of all nonfatal injuries and illnesses) and service (18.5% of bruise and contusion cases versus 17.4% of all nonfatal injuries and illnesses). Overall, the distributions by occupational group were comparable for bruise and contusion cases and all nonfatal injury and illness cases. (Source: BLS [2003a].)

17 Figure 2-115 Distribution of heat burn and scald cases and all nonfatal injury and illness cases involving days away from work in private industry by occupation, 2001. Service occupations accounted for nearly half (47.6%) of all heat burn and scald cases compared with 17.4% of all nonfatal injury and illness cases in 2001. Operators, fabricators, and laborers accounted for another 25.1% of heat, burn, and scald cases and for 39.5% of all nonfatal injury and illness cases. (Source: BLS [2003a].)

18 Figure 2-124 Distribution of cut and laceration cases and all nonfatal injury and illness cases involving days away from work in private industry by occupation, 2001. Two occupational groups accounted for the majority (67.2%) of cut and laceration cases in 2001: operators, fabricators, and laborers (40% versus 39.5% for all nonfatal injuries and illnesses) and precision production, craft, and repair (27.2%, versus 18.3% for all nonfatal injuries and illnesses). (Source: BLS [2003a].)

19 Figure 2-135 Distribution of fracture cases and all nonfatal injury and illness cases involving days away from work in private industry by occupation, 2001. Two occupational groups accounted for the majority (63.9%) of all fracture cases in 2001: operators, fabricators, and laborers and precision production, craft, and repair. These two groups accounted for 57.8% of all nonfatal injury and illness cases. (Source: BLS [2003a].)

20 Figure 2-144 Distribution of sprain, strain, and tear cases and all nonfatal injury and illness cases involving days away from work in private industry by occupation, 2001. Two occupational groups accounted for the majority (57.6%) of all sprain, strain, and tear cases: operators, fabricators, and laborers and service workers. These two groups accounted for 56.9% of all nonfatal injury and illness cases. (Source: BLS [2003a].)

21 Figure 2-157 Distribution and number of pesticide-related illnesses among agricultural workers by occupation, 1998-1999. Farm workers reported by far the most pesticide-related illnesses (71.8% or 336 cases) during 1998-1999. Other occupations with notable pesticide-related illnesses included graders and sorters (7.5% or 35 cases) and nursery workers (4.7% or 22 cases). (Sources: NIOSH [2002d]; Calvert [2002].)

22 Figure 2-162 Distribution and number of WRA cases for all four SENSOR reporting States (California, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey) by occupation, 1993-1999. Operators, fabricators, and laborers accounted for the largest proportion of WRA cases (32.9%), followed by managerial and professional specialty occupations (20.2%). (Sources: Harrison and Flattery [2002b]; Tumpowsky and Davis [2002]; Rosenman et al. [2002a]; Valiante and Schill [2002a]; Filios [2002a].)

23 Figure 2-171 PMRs and 95% confidence intervals for malignant mesothelioma in U.S. residents aged 15 or older by industry and occupation, 1999. Industrial and miscellaneous chemicals, electric light and power, and construction industries were associated with the highest significant malignant mesothelioma PMRs. Plumbers, pipefitters, steamfitters, and electricians (which are occupations associated with the construction industry) were highly associated with malignant mesothelioma mortality. Elementary school teachers also had a significant malignant mesothelioma PMR. (Note: This figure presents the highest significant PMRs based on 10 or more deaths.) (Source: NIOSH [2002e].)

24 Figure 2-177 PMRs and 95% confidence intervals for asbestosis in U.S. residents aged 15 or older by industry and occupation, adjusted for age, race, and sex, 1990-1999. Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral and stone products and ship and boat building and repairing had the highest significant asbestosis PMRs among industries. Among occupations, insulation workers and boilermakers had the highest asbestosis PMRs. (Note: The figure presents the highest significant PMRs based on 10 or more deaths.) (Source: NIOSH [2002f].)

25 Figure 2-180 PMRs and 95% confidence intervals for byssinosis in U.S. residents aged 15 or older by industry and occupation, adjusted for age, race, and sex, 1990-1999. Significant byssinosis PMRs were associated with a single industry-yarn, thread, and fabric mills. Among occupations, elevated byssinosis PMRs were associated with miscellaneous textile machine operators, industrial machine repairers, and winding and twisting machine operators. (Note: The figure presents the highest significant PMRs based on five or more deaths.) (Source: NIOSH [2002f].)

26 Figure 2-185 PMRs and 95% confidence intervals for CWP in U.S. residents aged 15 or older by industry and occupation, adjusted for age, race, and sex, 1990-1999. Among industries, coal mining and metal mining were associated with elevated CWP mortality during 1990-1999. Among occupations, the three highest significant PMRs were associated with mining. (Note: This figure presents the highest significant PMRs based on 10 or more deaths.) (Source: NIOSH [2002f].)

27 Figure 2-188 PMRs and 95% confidence intervals for unspecified/other pneumoconiosis in U.S. residents aged 15 or older by industry and occupation, adjusted for age, race, and sex, 1990-1999. Coal and metal mining industries were associated with elevated mortality from unspecified/other pneumoconiosis (as these industries were also associated with high CWP mortality). In addition, the glass and glass products industry had a significantly high PMR. Among occupations, mining machine operators and supervisors, extractive occupations were associated with the highest PMRs, followed by welders and cutters and electricians. (Note: This figure presents the highest significant PMRs based on 10 or more deaths.) (Source: NIOSH [2002f].)

28 Figure 2-190 Distribution and number of silicosis cases for all three reporting SENSOR States (Michigan, New Jersey, Ohio) by occupation, 1993-1997. The largest proportion of silicosis cases (67.4%) occurred among operators, fabricators, and laborers during 1993-1997. (Sources: Rosenman et al. [2002b]; Socie and Migliozzi [2002]; Valiante and Schill [2002b]; Filios [2002b].)

29 Figure 2-194 PMRs and 95% confidence intervals for silicosis in U.S. residents aged 15 or older by industry and occupation, adjusted for age, race, and sex, 1990-1999. During 1990-1999, metal mining was associated with the highest significant silicosis PMR among industries. Among occupations, miscellaneous metal and plastic processing machine operators had the highest silicosis PMR. (Note: This figure presents the highest significant PMRs based on 10 or more deaths.) (Source: NIOSH [2002f].)

30 Figure 2-214 Distribution and number of dermatitis cases involving days away from work in private industry by occupation, 2001. Operators, fabricators, and laborers along with service workers constituted more than half (56.0%) of the 4,701 dermatitis cases reported in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b]; Booth-Jones et al. [2003d].)

31 Figure 3-6 Leading sources of fatal occupational injuries in the agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry, 1992-2001. (Fatality data exclude New York City.) Farm tractors accounted for 2,165 fatal occupational injuries during 1992-2001 and were the leading source of these deaths in agriculture, forestry, and fishing. Trucks and fishing boats were also major sources of death in this industry and accounted for 795 and 434 fatal occupational injuries, respectively. (Sources: BLS [2002a]; Myers [2003].)

32 Figure 3-7 Leading causes of fatal occupational injuries in the agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry, 1992-1997. During 1992-1997, machinery caused 1,021 fatal occupational injuries and was the leading cause of these deaths in agriculture, forestry, and fishing as reported on death certificates. The next leading causes of these deaths were motor vehicles (624 fatalities) and falls (235 fatalities). (Sources: NIOSH [2001a]; Myers [2001a].)

33 Figure 3-19 Number of nonfatal occupational farming injuries by leading sources of injury, 1993-1995. Nonfatal occupational farming injuries were primarily caused by machinery and livestock during 1993-1995. Other major sources of injury included working surfaces and hand tools. (Sources: NIOSH [2001b]; Myers [2001c].)

34 Figure 3-21 Number and rate of nonfatal occupational on-farm injuries to youths under age 20 by relationship to the farm, 1998. In 1998, farm youths under age 20 accounted for 12,382 nonfatal occupational on-farm injuries. Youth visitors and hired youths accounted for similar numbers of occupational injuries (2,208 and 2,127 injuries, respectively). Household farm youths had a higher overall occupational injury rate than youths hired to work on the farm. (Note: A probability sample was used to produce different injury estimates. Because of rounding in calculating these estimates, data may not sum to the totals.) (Source: Myers and Hendricks [2001].)

35 Figure 3-23 Number and rate of occupational on-farm injuries to youths under age 20 by region, 1998. The Midwest region of the United States had the highest number of occupational on-farm injuries to youths in 1998 (6,107 injuries) as well as the highest occupational injury rate (0.95 per 100 youths). (Source: Myers and Hendricks [2001].)

36 Figure 3-37 Nonfatal occupational injuries to farm workers by age, 1999. In 1999, the highest number of nonfatal occupational injuries (12,543) occurred among farm workers aged 30-34. However, workers aged 35-39 and 45-49 accounted for similar numbers of injuries (12,130 and 12,211). (Note: A dash in parentheses indicates that no injury data were reported or estimated from the survey for this age group.) (Sources: DOL [2001]; Myers [2001d].)

37 Figure 3-38 Occupational injury rates for farm workers by age, 1999. In 1999, nonfatal occupational injury rates for farm workers increased with age, peaking at 11.2 per 100 workers aged 45-54 and declining steeply for workers aged 55-64. (Note: A dash in parentheses indicates that no injury data were reported or estimated from the survey for this age group; thus no rate estimates were made.) (Sources: DOL [2001]; Myers [2001d].)

38 Figure 4-20 Average distribution of full-time construction workers by trade, 1992-2001. Among the trades monitored by CPWR, the estimated distribution of employed construction workers by trade ranged from 0.6% to 13.3% during 1992-2001. Carpenters made up the largest proportion of construction workers (13.3%), followed by construction laborers (8.8%) and electricians (5.9%). (Notes: (1) Apprentices are included for some trades when data were available. (2) All other includes managers, professionals, supervisors, clerical workers, sales personnel, and trades that each totaled less than 1% of the industry. (3) Computations were based on a definition of full-time work as 2,000 employee hours per year.) (Sources: BLS [2002c]; Dong et al. [2004].)

39 Figure 4-21 Distribution of fatal occupational injuries among construction workers by age, 1992 and 2001. The construction workforce has been growing older: In 2001, the average age for construction workers was 38.7 (1.5 years older than it was in 1992). In addition, the median age increased from 35 to 39 during this 10-year period. The aging of the construction workforce is reflected in the distribution of fatal occupational injuries in this group by age. From 1992 to 2001, the largest proportion of fatal occupational injuries shifted from construction workers aged 25-34 to those aged 35-44. For construction workers aged 25 or 34, the proportion with fatal injuries declined (from 27.8% to 21.7%), whereas it increased for workers aged 65 or older (from 3.9% to 5.9%). (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Dong et al. [2004].)

40 Figure 4-22 Fatal occupational injury rates among Hispanic and non-Hispanic workers in the construction industry, 1992-2001. Fatal occupational injuries among Hispanic construction workers increased from 108 in 1992 to 281 in 2001. Since 1992, Hispanic construction workers have had markedly higher fatal occupational injury rates than their non-Hispanic counterparts. In 2001 (the most recent year measured), the rate of work-related deaths from construction injuries for Hispanics was 19.5 per 100,000 full-time workers-62.5% higher than the rate of 12.0 for non-Hispanic construction workers. During 1990-2001, Hispanic employment in the U.S. construction industry increased greatly, from 649,800 in 1990 to 1.5 million (or 15.6% of the construction workforce) in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Dong et al. [2004].)

41 Figure 4-23 Fatal occupational injury rates by construction trade, 2001. Fatal occupational injury rates in the construction trades for 2001 ranged from 6.0 per 100,000 full-time workers for drywall installers to 75.6 for ironworkers-more than a 12-fold difference. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Chowdhury and Dong [2002].)

42 Figure 4-26 Fatal occupational fall rates by selected construction trade, 2001. The 2001 rate for fatal occupational falls among ironworkers was 66.8 per 100,000 workers-15 times the average rate for all construction. For roofers, the fatal fall rate was 30.1, or 7 times the average rate for all construction. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Dong et al. [2004].)

43 Figure 4-27 Rate of nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases with days away from work by construction trade, 2001. In 2001, the rate of nonfatal injuries and illnesses involving days away from work ranged from 131.2 per 10,000 full-time workers among painters to 751.8 for ironworkers-nearly a 6-fold difference. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)

44 Figure 4-29 Fatal occupational injury rates for brickmasons and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, fatal occupational injury rates for brickmasons were generally lower than those for all construction workers. Rates for brickmasons showed an up-and-down decreasing pattern, varying from 6.3 per 100,000 full-time workers in 2001 to 15.2 in 1995. BLS reported 145 fatal occupational injuries among brickmasons during this 10-year period-an average of 14 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)

45 Figure 4-30 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for brickmasons and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work were generally lower for brickmasons than for all construction workers. Rates for brickmasons showed a downward trend from a 424 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1994 to 201 in 2001. BLS reported 36,172 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among brickmasons during this 10-year period-an average of 3,617 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)

46 Figure 4-31 Fatal occupational injury rates for carpenters and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, fatal occupational injury rates for carpenters were parallel to and consistently lower than rates for all construction workers. Rates for carpenters varied within a narrow range, from 8.9 per 100,000 full-time workers in 1995 to 6.7 in 2000. BLS reported 848 fatal occupational injuries among carpenters during this 10-year period-an average of 85 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)

47 Figure 4-32 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for carpenters and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work were slightly higher for carpenters than for all construction workers, but they were comparable in overall magnitude. Rates for carpenters showed a downward trend, from 489 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1993 to 313 in 2001. BLS reported 285,705 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among carpenters during this 10-year period-an average of 28,570 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)

48 Figure 4-33 Fatal occupational injury rates for drywall installers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Fatal occupational injury rates for drywall installers were consistently lower than those for all construction workers during 1992-2001. Except for 1992, the rates for drywall installers varied within a narrow range, from 6.7 per 100,000 full-time workers in 1993 to 3.4 in 1998. BLS reported 80 fatal occupational injuries among drywall installers during this 10-year period-an average of 10 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)

49 Figure 4-34 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for drywall installers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for drywall installers showed a downward trend during 1992-2001, from 720 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 259 in 2000. BLS reported 43,575 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among construction workers during this 10-year period-an average of 4,357 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)

50 Figure 4-35 Fatal occupational injury rates for electricians and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Fatal occupational injury rates for electricians during 1992-2001 were comparable with those for all construction workers. Rates for electricians showed an up-and-down decreasing pattern, from 18.3 per 100,000 full-time workers in 1995 to 9.0 in 2000. BLS reported 671 fatal occupational injuries among electricians during this 10-year period-an average of 67 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)

51 Figure 4-36 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for electricians and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for electricians were slightly higher but comparable with those for all construction workers. Rates for electricians showed a downward trend, from 522 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1994 to 246 in 2001. BLS reported 142,811 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among electricians during this 10-year period-an average of 14,281 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)

52 Figure 4-37 Fatal occupational injury rates for ironworkers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Fatal occupational injury rates for ironworkers during 1992-2001 were substantially greater (4.8-10.5 times greater) than those for all construction workers. Rates for ironworkers showed a downward trend, from 147.6 per 100,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 60.0 in 2000. BLS reported 424 fatal occupational injuries among ironworkers during this 10-year period-an average of 42 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)

53 Figure 4-38 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for ironworkers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for ironworkers during 1992-2001 were consistently greater (1.7-3.9 times greater) than those for all construction workers. Rates for ironworkers showed a downward trend, from 1,750 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 550 in 1997. The 2001 rate of 752 per 10,000 full-time workers represents a 57% decrease from the 1992 rate of nonfatal injury and illness for ironworkers. BLS reported 40,173 cases of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among ironworkers during this 10-year period-an average of 4,017 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)

54 Figure 4-39 Fatal occupational injury rates for construction laborers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Fatal occupational injury rates for construction laborers during 1992-2001 were substantially greater (2.5-3.4 times greater) than those for all construction workers. Between 1992 and 1997, rates increased from 36.8 per 100,000 full-time workers to 47.3, then decreased to a low of 30.8 in 2000. BLS reported 2,873 fatal occupational injuries among construction laborers during this 10-year period-an average of 287 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)

55 Figure 4-40 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for construction laborers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for construction laborers during 1992-2001 were consistently greater (1.8-2.7 times greater) than those for all construction workers. Rates for construction laborers showed a downward trend, from 1,330 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 512 in 2001. The 2001 rate represents a 62% decrease from the 1992 rate. BLS reported 467,258 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among construction laborers during this 10-year period-an average of 46,726 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)

56 Figure 4-41 Fatal occupational injury rates for operating engineers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Fatal occupational injury rates for operating engineers during 1992-2001 exceeded those for all construction workers except during 1995. Rates for operating engineers showed an increasing trend, varying between 12.2 per 100,000 full-time workers and 23.0 (compared with 12.4 and 14.8 per 100,000 full-time workers for all construction workers). BLS reported 342 fatal occupational injuries among operating engineers during this 10-year period-an average of 34 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)

57 Figure 4-42 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for operating engineers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work were lower for operating engineers than for all construction workers, but both rates were comparable in overall magnitude. Rates for operating engineers showed a downward trend, from 581 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 162 in 2001. BLS reported 37,431 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among operating engineers during this 10-year period-an average of 3,743 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)

58 Figure 4-43 Fatal occupational injury rates for painters and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, fatal occupational injury rates for painters were lower than those for all construction workers. Rates for painters showed an up-and-down decreasing pattern, varying from 12.2 per 100,000 full-time workers in 1996 to 7.9 in 1999. BLS reported 384 fatal occupational injuries among painters during this 10-year period-an average of 38 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)

59 Figure 4-44 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for painters and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for painters were consistently lower (0.5 to 0.8 times lower) than those for all construction workers. Rates showed a downward trend, from 368 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 131 in 2001. The 2001 rate of 131 per 10,000 full-time workers represents a 64% decrease in rates since 1992. BLS reported 50,264 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among painters during this 10-year period-an average of 5,026 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)

60 Figure 4-45 Fatal occupational injury rates for plumbers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, fatal occupational injury rates for plumbers were lower than those for all construction workers. Rates for plumbers showed a downward trend, from 9.7 per 100,000 full-time workers in 1994 to 5.1 in 1998. BLS reported 284 fatal occupational injuries among plumbers during this 10-year period-an average of 28 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)

61 Figure 4-46 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for plumbers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for plumbers were slightly higher than those for all construction workers, though they were comparable in overall magnitude. Rates for plumbers showed a downward trend, from 504 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 326 in 1998. BLS reported 113,679 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among plumbers during this 10-year period-an average of 11,370 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)

62 Figure 4-47 Fatal occupational injury rates for roofers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Fatal occupational injury rates for roofers were 1.6-2.8 times greater than those for all construction workers during 1992-2001. Rates followed an up-and-down increasing pattern, with a high of 41.2 per 100,000 full-time workers in 2001 and a low of 22.3 in 1998. BLS reported 569 fatal occupational injuries among roofers during this 10-year period-an average of 57 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)

63 Figure 4-48 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for roofers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work were consistently greater for roofers (1.1-1.8 times greater) than for all construction workers. Rates for roofers showed a downward trend, from 838 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1994 to 325 in 1998. BLS reported 61,539 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among roofers during this 10-year period-an average of 6,154 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)

64 Figure 4-49 Fatal occupational injury rates for truck drivers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Fatal occupational injury rates for truck drivers were 1.3-2.9 times greater than those for all construction workers during 1992-2001. Rates for truck drivers showed a down-and-up pattern, with a low of 17.0 per 100,000 full-time workers in 1993 and a high of 39.2 in 1999. BLS reported 479 fatal occupational injuries among truck drivers during this 10-year period-an average of 48 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)

65 Figure 4-50 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for truck drivers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for truck drivers usually exceeded rates for all construction workers. Rates for truck drivers varied from 533 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 359 in 1998. BLS reported 57,999 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among truck drivers during this 10-year period-an average of 5,800 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)

66 Figure 4-51 Fatal occupational injury rates for welders and cutters and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Fatal occupational injury rates for welders and cutters were 1.7-3.3 times greater than those for all construction workers during 1992-2001. Rates for welders and cutters showed an increasing trend, from 23.7 per 100,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 45.4 in 1997. The 2001 fatal injury rate of 39.9 per 100,000 full-time workers was 3 times the rate for all construction workers and represented a 68% increase from 1992. BLS reported 257 fatal occupational injuries among welders and cutters during this 10-year period-an average of 26 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)

67 Figure 4-52 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for welders and cutters and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for welders and cutters show an overall decreasing trend, ranging from 573 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1994 to 171 in 2001. BLS reported 21,940 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among welders and cutters during this 10-year period-an average of 2,194 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)

68 Figure 5-9 Distribution and number of fatal occupational injuries among workers aged 17 and younger by occupation, 1992-2002. Work in farming, forestry, and fishing accounted for 289 or 42.3% of all fatal occupational injuries among youths aged 17 and younger during 1992-2002. Youths employed as operators, fabricators, and laborers accounted for 195 or 28.6% of the fatal injuries. (Source: BLS [2003d].)

69 Figure 5-16 Distribution and number of occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work among workers aged 16-19 in private industry by occupation, 2001. BLS estimates that 44,249 cases of occupational injury and illness involving days away from work occurred among workers aged 16-19 during 2001. The highest proportions of these cases occurred in operators, fabricators, and laborers (37.4% or 16,566 cases) and service (30.8% or 13,640). (Sources: BLS [2003b,c].)

70 Figure 5-25 Distribution and number of fatal occupational injuries among workers aged 55 and older by occupation, 1992-2002. Two groups accounted for slightly more than half of fatal occupational injuries among workers aged 55 and older: operators, fabricators, and laborers (4,075 or 28.0%) and farming, forestry, and fishing (3,880 or 26.7%). Three occupations each accounted for approximately 13% of the fatal injuries: managerial and professional specialty; technical, sales, and administrative support; and precision production, craft, and repair. (Source: BLS [2003d].)

71 Figure 5-30 Distribution and number of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work among workers aged 55 and older in private industry by occupation, 2001. The distribution of cases by occupation for workers aged 55 and older shows the highest proportions of cases among operators, fabricators, and laborers aged 55-64 (34.8% or 47,095 cases) and those aged 65 and older (31.5% or 7,704 cases). Service has the next highest proportions of cases for workers aged 55-64 (20.3% or 27,438 cases) and those aged 65 and older (28.7% or 7,012 cases). (Sources: BLS [2003b,c].)

72 Figure 5-42 Distribution and number of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work among Hispanic workers in private industry by occupation, 2001. Among Hispanic workers, the distribution of nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases involving days away from work by occupation shows the highest proportion of cases (43.5% or 83,319 cases) among operators, fabricators, and laborers. Service and precision production, craft, and repair accounted for 17.3% (33,140 cases) and 17.1% (32,816 cases), respectively. (Sources: BLS [2003b,c].)

73 Table 1-3 Number of employed workers by major occupational group and percentage of female, black, and Hispanic workers, 2001. Two occupational groups (managerial and professional specialty; and technical, sales, and administrative support) employed 60% of all workers (or 80.9 million workers). Female workers accounted for nearly half (46.6%) of all employed workers and more than half of workers in technical, sales, and administrative support (63.7%) and in service occupations (60.4%). Black workers accounted for 11.3% of all workers, and service occupations had the greatest proportion of black workers (17.9%). Hispanic workers accounted for 10.3% of all workers, and farming, forestry, and fishing had the greatest proportion of Hispanic workers (21.5%). (Source: BLS [2001].)