NIOSH Publication No. 2004-146

Worker Health Chartbook 2004

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1 Figure 1-6 Employment by major industry division, 1990, 2000, and projected to 2010. BLS projects employment to increase by 22 million workers (to a total of 167.7 million) during 2000-2010. The largest numbers of workers will be employed in the services and wholesale and retail trade sectors. BLS estimates that these industrial sectors will have the greatest growth between 2000 and 2010, with employment increasing to 52.2 million for services and 34.2 million for wholesale and retail trade. (Source: BLS [2002a].)

2 Figure 1-12 Number of nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases with days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The number of injuries and illnesses resulting in time away from work continues to decline. The 1.54 million cases in 2001 represent a decrease of 34% since 1992. Over the same period, the goods-producing segment of private industry experienced a 38.7% decrease, which is notably greater than the 31.1% decrease recorded for the service-producing segment of the private sector. (Source: BLS [2002b].)

3 Figure 1-14 Number and rate of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses in private industry by industry, 2001. Durable goods manufacturing accounted for the highest rate of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses (8.8 per 100 workers) reported in 2001, followed by construction (7.9) and agriculture, forestry and fishing (7.3). Services reported approximately 1.3 million cases, or 25% of all nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses in 2001. (Note: Numbers of nonfatal injuries and illnesses are inside the bars.) (Source: BLS [2002b].)

4 Figure 1-17 Incidence rates of injuries and illnesses in six major industry sectors, 1992-2001. Overall, incidence rates declined for each of the selected industry sectors during 1992-2001. The highest rates occurred within durable goods manufacturing, construction, and nondurable goods manufacturing. (Source: BLS [2002b].)

5 Figure 1-33 Distribution of nonfatal injury cases with days away from work and nonfatal injury plus illness cases by private industry sector, 2001. For most private industry sectors in 2001, distribution of the 1.47 million nonfatal injury cases was comparable with that of the 1.54 million nonfatal injury plus illness cases. Services accounted for 24% of the cases in each case category. Manufacturing accounted for 19.6% of injury cases and 20.7% of injury plus illness cases. The difference was greatest for durable manufacturing, which accounted for 12.7% of injury cases and 13.5% of injury plus illness cases. (Source: BLS [2003c].)

6 Figure 2-8 Incidence rate of anxiety, stress, and neurotic disorder cases by private industry sector, 2001. For anxiety, stress, and neurotic disorders, private industry reported an overall incidence rate of 0.6 per 10,000 full-time workers in 2001. Higher rates were reported for transportation and public utilities (1.1), finance, insurance, and real estate (1.1), and services (0.7) (Note: A dash in parentheses indicates that no data were reported or that data do not meet BLS publication criteria). (Source: BLS [2003a].)

7 Figure 2-9 Annual rates of anxiety, stress, and neurotic disorder cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 1992-2001. The annual rate for these disorders declined 25% in the private sector during 1992-2001, and rates declined for each industry sector except retail trade. Finance, insurance, and real estate had consistently higher rates than other industry sectors during the 10-year period and experienced a 42.1% rate reduction. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)

8 Figure 2-25 Distribution and number of fatal occupational injuries by private industry sector, 2002. In 2002, two industry sectors accounted for more than 40% of fatal occupational injuries: construction (22.6% or 1,121 cases) and transportation and public utilities (18.3% or 910 cases). (Source: BLS [2003].)

9 Figure 2-31 Distribution and number of permanent hearing loss cases reported by clinicians in Michigan, by industry, 2000. Manufacturing accounted for 50.9% of permanent hearing loss cases reported in Michigan in 2000, and construction industry sectors accounted for 15.0%. (Source: Rosenman and Reilly [2002].)

10 Figure 2-32 Percentage of companies in Michigan in major industry divisions that tested for hearing loss as part of a hearing conservation program (when worker was most recently exposed to noise), as reported by patient interviews, 1992-2000. Companies were most likely to have tested for hearing loss as part of a hearing conservation program (when worker was most recently exposed to noise) in the transportation, manufacturing, and mining industries. (Source: Rosenman and Reilly [2002].)

11 Figure 2-44 Distribution of MSD cases and all nonfatal injury and illness cases involving days away from work in private industry by industry, 2001. Manufacturing (22.9%) and services (25.8%) accounted for about half of all MSD cases in 2001. Distributions of MSD cases are notably different from distributions of all nonfatal injuries and illnesses by industry sector, with the greatest differences in services, construction, manufacturing, and retail trade. (Source: BLS [2003d].)

12 Figure 2-52 Incidence rate of CTS cases by private industry sector, 2001. Private industry reported a CTS incidence rate of 3.0 per 10,000 full-time workers in 2001. The rates for manufacturing (6.5 or 11,240 cases) and for finance, insurance, and real estate (3.2 or 2,204 cases) both exceeded the private-sector rate. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b]; Booth-Jones et al. [2003b].)

13 Figure 2-53 Annual rates of CTS cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 1992-2001. The private-sector annual rate declined 30.2% during 1992-2001. Rates declined for each industry sector except wholesale trade. During this 10-year period, manufacturing had consistently higher rates than other industry sectors and experienced a 33% rate reduction. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b]; Booth-Jones et al. [2003b].)

14 Figure 2-67 Incidence rate of tendonitis cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 2001. Private industry reported a tendonitis incidence rate of 1.6 per 10,000 full-time workers in 2001. Three sectors reported rates exceeding the private-sector rate: manufacturing (3.2 per 10,000 full-time workers or 5,567 cases), construction (2.0 per 10,000 full-time workers or 1,230 cases), and transportation and public utilities (1.7 per 10,000 full-time workers or 1,128 cases). (Source: BLS [2003a].)

15 Figure 2-68 Annual rates of tendonitis cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 1992-2001. The annual rate of tendonitis cases declined 51.5% in the private sector during 1992-2001. Rates declined among most industry sectors except for mining and transportation and public utilities. Manufacturing had consistently higher rates of tendonitis than other industry sectors and experienced a 59% rate reduction during this 10-year period. (Source: BLS [2003a].)

16 Figure 2-74 Incidence rate of total nonfatal occupational injury cases by private industry sector, 2001. The private sector reported a total injury incidence rate of 5.4 per 100 full-time workers in 2001. Rates exceeding the private-sector rate were reported for construction (7.8 per 100 full-time workers or 474,500 cases), manufacturing (7.0 per 100 full-time workers or 1.2 million cases), agriculture, forestry, and fishing (7.0 per 100 full-time workers or 104,400 cases), transportation and public utilities (6.6 per 100 full-time workers or 436,900 cases), and retail trade (5.5 per 100 full-time workers or 964,200 cases). (Source: BLS [2002].)

17 Figure 2-75 Incidence rates of total occupational injury cases by private industry sector, 1976-2001. Incidence rates of total occupational injury cases declined for each major industry sector during 1976-2001. With the general decline in rates, the high-to-low rate ratio narrowed from 7.9 in 1976 to 5.2 in 2001. Two industry sectors (construction and manufacturing) had consistently higher rates than most other sectors during the 25-year period. (Note: Data before 1992 include fatalities.) (Source: BLS [2002].)

18 Figure 2-76 Incidence rates of lost-workday injury cases by private industry sector, 1976-2001. The incidence rates for recordable lost-workday injuries varied among industry sectors, with the high-to-low rate ratio narrowing from 8.1 in 1976 to 6.0 in 2001. Three industry sectors (construction, manufacturing, and transportation and public utilities) had consistently higher rates than other sectors during 1976-2001. (Source: BLS [2002].)

19 Figure 2-77 Incidence rates of injury cases with restricted work activity only by private industry sector, 1992-2001. During this 10-year period, the incidence rate for cases of restricted work activity only increased for each major industry sector. The highest rates were reported for manufacturing, ranging from a low of 1.5 per 100 full-time workers in 1992 to a high of 2.1 in 1998 and 2000. The lowest rates (0.1 to 0.2 per 100 full-time workers) were reported for finance, insurance, and real estate. (Source: BLS [2002].)

20 Figure 2-87 Incidence rate of amputation cases involving days away from work in private industry by industry sector, 2001. Private industry reported an amputation incidence rate of 1.0 per 10,000 full-time workers in 2001. Higher rates were reported for agriculture, forestry, and fishing (2.7 per 10,000 full-time workers or 401 cases), manufacturing (2.5 per 10,000 full-time workers or 4,239 cases), construction (1.6 per 10,000 full-time workers or 949 cases), and mining (1.1 per 10,000 full-time workers or 64 cases). (Source: BLS [2003a].)

21 Figure 2-88 Annual rates of amputation cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 1992-2001. The annual rate of amputations declined 37.5% in the private sector during 1992-2001. During this period, rates declined for each of the major industry sectors. Manufacturing had consistently higher rates than other industry sectors during the 10-year period and experienced a 26.5% reduction. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)

22 Figure 2-96 Incidence rate of back injury cases involving days away from work in private industry by industry sector, 2001. In 2001, back injury incidence rates exceeding the private-sector rate (41.0 per 10,000 full-time workers) were reported for transportation and public utilities (77.1 per 10,000 full-time workers or 50,765 cases), construction (63.9 per 10,000 full-time workers or 38,973 cases), agriculture, forestry, and fishing (58.8 per 10,000 full-time workers or 8,830 cases), and wholesale trade (47.3 per 10,000 full-time workers or 30,421 cases). (Source: BLS [2003a].)

23 Figure 2-97 Annual rates of back injury cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 1992-2001. The annual rate for back injuries involving days away from work declined 52% during 1992-2001, and similar reductions occurred in each of the major industry sectors. Two industry sectors (transportation and public utilities and construction) had consistently higher rates than other industry sectors during this 10-year period and experienced 36.1% and 52.7% rate reductions, respectively. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)

24 Figure 2-105 Incidence rate of bruise and contusion cases by private industry sector, 2001. Private industry reported an incidence rate of 15.0 per 10,000 full-time workers for bruise and contusion cases in 2001. Higher rates were reported for transportation and public utilities (28.5 per 10,000 full-time workers or 18,742 cases), agriculture, forestry, and fishing (26.4 per 10,000 full-time workers or 3,964 cases), construction (20.8 per 10,000 full-time workers or 12,689 cases), mining (19.0 per 10,000 full-time workers or 1,127 cases), wholesale trade (17.8 per 10,000 full-time workers or 11,461 cases), and retail trade (15.9 per 10,000 full-time workers or 27,689 cases). (Source: BLS [2003a].)

25 Figure 2-106 Annual rate of bruise and contusion cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 1992-2001. The private-sector annual rate of bruise and contusion cases declined 48% during 1992-2001, and rate reductions were reported for each of the major industry sectors. Four industry sectors (transportation and public utilities, construction, mining, and agriculture, forestry, and fishing) had consistently higher rates than other sectors during this 10-year period and experienced rate reductions of 35%, 49%, 50%, and 31%, respectively. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)

26 Figure 2-116 Incidence rate of heat burn and scald cases in private industry by industry sector, 2001. Private industry reported an incidence rate of 2.8 per 10,000 full-time workers for heat burn and scald cases in 2001. Incidence rates exceeding the private-sector rate were reported for retail trade (5.8 per 10,000 full-time workers or 10,082 cases) and construction (4.0 per 10,000 full-time workers or 2,453 cases). (Source: BLS [2003a].)

27 Figure 2-117 Annual rates of heat burn and scald cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 1992-2001. The annual rate of heat burn and scald cases declined by nearly half (48.1%) during 1992-2001, and rate reductions occurred among each of the major industry sectors. Three sectors (retail trade, construction, and manufacturing) had higher rates than the other sectors and experienced rate reductions of 50%, 37.5%, and 50%, respectively, during this 10-year period. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)

28 Figure 2-125 Incidence rate of cut and laceration cases in private industry by industry sector, 2001. For 2001, incidence rates exceeding the private-sector rate of 12.6 per 10,000 full-time workers were reported for construction (35.8 per 10,000 full-time workers or 21,849 cases), agriculture, forestry, and fishing (26.5 per 10,000 full-time workers or 3,984 cases), manufacturing (16.1 per 10,000 full-time workers or 27,881 cases), and retail trade (15.4 per 10,000 full-time workers or 26,739 cases). (Source: BLS [2003a].)

29 Figure 2-126 Annual rates of cut and laceration cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 1992-2001. The annual rate of cut and laceration cases declined 44.5% during 1992-2001, and rates declined for each major industry sector. Two sectors (construction and agriculture, forestry, and fishing) had consistently higher rates than other industry sectors during this 10-year period and experienced rate reductions of 26.3% and 41.2%, respectively. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)

30 Figure 2-136 Incidence rate of fracture cases by private industry sector, 2001. Private industry reported an incidence rate of 11.9 per 10,000 full-time workers for fracture cases in 2001. Incidence rates exceeding the private-sector rate were reported for construction (32.5 per 10,000 full-time workers or 19,786 cases), mining (25.4 per 10,000 full-time workers or 1,505 cases), agriculture, forestry, and fishing (21.7 per 10,000 full-time workers or 3,260 cases), transportation and public utilities (20.9 per 10,000 full-time workers or 13,758 cases), and manufacturing (13.0 per 10,000 full-time workers or 22,493 cases). (Source: BLS [2003a].)

31 Figure 2-137 Annual rates of fracture cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 1992-2001. The annual rate of fracture cases in the private sector declined 36.7% during 1992-2001. Rate reductions occurred among each of the major industry sectors. Three sectors (construction, mining, and agriculture, forestry, and fishing) had higher rates than other industry sectors during this 10-year period. They experienced rate reductions of 38.9%, 35.5%, and 33.6%, respectively. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)

32 Figure 2-145 Incidence rate of sprain, strain, and tear cases by private industry sector, 2001. Private industry reported an incidence rate of 73.7 per 10,000 full-time workers for sprain, strain, and tear cases in 2001. Incidence rates exceeding the private-sector rate were reported for transportation and public utilities (147.0 per 10,000 full-time workers or 96,700 cases), construction (116.8 per 10,000 full-time workers or 71,225 cases), agriculture, forestry, and fishing (91.6 per 10,000 full-time workers or 13,758 cases), and wholesale trade (81.2 per 10,000 full-time workers or 52,261 cases). (Source: BLS [2003a].)

33 Figure 2-146 Annual rates of sprain, strain, and tear cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 1992-2001. The annual rate for sprain, strain, and tear cases declined 44.9% during 1992-2001. Rate reductions occurred for each major industry sector. Two sectors (transportation and public utilities and construction) had consistently higher rates than other industry sectors during this 10-year period. They experienced rate reductions of 41.5% and 30.4%, respectively. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)

34 Figure 2-155 Incidence rates of pesticide-related illness by age and industry, 1998-1999. Among industry sectors, agriculture accounted for the highest incidence rates of pesticide-related illness, ranging from 5 to 27 cases per 100,000 full-time workers. Rates were highest among younger workers, peaking among those aged 20-24, and decreasing with increasing age. (Sources: NIOSH [2002d]; Calvert [2002].)

35 Figure 2-158 Distribution and number of pesticide-related illnesses by industry, 1998-1999. Employer or industry data were available for 911 of the 1,009 pesticide-related illness cases during 1998-99. Most of these cases (51.5% or 469 cases) were from the agricultural sector. Services accounted for 19.4% (177 cases) and transportation, communication, and public utilities accounted for 9.3% (85) cases. (Sources: NIOSH [2002d]; Calvert [2002].)

36 Figure 2-163 Distribution and number of WRA cases for all four SENSOR reporting States (California, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey) by industry, 1993-1999. Manufacturing and services accounted for the largest proportions of WRA cases (41.4% and 34.2%, respectively). (Sources: Harrison and Flattery [2002b]; Tumpowsky and Davis [2002]; Rosenman et al. [2002a]; Valiante and Schill [2002a]; Filios [2002a].)

37 Figure 2-171 PMRs and 95% confidence intervals for malignant mesothelioma in U.S. residents aged 15 or older by industry and occupation, 1999. Industrial and miscellaneous chemicals, electric light and power, and construction industries were associated with the highest significant malignant mesothelioma PMRs. Plumbers, pipefitters, steamfitters, and electricians (which are occupations associated with the construction industry) were highly associated with malignant mesothelioma mortality. Elementary school teachers also had a significant malignant mesothelioma PMR. (Note: This figure presents the highest significant PMRs based on 10 or more deaths.) (Source: NIOSH [2002e].)

38 Figure 2-177 PMRs and 95% confidence intervals for asbestosis in U.S. residents aged 15 or older by industry and occupation, adjusted for age, race, and sex, 1990-1999. Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral and stone products and ship and boat building and repairing had the highest significant asbestosis PMRs among industries. Among occupations, insulation workers and boilermakers had the highest asbestosis PMRs. (Note: The figure presents the highest significant PMRs based on 10 or more deaths.) (Source: NIOSH [2002f].)

39 Figure 2-180 PMRs and 95% confidence intervals for byssinosis in U.S. residents aged 15 or older by industry and occupation, adjusted for age, race, and sex, 1990-1999. Significant byssinosis PMRs were associated with a single industry-yarn, thread, and fabric mills. Among occupations, elevated byssinosis PMRs were associated with miscellaneous textile machine operators, industrial machine repairers, and winding and twisting machine operators. (Note: The figure presents the highest significant PMRs based on five or more deaths.) (Source: NIOSH [2002f].)

40 Figure 2-185 PMRs and 95% confidence intervals for CWP in U.S. residents aged 15 or older by industry and occupation, adjusted for age, race, and sex, 1990-1999. Among industries, coal mining and metal mining were associated with elevated CWP mortality during 1990-1999. Among occupations, the three highest significant PMRs were associated with mining. (Note: This figure presents the highest significant PMRs based on 10 or more deaths.) (Source: NIOSH [2002f].)

41 Figure 2-188 PMRs and 95% confidence intervals for unspecified/other pneumoconiosis in U.S. residents aged 15 or older by industry and occupation, adjusted for age, race, and sex, 1990-1999. Coal and metal mining industries were associated with elevated mortality from unspecified/other pneumoconiosis (as these industries were also associated with high CWP mortality). In addition, the glass and glass products industry had a significantly high PMR. Among occupations, mining machine operators and supervisors, extractive occupations were associated with the highest PMRs, followed by welders and cutters and electricians. (Note: This figure presents the highest significant PMRs based on 10 or more deaths.) (Source: NIOSH [2002f].)

42 Figure 2-191 Distribution and number of silicosis cases for all three reporting SENSOR States (Michigan, New Jersey, Ohio) by industry, 1993-1997. The largest proportion of silicosis cases occurred in manufacturing (85.8%), followed by construction (7.8%). (Sources: Rosenman et al. [2002b]; Socie and Migliozzi [2002]; Valiante and Schill [2002b]; Filios [2002b].)

43 Figure 2-194 PMRs and 95% confidence intervals for silicosis in U.S. residents aged 15 or older by industry and occupation, adjusted for age, race, and sex, 1990-1999. During 1990-1999, metal mining was associated with the highest significant silicosis PMR among industries. Among occupations, miscellaneous metal and plastic processing machine operators had the highest silicosis PMR. (Note: This figure presents the highest significant PMRs based on 10 or more deaths.) (Source: NIOSH [2002f].)

44 Figure 2-215 Incidence rate of dermatitis cases by private industry sector, 2001. For dermatitis cases, private industry reported an incidence rate of 0.5 per 10,000 full-time workers in 2001. Higher rates were reported for agriculture, forestry, and fishing (1.3), manufacturing (0.7), transportation and public utilities (0.7), and services (0.6). (Note: A dash in parentheses indicates that no data were reported or that data do not meet BLS publication criteria.) (Source: BLS [2003a].)

45 Figure 2-216 Annual rates of dermatitis cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 1992-2001. The annual rate for dermatitis cases in the private sector declined 58.3% during 1992-2001, and rates declined for each industry sector. Agriculture had consistently higher rates of dermatitis cases than other industry sectors and experienced a 78% rate reduction during this 10-year period. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)

46 Figure 4-1 Fatal occupational injury rates by industry division, 2002. Fatal occupational injury rates in 2002 were highest in mining (23.5 per 100,000 workers), agriculture, forestry, and fishing (22.7), construction (12.2), and transportation and public utilities (11.3). The rate for all private industry was 4.2 per 100,000 workers. (Source: BLS [2003a].)

47 Figure 4-3 Number of full-time equivalent workers at surface work locations by type of employer, 1992 and 2002. From 1992 to 2002, overall employment at surface mining work locations decreased by 8.5%, from 237,300 to 217,000. At surface locations, the number of metal operator workers decreased 44%, the number of coal operator workers decreased 28%, and the number of nonmetal operator workers decreased 21%. The number employed at surface operations increased for stone operator workers, sand and gravel operator workers, and independent contractor workers. (Sources: MSHA [2003]; NIOSH [2003a].)

48 Figure 4-4 Number of full-time equivalent workers at underground work locations by type of employer, 1992 and 2002. From 1992 to 2002, the number of full-time equivalent workers at underground locations declined by 34% (from 69,300 to 46,000). The number of workers in coal operations declined 38% but still accounted for 77% of underground employment during this period. The number of metal and nonmetal operator workers also declined, whereas the number increased for stone operator workers and metal/nonmetal-independent contractor workers. (Sources: MSHA [2003]; NIOSH [2003a].)

49 Figure 4-6 Rates of fatal mining injuries by type of employer and commodity, 1993-1997 and 1998-2002. For these two periods, the 5-year average rate of fatal mining injuries declined from 30.2 per 100,000 full-time equivalent workers (1993-1997) to 27.7 (1998-2002). Most of this decline was due to decreases in the rates of fatal mining injuries among independent contractor workers, stone operator workers, and nonmetal operator workers. Increased rates occurred among sand and gravel operator workers and metal operator workers. (Sources: MSHA [2003]; NIOSH [2003a].)

50 Figure 4-7 Number and distribution of fatal mining injuries by type of incident and work location, 1998-2002. During 1998-2002, most fatal injuries to miners working at surface mining locations (61.2%) were associated with the use of powered haulage (such as motors and rail cars, conveyors, bucket elevators, vertical manlifts, shuttle cars, haulage trucks, and front-end loaders) and machinery (for example, electric and air-powered tools and mining machinery such as drills, draglines, power shovels, and loading machines). Most fatal mining injuries underground (43.3%) were classified as fall of ground (that is, fall of roof or back). (Sources: MSHA [2003]; NIOSH [2003a].)

51 Figure 4-8 Number and rate of fatal mining injuries by employment size of mining operation (excluding independent contractor workers), 1998-2002. During 1998-2002, rates of fatal mining injuries generally decreased as the employment size of mining operations increased. The highest fatal injury rate occurred in mining operations employing fewer than 10 workers (40.0 fatal per 100,000 workers). Conversely, the lowest fatal injury rate (17.8 per 100,000 workers) occurred in mining operations employing 250 or more workers. (Sources: MSHA [2003]; NIOSH [2003a].)

52 Figure 4-9 Rate of lost-workday injuries for surface mining operations by type of employer and commodity, 1993-2002. From 1993 to 2002, the rate of lost-workday injuries declined overall for operator workers in all commodities and for metal/nonmetal-independent contractor workers. Throughout this 10-year period, the highest rates of lost-workday injuries were consistently observed for stone operator workers. (Sources: MSHA [2003]; NIOSH [2003a].)

53 Figure 4-11 Rate of lost-workday injuries by type of incident and work location, 1998-2002. During 1998-2002, miners at underground locations generally had higher nonfatal injury rates than those working on the surface. Injuries to miners at both surface and underground locations were most frequently associated with handling materials and slip or fall of person. Miners working underground also had relatively high rates of injury from fall of ground incidents (caving rock), or in incidents involving powered haulage or machinery. (Sources: MSHA [2003]; NIOSH [2003a].)

54 Figure 4-12 Distribution of lost-workday injuries by age of worker and type of employer and commodity, 2002. The proportion of injured workers above age 44 at the time of injury was highest among coal and metal operator workers and lowest among coal-independent contractor workers. Conversely, the proportion of injured workers under age 25 was highest among coal-independent contractor workers, sand and gravel operator workers, and stone operator workers. (Sources: MSHA [2003]; NIOSH [2003a].)

55 Figure 4-13 Number of lost-workday injuries by sex of worker and type of employer and commodity, 2002. In 2002, only 2% (190) of all nonfatally injured mine workers were female, whereas 14.6% of the entire mining workforce was female (Chapter 1, Table 1-4). The highest proportion of female workers with lost-workday injuries was reported by metal operators (6%), and the lowest proportion was reported by metal/nonmetal-independent contractors (1%) and coal operators (2%). (Note: Percentages shown within the bars represent the proportion of male workers with lost-workday injuries.) (Sources: MSHA [2003]; NIOSH [2003a].)

56 Figure 4-14 Median number of lost workdays due to nonfatal lost-time mining injuries by work location and selected types of incidents, 1998-2002. During 1998-2002, the median number of lost workdays due to nonfatal lost-time mining injuries was 21 for miners injured underground and 14 for miners injured at surface locations. At surface locations, falls of ground (e.g., rock dislodging from a highwall) accounted for the highest median number of lost workdays. At underground locations, powered haulage and slip or fall of person accounted for the highest median number of lost workdays. (Sources: MSHA [2003]; NIOSH [2003a].)

57 Figure 4-15 Distribution of lost-workday injuries among miners by type of employer and commodity and years of total mining experience, 2002. In 2002, the proportion of workers with lost-workday injuries was highest among coal operator workers with more than 5 years of experience, and lowest among coal operator workers with less than 1 year of experience. Of the mine workers with less than 1 year of mining experience, independent contractor workers had the highest proportions of lost-workday injuries. These differences must be interpreted with caution, since years of mining experience were not reported for 10% of cases. (Sources: MSHA [2003]; NIOSH [2003a].)

58 Figure 4-16 Number of nonfatal injury and illness cases in metal/nonmetal mines by years of total mining experience for 1991-1995 and 1996-2000: (A) mine operator cases, and (B) independent contractor cases. During 1991-2000, the role of total mining experience was fairly consistent and stable over time among mine operator worker cases of nonfatal injury or illness in metal/nonmetal mines. The number of cases was characteristically reduced during the second year of experience and followed by an upsurge for the next 3 to 4 years. A steady decline thereafter suggests that experience continually reduces risk for miners. The later period (1996-2000) showed some improvement over the early period (1991-1995). Metal/nonmetal-independent contractor cases showed a similar pattern, but with higher case counts for the least experienced miners. (Sources: MSHA [2002]; NIOSH [2003b].)

59 Figure 4-17 Number of injury and illness cases in coal mines by years of total mining experience for 1991-1995 and 1996-2000: (A) mine operator cases, and (B) independent contractor cases. Coal mining showed a distinctly different pattern from metal/nonmetal mining for 1991-2000. Mine operators reported increasing numbers of cases with increasing years of mining experience up until 20-24.9 years. As with metal/nonmetal mining, a dramatic drop in overall case count occurred for coal miners between the early and late 1990s. The shift in the experience group with the highest case count may reflect the aging of the mining workforce. The role of experience among independent contractor workers was similar but more pronounced for new miners. Note that case counts alone may be misleading. Incidence rates (cases per 100 full-time equivalent workers) may show different patterns, but they could not be developed because employment by years of experience was not available. (Sources: MSHA [2002]; NIOSH [2003b].)

60 Figure 4-18 Mean hearing thresholds over a range of frequencies (0.5-6.0 kilohertz) among black and white male sand and gravel workers and a population unexposed to workplace noise, by age, 2000. Hearing loss among black and white male sand and gravel workers was greater than hearing loss among a population that was unexposed to workplace noise. Different patterns of hearing loss were observed for black and white workers: Most statistically significant differences in hearing thresholds occurred among the younger white workers (those aged 20-29 and 30-39) and among the older black workers (those aged 40-49 and 50-59). (Sources: Royster and Thomas [1979]; Royster et al. [1980]; NIOSH [2003a,c].)

61 Figure 4-19 Numbers of deaths, crude mortality rates, and age-adjusted mortality rates for U.S. residents aged 15 or older with coal workers' pneumoconiosis recorded as an underlying or contributing cause on the death certificate, 1968-1999. After passage of the Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969, an increase occurred in the number and rate of deaths reported with coal workers' pneumoconiosis (black lung) recorded on the death certificate. The number and rate of these deaths were at their lowest in 1999, the last year for which data are currently available. The number decreased from 2,870 in 1972 to 1,003 in 1999. In 1972, the crude and age-adjusted mortality rates were 18.9 and 21.2 per million population, respectively. Both rates declined to 4.7 per million in 1999. (Note: Age-adjusted mortality rates are standardized to the year 2000 standard population.) (Sources: NCHS [2002]; NIOSH [2002].)

62 Figure 4-20 Average distribution of full-time construction workers by trade, 1992-2001. Among the trades monitored by CPWR, the estimated distribution of employed construction workers by trade ranged from 0.6% to 13.3% during 1992-2001. Carpenters made up the largest proportion of construction workers (13.3%), followed by construction laborers (8.8%) and electricians (5.9%). (Notes: (1) Apprentices are included for some trades when data were available. (2) All other includes managers, professionals, supervisors, clerical workers, sales personnel, and trades that each totaled less than 1% of the industry. (3) Computations were based on a definition of full-time work as 2,000 employee hours per year.) (Sources: BLS [2002c]; Dong et al. [2004].)

63 Figure 4-21 Distribution of fatal occupational injuries among construction workers by age, 1992 and 2001. The construction workforce has been growing older: In 2001, the average age for construction workers was 38.7 (1.5 years older than it was in 1992). In addition, the median age increased from 35 to 39 during this 10-year period. The aging of the construction workforce is reflected in the distribution of fatal occupational injuries in this group by age. From 1992 to 2001, the largest proportion of fatal occupational injuries shifted from construction workers aged 25-34 to those aged 35-44. For construction workers aged 25 or 34, the proportion with fatal injuries declined (from 27.8% to 21.7%), whereas it increased for workers aged 65 or older (from 3.9% to 5.9%). (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Dong et al. [2004].)

64 Figure 4-22 Fatal occupational injury rates among Hispanic and non-Hispanic workers in the construction industry, 1992-2001. Fatal occupational injuries among Hispanic construction workers increased from 108 in 1992 to 281 in 2001. Since 1992, Hispanic construction workers have had markedly higher fatal occupational injury rates than their non-Hispanic counterparts. In 2001 (the most recent year measured), the rate of work-related deaths from construction injuries for Hispanics was 19.5 per 100,000 full-time workers-62.5% higher than the rate of 12.0 for non-Hispanic construction workers. During 1990-2001, Hispanic employment in the U.S. construction industry increased greatly, from 649,800 in 1990 to 1.5 million (or 15.6% of the construction workforce) in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Dong et al. [2004].)

65 Figure 4-23 Fatal occupational injury rates by construction trade, 2001. Fatal occupational injury rates in the construction trades for 2001 ranged from 6.0 per 100,000 full-time workers for drywall installers to 75.6 for ironworkers-more than a 12-fold difference. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Chowdhury and Dong [2002].)

66 Figure 4-24 Distribution of construction workers and fatal occupational injuries by employment size of establishment, 2001. In 2001, more than 80% of construction establishments had fewer than 10 employees, and establishments with fewer than 20 employees employed only 38.2% of the wage-and-salary workforce. However, fatal occupational injuries among these smaller establishments accounted for more than 55.5% of fatal occupational injuries in 2001. (Note: The calculation excludes the self-employed workers and deaths reported without establishment-size information.) (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Census [2003]; Dong et al. [2004].)

67 Figure 4-25 Numbers and rates of fatal occupational injuries among construction workers by fatal event, 2001. In 2001, falls to lower level accounted for the greatest number of fatal occupational injuries among construction workers (410 fatalities or 4.3 per 100,000 full-time workers). Highway accidents accounted for 161 deaths, a fatal injury rate of 1.7 per 100,000 full-time workers. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Dong et al. [2004].)

68 Figure 4-26 Fatal occupational fall rates by selected construction trade, 2001. The 2001 rate for fatal occupational falls among ironworkers was 66.8 per 100,000 workers-15 times the average rate for all construction. For roofers, the fatal fall rate was 30.1, or 7 times the average rate for all construction. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Dong et al. [2004].)

69 Figure 4-27 Rate of nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases with days away from work by construction trade, 2001. In 2001, the rate of nonfatal injuries and illnesses involving days away from work ranged from 131.2 per 10,000 full-time workers among painters to 751.8 for ironworkers-nearly a 6-fold difference. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)

70 Figure 4-28 Rates of nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases with days away from work in construction and private industry by selected ergonomic events or exposures, 2001. Injuries and illnesses associated with ergonomic events or exposures made up 26.5% (49,237 of 185,662) of all nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work in the construction industry in 2001. The rate of bending, climbing, crawling, reaching, twisting injuries in construction was 15 per 10,000 full-time workers-nearly double the rate of 8 for all private industry that year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b,c]; Dong et al. [2004].)

71 Figure 4-29 Fatal occupational injury rates for brickmasons and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, fatal occupational injury rates for brickmasons were generally lower than those for all construction workers. Rates for brickmasons showed an up-and-down decreasing pattern, varying from 6.3 per 100,000 full-time workers in 2001 to 15.2 in 1995. BLS reported 145 fatal occupational injuries among brickmasons during this 10-year period-an average of 14 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)

72 Figure 4-30 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for brickmasons and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work were generally lower for brickmasons than for all construction workers. Rates for brickmasons showed a downward trend from a 424 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1994 to 201 in 2001. BLS reported 36,172 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among brickmasons during this 10-year period-an average of 3,617 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)

73 Figure 4-31 Fatal occupational injury rates for carpenters and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, fatal occupational injury rates for carpenters were parallel to and consistently lower than rates for all construction workers. Rates for carpenters varied within a narrow range, from 8.9 per 100,000 full-time workers in 1995 to 6.7 in 2000. BLS reported 848 fatal occupational injuries among carpenters during this 10-year period-an average of 85 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)

74 Figure 4-32 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for carpenters and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work were slightly higher for carpenters than for all construction workers, but they were comparable in overall magnitude. Rates for carpenters showed a downward trend, from 489 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1993 to 313 in 2001. BLS reported 285,705 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among carpenters during this 10-year period-an average of 28,570 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)

75 Figure 4-33 Fatal occupational injury rates for drywall installers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Fatal occupational injury rates for drywall installers were consistently lower than those for all construction workers during 1992-2001. Except for 1992, the rates for drywall installers varied within a narrow range, from 6.7 per 100,000 full-time workers in 1993 to 3.4 in 1998. BLS reported 80 fatal occupational injuries among drywall installers during this 10-year period-an average of 10 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)

76 Figure 4-34 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for drywall installers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for drywall installers showed a downward trend during 1992-2001, from 720 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 259 in 2000. BLS reported 43,575 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among construction workers during this 10-year period-an average of 4,357 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)

77 Figure 4-35 Fatal occupational injury rates for electricians and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Fatal occupational injury rates for electricians during 1992-2001 were comparable with those for all construction workers. Rates for electricians showed an up-and-down decreasing pattern, from 18.3 per 100,000 full-time workers in 1995 to 9.0 in 2000. BLS reported 671 fatal occupational injuries among electricians during this 10-year period-an average of 67 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)

78 Figure 4-36 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for electricians and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for electricians were slightly higher but comparable with those for all construction workers. Rates for electricians showed a downward trend, from 522 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1994 to 246 in 2001. BLS reported 142,811 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among electricians during this 10-year period-an average of 14,281 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)

79 Figure 4-37 Fatal occupational injury rates for ironworkers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Fatal occupational injury rates for ironworkers during 1992-2001 were substantially greater (4.8-10.5 times greater) than those for all construction workers. Rates for ironworkers showed a downward trend, from 147.6 per 100,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 60.0 in 2000. BLS reported 424 fatal occupational injuries among ironworkers during this 10-year period-an average of 42 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)

80 Figure 4-38 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for ironworkers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for ironworkers during 1992-2001 were consistently greater (1.7-3.9 times greater) than those for all construction workers. Rates for ironworkers showed a downward trend, from 1,750 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 550 in 1997. The 2001 rate of 752 per 10,000 full-time workers represents a 57% decrease from the 1992 rate of nonfatal injury and illness for ironworkers. BLS reported 40,173 cases of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among ironworkers during this 10-year period-an average of 4,017 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)

81 Figure 4-39 Fatal occupational injury rates for construction laborers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Fatal occupational injury rates for construction laborers during 1992-2001 were substantially greater (2.5-3.4 times greater) than those for all construction workers. Between 1992 and 1997, rates increased from 36.8 per 100,000 full-time workers to 47.3, then decreased to a low of 30.8 in 2000. BLS reported 2,873 fatal occupational injuries among construction laborers during this 10-year period-an average of 287 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)

82 Figure 4-40 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for construction laborers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for construction laborers during 1992-2001 were consistently greater (1.8-2.7 times greater) than those for all construction workers. Rates for construction laborers showed a downward trend, from 1,330 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 512 in 2001. The 2001 rate represents a 62% decrease from the 1992 rate. BLS reported 467,258 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among construction laborers during this 10-year period-an average of 46,726 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)

83 Figure 4-41 Fatal occupational injury rates for operating engineers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Fatal occupational injury rates for operating engineers during 1992-2001 exceeded those for all construction workers except during 1995. Rates for operating engineers showed an increasing trend, varying between 12.2 per 100,000 full-time workers and 23.0 (compared with 12.4 and 14.8 per 100,000 full-time workers for all construction workers). BLS reported 342 fatal occupational injuries among operating engineers during this 10-year period-an average of 34 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)

84 Figure 4-42 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for operating engineers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work were lower for operating engineers than for all construction workers, but both rates were comparable in overall magnitude. Rates for operating engineers showed a downward trend, from 581 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 162 in 2001. BLS reported 37,431 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among operating engineers during this 10-year period-an average of 3,743 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)

85 Figure 4-43 Fatal occupational injury rates for painters and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, fatal occupational injury rates for painters were lower than those for all construction workers. Rates for painters showed an up-and-down decreasing pattern, varying from 12.2 per 100,000 full-time workers in 1996 to 7.9 in 1999. BLS reported 384 fatal occupational injuries among painters during this 10-year period-an average of 38 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)

86 Figure 4-44 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for painters and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for painters were consistently lower (0.5 to 0.8 times lower) than those for all construction workers. Rates showed a downward trend, from 368 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 131 in 2001. The 2001 rate of 131 per 10,000 full-time workers represents a 64% decrease in rates since 1992. BLS reported 50,264 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among painters during this 10-year period-an average of 5,026 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)

87 Figure 4-45 Fatal occupational injury rates for plumbers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, fatal occupational injury rates for plumbers were lower than those for all construction workers. Rates for plumbers showed a downward trend, from 9.7 per 100,000 full-time workers in 1994 to 5.1 in 1998. BLS reported 284 fatal occupational injuries among plumbers during this 10-year period-an average of 28 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)

88 Figure 4-46 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for plumbers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for plumbers were slightly higher than those for all construction workers, though they were comparable in overall magnitude. Rates for plumbers showed a downward trend, from 504 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 326 in 1998. BLS reported 113,679 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among plumbers during this 10-year period-an average of 11,370 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)

89 Figure 4-47 Fatal occupational injury rates for roofers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Fatal occupational injury rates for roofers were 1.6-2.8 times greater than those for all construction workers during 1992-2001. Rates followed an up-and-down increasing pattern, with a high of 41.2 per 100,000 full-time workers in 2001 and a low of 22.3 in 1998. BLS reported 569 fatal occupational injuries among roofers during this 10-year period-an average of 57 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)

90 Figure 4-48 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for roofers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work were consistently greater for roofers (1.1-1.8 times greater) than for all construction workers. Rates for roofers showed a downward trend, from 838 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1994 to 325 in 1998. BLS reported 61,539 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among roofers during this 10-year period-an average of 6,154 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)

91 Figure 4-49 Fatal occupational injury rates for truck drivers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Fatal occupational injury rates for truck drivers were 1.3-2.9 times greater than those for all construction workers during 1992-2001. Rates for truck drivers showed a down-and-up pattern, with a low of 17.0 per 100,000 full-time workers in 1993 and a high of 39.2 in 1999. BLS reported 479 fatal occupational injuries among truck drivers during this 10-year period-an average of 48 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)

92 Figure 4-50 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for truck drivers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for truck drivers usually exceeded rates for all construction workers. Rates for truck drivers varied from 533 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 359 in 1998. BLS reported 57,999 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among truck drivers during this 10-year period-an average of 5,800 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)

93 Figure 4-51 Fatal occupational injury rates for welders and cutters and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Fatal occupational injury rates for welders and cutters were 1.7-3.3 times greater than those for all construction workers during 1992-2001. Rates for welders and cutters showed an increasing trend, from 23.7 per 100,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 45.4 in 1997. The 2001 fatal injury rate of 39.9 per 100,000 full-time workers was 3 times the rate for all construction workers and represented a 68% increase from 1992. BLS reported 257 fatal occupational injuries among welders and cutters during this 10-year period-an average of 26 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)

94 Figure 4-52 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for welders and cutters and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for welders and cutters show an overall decreasing trend, ranging from 573 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1994 to 171 in 2001. BLS reported 21,940 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among welders and cutters during this 10-year period-an average of 2,194 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)

95 Figure 5-10 Distribution and number of fatal occupational injuries among workers aged 17 and younger by industry, 1992-2002. During 1992-2002, young workers in agriculture, forestry, and fishing accounted for 287 or 43.3% of all fatal occupational injuries among workers aged 17 or younger. Workers in retail trade and construction had the next largest numbers of fatal injuries among young workers (127 fatal injuries [or 19.2%] and 107 fatal injuries [or 16.1%], respectively). (Note: Dash in parentheses indicates that no data were reported or that data do not meet BLS publication criteria.) (Source: BLS [2003d].)

96 Figure 5-17 Distribution and number of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work among workers aged 16-19 in private industry by industry, 2001. Wholesale and retail trade and services accounted for the highest percentages (45.6% and 21.2%, respectively) of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among workers aged 16-19. (Sources: BLS [2003b,c].)

97 Figure 5-21 Occupational injuries identified by workers' compensation data among young workers aged 14-17 in Massachusetts by selected industry, 1993-1999. The largest numbers of occupational injury cases identified among young workers in Massachusetts through workers' compensation claims occurred in restaurants (25.6%), grocery stores (15.0%), retail bakeries (6.7%), and nursing homes (5.8%). (Source: Davis [2002].)

98 Figure 5-26 Distribution and number of fatal occupational injuries among workers aged 55 and older by industry, 1992-2002. Among workers aged 55 and older, those in agriculture, forestry, and fishing experienced the largest share of fatal occupational injuries (3,629 or 27.1%) during 1992-2002. Five industries accounted for nearly 64% of these fatalities: transportation and public utilities (1,974 or 14.7%), services (1,817 or 13.6%), construction (1,756 or 13.1%), manufacturing (1,554 or 11.6%), and retail trade (1,474 or 11.0%). (Source: BLS [2003d].)

99 Figure 5-31 Distribution and number of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work among workers aged 55 and older by major private industry sector, 2001. Services, manufacturing (durable), and wholesale and retail trade together account for 67% of all nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work among workers aged 55-64. The same industry sectors predominate for workers aged 65 and older, accounting for nearly 75% of all cases. (Sources: BLS [2003b,c].)

100 Figure 5-37 Distribution and number of fatal occupational injuries among Hispanic workers by industry, 1992-2002. During this period, the largest proportion of fatal occupational injuries among Hispanic workers was in construction, which accounted for 27.7% of the total, or 1,994 cases. (Source: BLS [2003d].)

101 Figure 5-43 Distribution and number of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work among Hispanic workers by industry, 2001. Among the total 191,959 cases of nonfatal occupational injury and illness, wholesale and retail trade and services accounted for the largest percentages of Hispanic cases (22.3% and 21.4%, respectively). (Sources: BLS [2003b,c].)

102 Table 1-4 Number of employed workers by major industry sector and percentage of female, black, and Hispanic workers, 2001. Most workers (71.9%, or 97.1 million) were employed by the services, wholesale and retail trade, and manufacturing sectors. Female workers accounted for nearly half of all workers (46.6%) and for more than half the workers in services; finance, insurance, and real estate; and retail trade. Black workers accounted for 11.3% of all workers, but public administration and transportation and public utilities had the greatest proportions of black workers (16.2% and 15.8%, respectively). Hispanic workers accounted for 10.9% of all workers, but agriculture and construction had the greatest proportions of Hispanic workers (20.3% and 15.8%, respectively). (Source: BLS [2001].)

103 Table 4-1 Number and 5-year average rate of fatal mining injuries by type of employer and commodity at various work locations, 1998-2002. Underground mines posed the greatest risk of fatal injury to mine workers during 1998-2002. At these mines, the highest fatal injury rates were among metal mine operator workers and all independent contractor workers. At surface locations, the highest fatal injury rate was at the dredge. All 11 fatalities at the dredge occurred at sand and gravel mines. Within each commodity, fatal injury rates were highest for independent contractor workers at two metal/nonmetal surface locations: strip/open pit/quarry and mills. (Sources: MSHA [2003]; NIOSH [2003].)

104 Table 5-1 Number and distribution of employed workers in major industry groups by age, 2001. Young workers aged 16-19 accounted for 6.9 million or 5.1% of all employed workers, and those aged 55 and older accounted for 18.3 million or 13.6%. Of the young workers aged 16-19, 54.2% were employed in wholesale and retail trade, and 27.5% in services. Of the employed workers aged 55 and older, 40.0% were employed in services, and 17.5% in wholesale and retail trade. (Source: BLS [2001].)