Indicators 2000 - Table of Contents

Table of Contents

Letter of Transmittal

National Science Board

Acknowledgments

Contributors and Reviewers

Chapters

Science and Technology in Times of Transition: the 1940s and 1990s

U.S. and International Research and Development: Funds and Alliances

Science and Engineering Workforce

Higher Education in Science and Engineering

Elementary and Secondary Education

Academic Research and Development: Financial and Personnel Resources, Support for Graduate Education, and Outputs

Industry, Technology, and the Global Marketplace

Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Public Understanding

Significance of Information Technologies

List of Figures

List of Presentation Slides

Volume 2 - Appendix Tables

Chapter 1: Science and Technology in Times of Transition: the 1940s and 1990s

Introduction Chapter Background Chapter Organization
Highlights of the First Time of Transition: 1945--51 Emergence of a Concept Congressional Initiatives Administration Actions Impacts of the Korean War Investments
Early Visions/Key Policy Documents Science-The Endless Frontier (1944--45) Science and Public Policy (1946--47) Themes and Issues
Monitoring the Condition of the Science and Engineering Enterprise "A Program for the National Science Foundation" Congressional and Presidential Directives Science Indicators -- 1972, et seq.
Presidential Statements Harry S Truman, 1948 Major Presidential Science Policy Initiatives William J. Clinton, 1998
Current Visions/Key Policy Documents Science in the National Interest (1994) Unlocking Our Future (1998) Themes and Issues Congressional Science Policy Hearings and Studies
Advances in Science and Engineering The View by Indicators Contributions from the Past and Toward the Future The Importance of Human Resource Development: The NSF Class of 1952
Enduring Themes: Continuity and Change Support and Performance of R&D Centrality of the University System Human Resources for Science and Engineering Significance of Industrial R&D The Federal Role International Considerations Public Attitudes and Understanding of Science and Technology Impacts of Information Technology
Current Emerging Themes
Selected Bibliography

Chapter 2: U.S. and International Research and Development: Funds and Alliances

Highlights
Introduction Chapter Overview Chapter Organization
Economic Measures of R&D Latest Developments in U.S. National R&D R&D Growth Trends
Trends in Financial Support for R&D Federal Support by National Objective 21st Century Research Fund and Earlier Concepts R&D by Federal Agency Federal Support to Academia GPRA and Federal Support for R&D Federal Funding to Other Sectors Federal Support for Small Business R&D FY 1998 is Final Year for Tracking of Independent Research and Development Defense Spending U.S. Federal and State R&D Tax Credits State Government Support for R&D Historical Trends in Non-Federal Support
Trends in R&D Performance U.S. R&D/GDP Ratio Rates of Growth Among Sectors Federal R&D Performance
Industrial R&D Performance Recent Growth in Industrial R&D R&D in Manufacturing Versus Nonmanufacturing Industries Top 20 U.S. Corporations in R&D Spending R&D Intensity Does Industry Under-Invest in R&D?
Performance by Geographic Location, Character of Work, and Field of Science R&D by Geographic Location Trends in National R&D by Character of Work Definitions R&D Continues to Fare Well Despite Fiscal Austerity Federal Obligations for Research, by Field Cross-Sector Field-of-Science Classification Analysis R&D in Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Information Technology
Inter-Sector and Intra-Sector Domestic Partnerships and Alliances Economic Considerations Underlying R&D Partnerships Federal Technology Transfer Programs Principal Federal Legislation Related to Cooperative Technology Programs Differences in Motivations and Goals of CRADA Participants Scientific and Technological Conditions Underlying R&D Partnerships Industrial R&D Consortia Advanced Technology Program Funding Slows
International Comparisons of National R&D Trends Absolute Levels in Total R&D Expenditures Distribution of Nondefense R&D Expenditures Purchasing Power Parities: Preferred Exchange Rates for Converting International R&D Data Trends in Total R&D/GDP Ratios Nondefense R&D/GDP Ratios Emerging Countries' R&D Investments R&D in the Russian Federation in Transition
International R&D by Performer, Source, and Character of Work Performing Sectors Sources of Funds Character of R&D Effort
International Comparisons of Government R&D Priorities Funding Priorities by National Objective International Nondefense Functions Accounting for Defense R&D: Gap Between Performer- and Source-Reported Expenditures International Comparisons of Government R&D Tax Policies
International Public- and Private-Sector R&D and Technology Cooperation Public-Sector Collaboration U.S. Government's Use of International S&T Agreements Private-Sector Collaboration International Strategic Technology Alliances
International Industrial R&D Investment Growth U.S. and Foreign Industrial R&D Expenditure Balance
Trends in U.S. Industry's Overseas R&D Sector Focus of Overseas R&D Activity Country Location of U.S. Overseas R&D Activity U.S. Industry's Overseas R&D Facilities
Foreign R&D in the United States Country Sources of Industrial R&D Industry Focus of Foreign R&D U.S. Research Facilities of Foreign Firms
Selected Bibliography

Chapter 3: Science and Engineering Workforce

Highlights
Introduction
Selected Characteristics of the S&E Workforce
Women and Minorities in S&E Women Scientists and Engineers Racial or Ethnic Minority Scientists and Engineers
Labor Market Conditions for Recent S&E Degree-Holders
Projected Demand for S&E Workers
Foreign-Born Scientists and Engineers in the United States What Fields Did Computer Workers Get Degrees In? Foreign Scientists and Engineers on Temporary Work Visas Stay Rates of Temporary Ph.D. Recipients from U.S. Schools
International R&D Employment
Selected Bibliography

Chapter 4: Higher Education in Science and Engineering

Highlights
Introduction
Characteristics of U.S. Higher Education Institutions Expansion of Institutions Long-Term Trends in Enrollment in U.S. Higher Education Carnegie Classification of Institutions S&E Degree Production by Type of Institution Baccalaureate Origins of Ph.D.s. Demographics and U.S. Higher Education
Undergraduate S&E Students and Degrees in the United States Characteristics of American College Freshmen Engineering Enrollment Associate's Degrees Bachelor's Degrees Institution-Wide Reform
International Comparison of First University Degrees in S&E Diffusion of Higher Education in S&E Fields Growth Rates in S&E Fields Comparison of Proportion of Degrees in S&E and non-S&E Fields Across Countries Participation Rates in University Degrees and S&E Degrees
Graduate S&E Students and Degrees in the United States Trends in Graduate Enrollment Master's Degrees Doctoral Degrees
International Comparison of Doctoral Degrees in S&E
Trends in Doctoral Degrees-Europe and the United States Trends in Doctoral Degrees-Asia Graduate Reforms in Europe, Asia, and Latin America
Diversity Patterns in S&E Enrollment and Degrees in the United States Enrollment in Undergraduate Programs, by Race/Ethnicity and Sex Enrollment in Engineering, by Race/Ethnicity and Sex Persistence Toward a Bachelor's Degree, by Sex and Race/Ethnicity Associate's Degrees Bachelor's Degrees Graduate Enrollment, by Citizenship, Race/Ethnicity, and Sex Master's Degrees Doctoral Degrees Postdoctoral Appointments International Dimension of U.S. Higher Education Faculty
Conclusion
Selected Bibliography

Chapter 5: Elementary and Secondary Education

Highlights
Introduction Chapter Organization and Sources of Data Educational Reform from the 1950s to the Present View of Mathematics and Science Education in Elementary Schools in 1947 National Science Foundation Support of Post-Sputnik Reforms in Science and Mathematics Education Systemic Reform: Complex Solutions to Complex Problems The Social Context of Education The National Education Goals Schooling and School Choice in the 21st Century
Student Achievement Trends in National Achievement Proficiency Levels Used in NAEP Science and Mathematics Trends Assessments Elementary and Middle School Science and Mathematics High School Achievement Achievement Trends by Demographic Group Summary of NAEP Performance U.S. Achievement in an International Context Achievement of Fourth and Eighth Grade American Students Achievement of Students in the Final Year of Secondary School Achievement on General Knowledge Assessments Achievement of Advanced Students Performance of the Highest Achievers Performance of Students from the G-7 Nations Summary of TIMSS Findings Science and Mathematics Coursework First in the World Consortium Near the Top
Curriculum and Instruction Instructional Time Content: Curriculum and Textbooks Instructional Practice Technology AAAS Project Teachers and Teaching Teacher Qualifications Degrees Earned Undergraduate Major Experience Certification In- and Out-of-Field Teaching Assignments The Teaching Profession in the 21st Century
Conclusion
Selected Bibliography

Chapter 6: Academic Research and Development: Financial and Personnel Resources, Support for Graduate Education, and Outputs

Highlights
Introduction Chapter Background Chapter Organization
Financial Resources for Academic R&D Academic R&D in the National R&D Enterprise Major Funding Sources Funding by Institution Type Distribution of R&D Funds Across Academic Institutions Expenditures by Field and Funding Source Federal Support of Academic R&D EPSCoR—the Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research Academic R&D Facilities and Equipment
Academic Doctoral Scientists and Engineers The Academic Doctoral Science and Engineering Workforce Data Source Research and Teaching Activities Federal Support of Academic Researchers
Financial Support for S&E Graduate Education Definitions and Terminology Support of S&E Graduate Students and S&E Doctorate Recipients Graduate Modes of Financial Support and Time to Degree Multiple Modes of Financial Support for S&E Ph.D.s Research Assistantships as a Primary Mechanism of Support Relationship Between Support Modes and Early Employment of Recent S&E Ph.D.s The Debt Burden of New Science and Engineering Ph.D.s
Outputs of Scientific and Engineering Research: Articles and Patents Data Sources for Article Outputs U.S. Articles: Counts, Collaboration, and Citations Linkages Among Disciplines International Article Production: Counts, Collaboration, and Citations Citations on U.S. Patents to the Scientific and Technical Literature Academic Patenting: Patent Awards, Licenses, Startups, and Revenue
Conclusion
Selected Bibliography

Chapter 7: Industry, Technology, and the Global Marketplace

Highlights
Introduction
U.S. Technology in the Marketplace
International Trends in Industrial R&D
Patented Inventions
Venture Capital and High-Technology Enterprise
Summary: Assessment of U.S. Technological Competitiveness
Selected Bibliography

Chapter 8: Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Public Understanding

Highlights
Introduction Chapter Overview Chapter Organization
Interest in-and Knowledge about-Science and Technology Public Interest in Science and Technology and Other Issues The Public's Self-Assessed Level of Knowledge about Science and Technology and Other Issues The "Attentive" Public for Science and Technology Policy The Most Closely Followed Science-Related News Stories: 1986--99 Public Understanding of Science and Technology
Public Attitudes Toward Science and Technology Attitudes of Scientists, Legislators, and the Public Toward Science and Technology The Promise of Science-and Reservations Public Attitudes Toward the Funding of Scientific Research by the Federal Government Americans Give High Marks to Government Investment in R&D Public Confidence in the People Running Various Institutions Perceptions of Scientific Research Perceptions of Nuclear Power Perceptions of Genetic Engineering Public Attitudes Toward Biotechnology Perceptions of Space Exploration Perceptions of the Use of Animals in Scientific Research
Use of Computers and Computer Technology in the United States
The Relationship Between Science and the Media: Communicating with the Public Where Americans Get Information about Science and Technology What Are the Problems? Y2K Awareness and Concerns What Should Be Done To Improve the Relationship?
Belief in the Paranormal or Pseudoscience Belief in the Paranormal: How Common Is It? Do the Media Have a Role in Fostering Belief in the Paranormal? What Is Being Done To Present the Other Side?
Conclusion
Selected Bibliography

Chapter 9: Significance of Information Technologies

Highlights
Introduction Chapter Overview IT Data and Measurement Information Technologies Moore's Law
Information Technology Over the Past 50 Years Excerpts from "As We May Think" IT Timeline Growth of the Internet
IT and the Economy Use of IT in Business What is Electronic Commerce? International Context of Electronic Commerce Effects of IT on Productivity and Economic Growth Effects on Composition of the Economy IT and the Banking Industry IT and the Trucking Industry Effects on Income and Employment IT Workforce
IT and Education IT in the Classroom Distance Education Innovative Education Projects
IT, Research, and Knowledge Creation Scholarly Communication Digital Libraries Effects of IT on Research Growth of the World Wide Web Collaboratories
IT and the Citizen IT in the Home IT and Disabilities Information Technology, Government, and Citizens
Conclusion Potential Information Technology Indices
Selected Bibliography

Appendices

Appendix A: Contributors and Reviewers
Appendix B: Index (Available in PDF version. 356K)
Volume 2 - Appendix Tables

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