Both the number of U.S. citizen and permanent resident women earning doctoral degrees and their percentage of total awards in S&E and non-S&E fields rose between 1966 and 2005.

• The number of U.S. citizen and permanent resident women earning S&E doctorates rose from 785 in 1966 to 6,913 in 1995 and remained at approximately 7,000 doctorates per year through 2005.
• The number of U.S. citizen and permanent resident men earning S&E doctoral degrees dropped from 1971 through the late 1980s and again from 1995 through 2002.
• By 2005, women earned 45% of S&E and 61% of non-S&E doctoral degrees to U.S. citizens and permanent residents, up from 8% and 18%, respectively, in 1966.