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Hazelnut Pest Management Guide for BC Commercial Growers
September 2004 Edition This guide is produced for commercial
growers and includes currently recommended practices for pest control in
hazelnuts. It includes only products that are registered for use in Canada at
the time of publication, and are available in BC.
When planning a spray program, follow integrated pest management (IPM)
principles to avoid unnecessary pesticide sprays. These principles are given in
the Berry Production Guide (BCMAL and LMHIA publication).
Follow the pesticide recommendations in this guide to avoid excessive
residues on food crops. Exceeding recommended rates or decreasing the days
before harvest can result in high pesticide residues. Be sure to read the label
on the pesticide container for complete instructions, warnings and legal
restrictions regarding the use of the pesticide. The label is the legal
document concerning the pesticide use. Crops found with high residues or
residues of unregistered pesticides can be seized and destroyed by the Health
Protection Branch of Health Canada. For more information on the safe use of
pesticides and calibrating sprayers refer to the
2002/03 Berry Production Guide (BCMAL and LMHIA) available from the Lower
Mainland Horticultural Improvement Association (LMHIA).
Pesticide registrations and residue tolerances may vary in countries to
which fresh or processed crops or products are exported. If the crop is to be
exported, use products that have acceptable residue tolerances in the country
of destination. Other products should not be used.
The BC Ministry of Agriculture and Lands does not assume liability
for crop loss, animal loss, health, safety or environmental hazards caused by
the use of products or practices listed in this guide.
Weeds |
Registered product |
Application rate |
Directions for use; comments |
Residual control of most seedling
weeds |
Princep Nine-T WDG (simazine) |
2.0 – 2.5 kg/ha
(0.8 – 1 kg/acre) |
Apply in the early spring, to trees
established at least one year, before the seedling weeds emerge. If weeds
are present, tank mix with 5 L/ha Gramoxone – see “Gramoxone – Directions
for use” below. Simazine requires rainfall to be activated. |
Emerged weeds |
glyphosate
(eg. Roundup Original, Roundup Transorb Liquid)
|
2.25 – 3.5 L/ha
(0.9 – 1.4 L/acre)
|
For use in plantings established
more than one year. Avoid contact or drift onto hazelnut leaves or green
bark. Provides non-selective, non-residual weed control. Use higher rates
for established and hard-to-control weeds. Apply as a directed spray to the
weeds near the base of the tree using low pressure (less than 275 k Pa). Do
not apply within 14 days of harvest. |
Or glyphosate
(eg. Roundup Dry) |
1.26 – 1.96 kg/ha
(0.5 – 0.8 kg/acre) |
Emerged weeds and green suckers |
Gramoxone (paraquat)N
|
75 ml/10L water for directed spot treatment of green
suckers or
2.8 – 5.6 L
in 550 – 1100 L of water/ha
(1.1 – 2.3 L
in 225 – 500 L of water/acre) |
For use in plantings established
more than one year. Provides non-selective, temporary weed control. Avoid
contact or drift onto hazelnut leaves and desired green growth.
Applications made under low sunlight condition enable greater translocation
within the weeds and thus improved root-kill. Use higher rates for
established and hard-to-kill weeds.
For green sucker control, use the
higher rates and apply thorough coverage to the point of run-off. |
or apply 5.0 L of Gramoxone plus 2.0 – 2.5 kg/ha of
Princep Nine-T for residual annual weed control. |
Insects |
Registered product |
Application rate |
Directions for use; comments |
Aphids |
Clean Crop Lagon 480 (dimethoate)
|
5 L/ha
(2 L/acre) |
Several aphid types attack
hazelnuts. New leaves usually curl; old leaves become sticky from honeydew.
Heavy infestations reduce nut size and yield so should be controlled. Apply
primarily on young trees when aphids appear. Use reduced rate for smaller,
immature trees. Do not apply within 45 days of harvest. One application per
year. |
|
Lorsban 4E
(chlorpyrofos)
|
4.2 – 4.8 L/ha
(1.7 – 1.9 L/acre) |
Apply a minimum of 100 L of spray
per hectare. (40 L/acre). Apply a maximum of 3 ground applications per
year. Use lower rate for smaller trees. Do not apply within 14 days of
harvest. |
Leafrollers |
Dipel 2X DF
|
1125-1675 g/ha
455-678g/acre |
Use sufficient volume to obtain
good coverage. Treat both surfaces of foliage. Apply when caterpillars are
young. Repeat as necessary. Apply up to day of harvest. |
Note: Ladybird beetles and other naturally occurring control agents
frequently provide adequate aphid control, especially in mature orchards. To
avoid harming the biological control agents and to minimize expenses, aphid
control sprays should only be applied when natural control is inadequate.
NAlthough
the toxicity rating of Gramoxone (paraquat) has not been clearly established as
“very toxic” there is no doubt that swallowing it could be fatal. There is no
specific antidote for Gramoxone (paraquat). Use extreme precautions to avoid
accidental swallowing of this herbicide.
Diseases
Bacterial blight (Xanthomonas arboricola pv.
corylina (formerly X. campestris pv. corylina))
The bacteria enter trees via pruning cuts, wounds, fresh leaf scars and
frost injured tissue. It is favoured by wet periods with temperatures above 20
C although it can occur at lower temperatures. Disease incidence also seems to
increase following freezing weather. This may be because the trees are
weakened, or because there may be more entry sites through wounds. Symptoms
include brown shrivelled buds, brown leaf spots and reddish-brown slightly
sunken cankers on the bark. Clusters of dead leaves that remain attached to
dead branches in the fall are readily noticeable. Bacterial blight should not
be confused with eastern filbert blight which is caused by a fungus.
Bacteria are readily spread by infested pruning tools. There are several
disinfectants that can be used to clean pruning equipment.
Sprays do not cure infections but can protect trees against new infection.
If blight is discovered, several sprays per season are required plus pruning to
remove infected wood. Cut at least 60 cm below the canker. Remove and destroy
prunings.
For more information refer to the factsheet Control of Bacterial Blight of
Hazelnut available on the BCMAFF website at:
www.al.gov.bc.ca/cropprot/hazelnutblight.htm.
Eastern Filbert Blight (Anisogramma anomala)
In spring, spores are released from mature cankers in infected hazelnut trees.
Wind-driven rain spreads spores to young, developing shoots, where infection
occurs. No symptoms are visible for approximately 15 months. The second summer
following infection, the fungus starts to produce the spore-producing
structures that are used for identification. These structures will release
spores the following spring.
Scouting for symptoms is critical to the management of this disease.
Prune out any diseased cankers about 2-3 feet below the site of infection and
burn diseased wood.
Preventative sprays at bud break with copper oxychloride or Quadris
(azoxystrobin) will help to prevent new infections of eastern filbert blight.
This preventative action is strongly recommended for cultivars that are highly
susceptible (Ennis and Daviana). Protective sprays may also be warranted for
the moderately susceptible varieties (Barcelona, Du Chilly, Butler, and
others). A second application 2-4 weeks after the first spray has been shown to
improve disease control.
For more information refer to the factsheet Eastern Filbert Blight on the
BCMAL website at:
www.al.gov.bc.ca/cropprot/filbertblight.htm.
Disease |
Registered product* |
Application rate |
Directions for use; comments |
Bacterial blight
(Xanthomonas arboricola pv.
corylina) |
Guardsman Copper Oxychloride 50
(PCP #13245)
or
UAP Copper Spray (PCP #19146)
|
3 – 9 kg/ha in 1000 L of water
(0.8 – 2.4 kg/acre in
400 L of water)
Use a spreader sticker. |
Apply the first spray in late
August/early September before the start of the fall rains and nut drop.
Repeat after harvest at ¾ leaf fall. Repeat early spring just before leaf
bud break. Use the higher rate on mature trees and a lower rate on small
trees in proportionately less water. |
Disinfectant treatments for pruners |
Bacteria are readily spread by
infested pruning tools. There are several disinfectants that can be used to
clean pruning equipment.
|
Disinfectants
5% Virkon
10% bleach*
DCD Floralife (16 mL/L)
Ethanol 70%
|
Treatment time
quick dip
quick dip
quick dip
20 seconds |
Eastern Filbert Blight (Anisogramma
anomala) |
Guardsman Copper Oxychloride 50
(PCP #13245)
or
UAP Copper Spray (PCP #19146) |
3 - 9 kg/ha
(0.8 – 2.4 kg/acre in
400 L of water)
Apply in 1000 L of water per hectare. |
Apply during the spring at bud swell and repeat at
10-14 days intervals for a maximum of 3 applications/year. Use low rate on
small trees, and high rate on large trees. May be applied up to 1 day
before harvest. |
QUADRIS Flowable Fungicide (250 g/L azoxystrobin) |
900 mL/ha
(365 mL/acre)
Apply in 1000 L of water per hectare. |
Protective applications may be applied from bud swell to bud break
(approximately mid March to mid May), when tissues are susceptible. The
label recommends 2 sequential applications followed by 2 or more
applications of fungicides with different modes of action (copper). Do not
use within 45 days of harvest. Do not allow drift onto apple or crabapple. |
Pesticide Safety - Emergency Response
- Know the poisoning symptoms of the pesticides that are used. Read
pesticide labels for symptoms. Effects from pesticide poisoning vary from
person to person and are often difficult to recognize. Some poisoning
symptoms are headache, tiredness, nausea, dizziness, irritation of the skin
or nose or throat, blurred vision, tiny pupils, trembling, perspiration,
difficult breathing, vomiting, and unconsciousness. Call a doctor or the
Poison Control Centre immediately if poisoning is suspected. Follow their
instructions.
- Keep the phone numbers for Poison Control Centre, doctor,
ambulance, and Provincial Emergency number 1-800-663-3456 nearby. The Poison
Control Centre phone number is in the front of the telephone book.
- Have protective gear and equipment easily available.
- Keep absorptive material, a container for contaminated waste, tools to
pick up contaminated material, bleach, and hydrated lime available.
First Aid
Make sure that all people working on the farm know what to do in case of an
emergency. Consider taking a first aid course and CPR course.
If someone has been poisoned:
- Protect yourself.
- Move the victim from the area of contamination.
- Check if the victim is breathing. If breathing has stopped or is very
weak, clear the airway and begin artificial respiration. Continue until the
victim is breathing normally or until medical help arrives. When doing
mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, use a plastic mask to protect yourself from
poison.
- Call the Poison Control Centre, doctor or ambulance. Be ready to tell
them the pesticide
name and PCP Act registration number.
- Unless the doctor or Poison Control Centre tells you otherwise, follow
the procedures listed below, then;
- Transport the patient to the nearest hospital.
If a pesticide contacts the eyes, put on waterproof
gloves and hold the eyelids open and rinse with clean water for 15 minutes or
more. Do not use an eye cup.
If pesticide contacts the skin, put on waterproof gloves, remove the
contaminated clothing, and wash the affected area of the skin with lots of soap
and water.
If pesticide was breathed in, take the victim to fresh air as quickly as
possible; loosen tight clothing and watch for signs of unconsciousness or
convulsions. Keep the airway open and begin resuscitation if breathing has
stopped or is difficult. Use a plastic face mask to protect yourself.
If a pesticide is swallowed check the label to see if vomiting is
recommended. Do not induce vomiting if:
- the label says not to,
- the substance swallowed contains a petroleum product,
- the victim is unconscious or convulsing, or
- if the substance is corrosive.
To induce vomiting, give the victim water and tickle the back of the throat
and tongue with your finger. If the victim cannot sit, place the person face
down on his or her side. Keep the airway free of vomitus.
If a corrosive substance was swallowed and the victim is conscious and able
to swallow, give him or her a half to full glass of milk or water. Do not give
large amounts to drink as it may induce vomiting.
Warning: Do not induce vomiting if an acid, alkali or petroleum product is
swallowed.
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