The American Journal of Botany Cover Images Index

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2008 - Volume 95

January Light micrographs of median longitudinal sections of root apical meristems (RAMs) from basal angiosperms, monocots, and eudicots are pictured, left to right: top, Magnolia grandiflora, Cabomba caroliniana, and Ranunculus muricatus; bottom, Clivia miniata, Commelina communis, and Quercus rubra.	February One of the fundamental characteristics of plants is their polar organization and polar growth.	March Variation in hip (fruit) morphology in rose species (Rosa spp., Rosaceae).	April Light micrograph of a cucumber root tip releasing border cells after immersion in water.	May Marattia howeana (W.R.B.Oliv.) P.S.Green, a rare endemic to Lord Howe Island with only a few known remaining populations.
June Fluorescence micrograph of calcofluor-stained cell walls of the filamentous desmid Desmidium swartzii (Desmidiaceae).	July Of the estimated 1.5 million species of fungi, only 5% are presently known to science, but even this small fraction includes a bewildering variety of forms and ecological types.	August Menispermites cordatus, a new fossil leaf species from the middle–late Paleocene (ca. 60-58 Mya) of the Cerrejón paleoflora, northern Colombia.	September Coming Soon!

2007 - Volume 94

January Model systems such as the single, large nectary embedded in the basal wall of the gynoecium (insets on left, c. 203) of tobacco (Nicotiana langsdorffii x N. sanderae Hort. Var Suttonï's Scarlet) are contributing to our understanding of the cellular and molecular processes leading to the secretion of nectar, a complex mixture of compounds, near the time of anthesis.	February Silene latifolia, or white campion (formerly Melandrium album), is a well-recognized historical model of plant dioecy and heteromorphic sex chromosomes.	March Light micrograph of the vein pattern of a New World endemic, Flaveria trinervia (Spreng.) C. Mohr., a pantropical weedy C4 species.	April Tristerix penduliflorus (Loranthaceae) is a bird-pollinated mistletoe that occurs in dry, high elevation (3700 m) habitats from southern Peru to Bolivia.	May A scaly tree fern, Cyathea sp., in a misty montane rainforest of Ecuador (Tapichalaca, Zamora Chinchipe).
June Tension tissue in transverse hand section of internode 7 from unfixed wild-type alfalfa (Medicago sativa), shown for the first time in an herbaceous perennial using zinc chloro-iodide staining and differential interference contrast to increase resolution of unstained cells (c. 100X).	July Light micrograph of a young leaf of lace plant at the perforation stage of leaf development.	August The tropical montane basidiolichen Dictyonema glabratum in Volcan Tenorio National Park in Costa Rica (c. 3X actual size).	September This root holoparasitic plant, Hydnora africana Thunb., parasitizing Euphorbia mauritanica L. (background) in the Richtersveld of South Africa, only emerges from the soil to flower.	October A partial inflorescence and two flowers from the Middle Eocene Princeton Chert, British Columbia, Canada, digitally reconstructed from serial sections using the program AMIRA 3.1.1.
November Flower of Trigonidium egertonianum, an orchid in the subtribe Maxillariinae.	December

2006 - Volume 93

January A scanning electron micrograph of a nearly mature flower of Lacandonia schismatica colorized to highlight the three central stamens (aqua), the surrounding carpels (steel blue), and styles (yellow).	February A light micrograph of a transverse section of fossil Metasequoia wood collected from Axel Heiberg Island, Nunavut, Canadian High Arctic, at 80°N latitude.	March Cluster of submerged buds from the water lily Brasenia schreberi at various stages of development surrounded by substantial mucilage.	April Air bubbles were digitally photographed as they streamed from a severed tertiary vein of a grape leaf submerged in water (inset). The camera was placed at the surface of the water.	May Autofluorescence of tetrads and elaters of the hornwort Leiosporoceros dussii (Steph.) Hässel viewed with a Leica CTR5000 fluorescence microscope.
June Fluorescence in situ hybridization in a root tip metaphase squash of Nothoscordum striatum (Alliaceae) probed with concatemers of the human-type telomere motif (TTAGGG)n (biotin-labeled probe detected with cy3 avidin, red fluorescence; DAPI counterstain for DNA, blue fluorescence).	July American botanists at the Annual Botanical Dinner at the New Ebbit Hotel, probably in Washington, D.C., 8 March 1916.	August A glossophagine bat (Anoura geoffroyi, Phyllostomidae) visiting Burmeistera sodiroana (Campanulaceae) in a flight cage set up in the Bellavista Cloud Forest Reserve, Pichincha Province, Ecuador. The flower morphology fits the bat's head closely, allowing precise and consistent pollen placement on the crown (note the spot of pollen from a previous visit).	September This baobab tree (Adansonia grandidieri) at the Allee des Baobabs in western Madagascar is now surrounded by rice fields but normally grows as an emergent canopy tree in dry deciduous forests.	October The "Hooker Oak" was was the largest valley oak (Quercus lobata Nee) of its day, although it is purported to have been composed of two fused trees, The "tree" was estimated to be 326 years old (measuring 32 m in height with a basal circumference of 8.5 m) when it fell during a violent windstorm on 1 May 1977.
November Tyloses are shown in a tangential longitudinal view of a secondary xylem vessel just under a wounded surface in a current-year stem of grape (Vitis vinifera L. cv Chardonnay).	December Three-dimensional reconstruction of the pyritized fossil fruit Palaeorhodomyrtus subangulata (Myrtaceae) from the Lower Eocene London Clay Formation, based on serial sections obtained from high-resolution x-ray computed tomography (HRXCT).

2005 - Volume 92

January Alpinia, the largest genus in the ginger family (Zingiberaceae), is primarily pollinated by bees.	February Anatomically preserved fossils of Shirleya grahamae (Lythraceae), from the middle Miocene Yakima Canyon flora of central Washington State, USA.	March Tacca chantrieri in the shady understory of a tropical forest in Yunnan Province, China.	April The tribe Malveae (subfamily Malvoideae, Malvaceae), with approximately 70 genera that grow in a variety of habitats in both tropic and temperate areas, has remarkably diverse flowers.	May Fruit color polymorphisms are striking examples of intraspecific genetic variation in plants that can interact with animal associates such as seed dispersers.
June Scanning electron micrograph of wood of Marcgravia umbellata (Marcgraviaceae), a lianous native of the neotropics, showing coalescent pits in the inner wall of a vessel element (pit apertures ca. 2-3 ;gmm).	July A large Darlingtonia fen near Eight Dollar Mountain, Josephine County, Oregon, USA. Darlingtonia fens occur on serpentine seeps in the Siskiyou Mountains of Oregon and southward into the Sierra Nevada.	August The classic schematic plant of J. von Sachs (Physiology of Plants. 1887. Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK) is superimposed onto repeats of the phytochrome DNA sequence to represent the plant body as an "emergent property" of the underlying genome, circumscribed by its sequence data. Just as the plant body is built as repeats of a leaf-internode unit, DNA sequence data has morphological structure.	September DNA fragmentation characteristic of programmed cell death (PCD) was detected in NaCl-treated determinate primary roots of Stenocereus gummosus (Cactaceae) using the terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay.	October A coastal prairie and UNESCO Biosphere Reserve north of Lincoln City, Oregon, USA on the Pacific Ocean. The ungrazed promontory of the preserve supports a diverse flora and fauna, including rare and endemic species.
November Confocal optical section of a living chlorenchyma cell (stained with the nucleic acid stain acridine orange) of Bienertia cycloptera, which possesses a novel mechanism for C4 photosynthesis.	December About 75% of flowering plants produce calcium oxalate crystals in some or all of their organs. Because these crystals occur in various shapes and hydration states that are specific and consistent within each organ, they have been used periodically as an internal taxonomic character.

2004 - Volume 91

January Staminate inflorescences of Arceuthobium pusillum (eastern dwarf mistletoe, Viscaceae)	February Jubelina rosea (Malpighiaceae) from French Guiana	March Lichen-forming fungus Peltigera praetextata (Sommerf.) Zopf	April Flowers of Fuchsia ampliata visited by a Sparkling Violetear Hummingbird (Colibri coruscans)	May Calopogon oklahomensis (Orchidaceae)
June Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa (Hillebr.) Sherff ovary development	July Allotetraploids of Tragopogon	August Moss species development on Summit stairway, Whiteface Mountain, New York	September A hawk moth (Basiothia schenki, Sphingidae) visiting the night-flowering Zaluzianskya natalensis and a long-proboscid fly (Prosoeca ganglbauri, Nemestrinidae) visiting the day-flowering Z. microsiphon	October These photographs of green algae represent the group's diversity of cellular architecture and growth habit.
November Winged fruits of modern and fossil Loxopterygium.	December Female flowers of Amborella trichopoda.

2003 - Volume 90

January A snap trap of the Venus's flytrap, Dionaea muscipula Ellis ex L. (Droseraceae),	February Monophyllaea horsfieldii R.Br. cultivated at the Botanical Garden Vienna	March Artibeus lituatus, the grat fruit bat, feeding on the infructecences of Cecropia sp.	April Asplenium aureum Cav.	May Pollen germination and tube growth in Ranunculus adoneus (snow buttercup)
June Cross section through the dehiscedanther of Xylopia collina	July Agroxiphium sandwicense subsp. macrocephalum	August A severe infestation of Lygodium microphyllum (Cav.) R.Br.	September Pseudosalix handleti - A rare fossile twig	October The three most abundant Venezuelan columnar cacti, from left to right, Pilosocereus lanuginosus (Linnaeus) Byles & Rowley, Stenocereus griseus (Haworth) Buxbaum, and Cereus repandus (Linnaeus) Miller
November The golden heads of Balsamorhiza and Wyethia	December A phylogeny of angiosperms based on matK, a plastid gene nested within the trnK intron

2002 - Volume 89

January Fire rages through oaks, pines and palmettos - Archibold Biological Station, Lake Placid, Florida	February Floral diversity in the blueberris (Vaccinieae, Ericaceae) - Phia meiniana, Vaccinium corymbosum, Macleania stricta, Satyria warszewiczii, Dimorphanthera anchorifera, Vaccinium poasanum, Agapetes serpens, Ceratostema lanigerum, Vaccinium myrtoides	March A fossil leaflet of Rhus toxicodendroides	April Incocybe hirsuta var. maxima A. H. Smith	May A silique of Arabidosis thaliana
June Cecropia obtusa Trecul (Cecropiaceae)	July The giant rosette Espeletia hartwegiana	August The bull banksia (Banksia grandis) of southwestern Australia	September A syrphid fly (Toxomerus ssp.) visits a wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) flower	October Seed samples from the ex situ Phaseoleae collection held at the National Botanic Garden of Belgium
November Hitchenia glauca - a rare member of the ginger family (Zingiberaceae)	December Mabelia connatifila represented by exquisitely preserved flowers found in the Cretaceous Raritan Formation of New Jersey

2001 - Volume 88

January Artificially colored ascospores of the saprobic microfungus Aliquandostipite khaoyaiensis (Loculoascomycetes, Ascomycota)	February The sunflower species Helianthus anomalus	March A flower of Tibouchina semidecandra	April The phlogenetic relationsips in family Magnoliaceae	May Fossil Woodwardia virginica foliage from the middle Miocene Yakima Canyon flora of central Washington State
June A watercolor reproduction of Plate 27 - Trichomanes crispum	July Scanning electron micrograph of dichotomously branched, subterranean gametophyte of Psilotum nudum	August A hover-fly transports pollinia among flowers of Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz	September A nocturnal rodent, Gerbilluris paeba, feeds on the copious amounts of jelly-like nectar produced by flowers of the African lily Massonia depressa (Hyacinthaceae)	October Lemon-scented sun orchid, Thelymitra antennifera
November Chimeric branches of the sawara false cypress, Chamaecyparis pisifera `nana aureovariegata'	December The highly specialized flower of Aristolochia gigantea

2000 - Volume 87

January Color-enhanced Scanning Electron Photomicrograph of a Seed of Lobelia inflata (Campanulaceae)	February A Stoma from the Scale of a Female Cone of Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca)	March Flowers of Wisteria floribunda	April Time-lapse Images of the Vine Lonicera japonica Superimposed to Represent Circumnutation	May A Site on Stepping Stones Island Along the West Coast of the Antarctic Peninsula
June White-lined Moth (Hyles lineata) and Bumble Bee (Bombus pennsylvanicus sonorus) Foraging on Agave palmeri	July Flower of Nasa urensfrom the Genus Nasa (Loasaceae)	August Computer-generated Three-dimensional Reconstruction of the Male Germ Unit of Rye (Secale cereale)	September Cauliflorous Figs of Ficus itoana	October Scanning Electron Micrograph of an Early Floral Developmental Stage of the Outcrossing Subspecies of Clarkia xantania (Onagraceae)
November Projection of 29 Confocal Optical Sections of a Root of Medicago truncatula Colonized by Arbuscular-mycorrhizal	December The nonphotosynthetic plant Sarcodes sanguinea (Monotropoideae, Ericaceae)

1999 - Volume 86

January The dung beetle Paragymnopleurus pauliani (Scarabaeidae) visiting the zygomorphic flower of Orchidantha inouei (Lowiaceae)	February Time series during hydration of an oriental spruce (Picea ornientalis) pollen grain	March Longitudinal Section of a Pistillate Floret of Heteropogon contortus	April Leptonycteris curasoae visiting flowers of Stenocereus stellatus	May White Flowers of the Ginger Zingiber longipedunculatum Pollinated by Female Amegilla Bees (Anthophoridae)
June Vegitative habitat for Lactoris fernandeziana (Lactoridaceae) looking out over "Tres Picos" on Robinson Crusoe Island	July Combining molecular and calculus based biophysical paradigms in a young sunflower capitulum	August Inflorescence with flowers of purple loosestrife Lythrum salicaria and it's three floral morphs	September The Kàkà Beak, Clianthus puniceus (Fabaceae)	October Fruiting capsule of a Pachira species showing its large, floatable seeds
November World in a petri dish constructed from various morphological mutants of the moss Funaria hygrometrica	December American lotus flower (Nelumbo lutea: Nelumbonaceae) on the second day of anthesis

1998 - Volume 85

January The yellow, fourmerous, tubular flowers of Kalanchoe marmorata	February Flowering head of Cirsium pupuratum and a nectar-foraging bumble bee	March Flowers of the orchid Disa uniflora pollinated by the Mountian Pride butterfly (Meneris tulbaghia: Satyrinae)	April Brighamia rockii (Campanulaceae) in full flower	May Arillate seeds of Cabralea canjerana (Meliaceae) being dispersed by Odontomachus chelifer
June The common sunflower, Helianthus annus L.	June Supplement Black-eyed Susan, one of the many cultivators of Rudbeckia hirta L., the state flower of Maryland	July Sample of the Diversity of Oubers oca	August The oak galls of the wasp Aleria weldi shown on Quercus myrtifolia	September White-flowered Form of Syringa vulgaris
October Homalomena propinqua (Araceae) is Pollinated by Parastasia sp. (Scarabaeidae)	November Araucaria humboldtensis (Araucariaceae) on the slopes of Mt. Humboldt, New Calidonai	December Lady's Slippers, the Rare Cypripedium kentuckiense

1997 - Volume 84

January The growth of a bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) root system for 10d as simulated by SimRoot	February Pyllocladus glaucus Carr. (phyllocladaceae), Toatoa or Blue Celery Pine, endemic to New Zealand	March Alpha carbon backbone of the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, color coded to show residues conserved throught the 300 million years of seed plant evolution	April A capitulum of the South African"beetle daisy" (gorteria diffusa: Asteraceae	May A compound leaf and scattered wing nuts of Polyptera manningii Manchester et Dilcher (extinct Juglandaceae) in siltstone
June Plants of Oreocereus celsianus growing in the altiplano of northern Argentina at an altitude of 4000 meters	June Supplement Vaccinium vitis-ideae L. growing on the ultramafic rock of Mt. Albert	July The Protomycean electra Hilbert, Grimald, & Donoghue gen. et sp. nov. (Fungi, Basidiomycota) mushroom found in Dominican amber ~15-30 million years old	August Flow visualizations around three carpellate flowers of Zostera marina	September Vessel contents in the petiole of a transpiring sunflower leaf
October Transverse view showing internal structure of a plasmodesma of charophycean green alga Chara zeylanica	November Tassel seed mutations in maize	December George Ledyard Stebbins, Jr.

1996 - Volume 83

January Cross section of a mature leaf of Vigna mungo	February A myrmicine ant, Aphaenogaster araneoides carrying a seed of neotropical understory herb, Calathea micans (Marantaceae)	March Computer-generated reconstruction from serial ultrathin sections showing the distribution of plastids within the egg cells of two genotypes of alfalfa	April Cross section of Lilium anther at the tetrad stage	May Gentiana sino-ornata Balf f. (Sect. Monopodiae), distributed in the mountians of southwest China and adjacent to Burma
June Chamaecrista fasciculata	June Supplement Plant recovery - Mount St. Helens, August 1986	July Consentric rings of seed traps around individual parent plants of Lepidium campestre (Brassicaceae)	August The fedrally endangered green pitcher plant (Sarracenia oreophila: Sarraceniaceae) in flower	September Pollination drops inside an ovulate cone of Sequoiadendron
October Whole mount fragment of sporangial epidermis from a Sphagnum girgensohnni capsule subjected to high temperature acid hydroysis	November Pedicularis dasyantha in Svalbard, Norway	December Portrait of Wilhelm Hofmeister

1995 - Volume 82

January Section of chimeral apex of a Balanophora tuber	February Floral changes in Androsace lanuginosa (Primulaceae)	March Cross section of a mature leaf of the C4 species Atriplex rosea	April Rudbeckia hirta used in a wildflower meadow seed mix	May Enlarged area of cleared of palo verde (Cercidium floridum)
June A unisexual umbel of Bomarea acutifolia	June Supplement Desert Bloom	July Silver-plated models of Sphagnum branches	August Fire is an inherent feature of the tallgrass prairie ecosystem	September Calypso bulbosa (Orchidaceae) from the rocky Mountain foothills west of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
October Convergent inflorescence morphology in the mimosoid legume genera Parkia and Dichrostachys	November Thallus of the lace lichen, Ramalina menziesii	December Fruit morphology of three Magnolia species in section Rytidospermum

1994 - Volume 81

January European skipper (Thymelicus lineola) removes nectar from a female bladder campion flower Silene vulgaris	February Different stages of cell division in marginal cells of the discoid thallus of the charophyte, Coleochaete orbicularis	March Vigorous spring growth of introduced Spartina alterniflora	April Photograph of a tissue print from a mature leaf of Peperomia camptotricha	May Distichous phyllotaxy is a distinctive feature of Ravenala madagascariensis (Strelitziaceae) by lemurs in Madagascar
June Scanning electron micrograph of radicle emergence (lower left) of perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne	June Supplement Liriodendron tulipifera (Tulip tree) of the deciduous forests of the eastern United States	July A lesser long-nosed bat, Leptonycteris curasoae, approaching a flower of the columnar cactus, Pachycereus pringlei	August Trigger hair of Dionaea muscipula (Venus flytrap) and a view of mucilage-covered tip of Drosera capensis (Cape sundew)	September Infrared gas analyzer being used in the field to measure the photosynthetic rate of a leaf of pink lady's slipper orchid
October Typical habitat for the rare species, Arabis fecunda	November Pollination droplet secreted from tip of slender micropylar tube of Ephedra ovule	December Disaster offered a unique opportunity to collect and study the apical buds of many large and rare palm trees at Fairchild Tropical Garden

1993 - Volume 80

January Cross section of rachilla of fertile floret of fall Panicum grass	February Wild rose mallow (Hibiscus moscheutos)	March Chara oospore and Chara rhizoids	April Autofluorescent cell walls of the connective bases of three anthers of a thistle, Cirsium horridulum	May Natural stand of the homoploid hybird species Iris nelsonii (Iridaceae)
June Diverse fruits of cultivars of Solanum muricatum (Pepino duice)	June Supplement Liatris pycnostachya and Ratibida pinnata	July Giant lobelias (Lobelia wollastonii) in front of a larger group of giant senecios (Dendrosenecio adnivalis)	August Transverse view of trunk interior of Browningia candelaris	September Purported diploid hybrid species spectabillis (bluish-pink flowers) co-occurring with P. centranthifolius
October Developing pollen grains at the microspore stage	November Salt-secreting stem cuttings of Avicennia germinans and Frankenia grandifolia placed in a flask containing 30 mM	December An aspect of red algal reproduction, Gracilaria verrucosa

1992 - Volume 79

January Longitudinal Sections of Two Ovules of the Orchid, Epipactis helleborina	February Seedlings of the compass plant, Silphium laciniatum	March Microspores of Hemerocallis Fulva	April Ombrophytum subterraneum (Balanophoraceae), parasitizing Tessaria roots	May Joined calcium crystals isolated from Capsicum annuum anther connective tissue
June Variation among flowers of the Mimulus guttatus complex (Scrophulariaceae)	June Supplement Flowering rosette of the extremely rare Mauna Kea silversword (Argyroxiphium sandwicense subsp. sandwicense)	July Autoradiograph of a small area of longisection of henbane anther	August Peridiate spore of the zygomycotinous fungus, Glomus mosseae	September Fossil flowers of Florissantia
October Protein bodies occur in different cells in the cotyledon of Lupinus luteus	November Codium fragile ("dead man's fingers")	December Male flower of Echinocereus coccineus (Cactaceae) showing pollen-filled anthers

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