CLU-IN.ORG | Technology Focus: IN SITU OXIDATION, Overview

In Situ Oxidation

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◊ In Situ Oxidation
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◊ Soil Vapor Extraction
◊ Soil Washing
◊ Solvent Extraction
◊ Thermal Treatment: Ex Situ
◊ Thermal Treatment: In Situ

For more information on Chemical Oxidation - In Situ, please contact:

Linda Fiedler
Technology Assessment Branch
(703) 603-7194
fiedler.linda@epa.gov

Overview

Chemical oxidation typically involves reduction/oxidation (redox) reactions that chemically convert hazardous contaminants to nonhazardous or less toxic compounds that are more stable, less mobile, or inert. Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one compound to another. Specifically, one reactant is oxidized (loses electrons) and one is reduced (gains electrons). The oxidizing agents most commonly used for treatment of hazardous contaminants in soil are ozone, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorites, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, potassium permanganate, and Fentons reagent (hydrogen peroxide and iron). Cyanide oxidation and dechlorination are examples of chemical treatment. This method may be applied in situ or ex situ, to soils, sludges, sediments, and other solids, and may also be applied for the in situ treatment of groundwater.

A Citizen's Guide to Chemical Oxidation
EPA 542-F-01-013, 2001

Download Spanish Translation (122K/PDF)

The Citizen's Guide Series are 2-page fact sheets that provide a general description on approaches to clean up contaminated was sites. The fact sheets cover five questions about each clean up approach: What is it?, How does it work?, Is it safe?, How long will it take?, and Why use it?.

Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPLs): Review of Emerging Characterization and Remediation Technologies
2000. Interstate Technology and Regulatory Cooperation (ITRC) Work Group, DNAPLs/Chemical Oxidation Work Team, 81 pp.

Engineering Issue Paper: In Situ Chemical Oxidation
EPA 600-R-06-072, 2006

This issue paper was produced by the EPA Risk Management Research Laboratory and the Engineering Forum. It provides an up-to-date overview of ISCO remediation technology and fundamentals, and is developed based on peer-reviewed literature, EPA reports, web sources, current research, conference proceedings, and other pertinent information.

In Situ Chemical Oxidation: Performance, Practice, and Pitfalls
Presentation by Richard A. Brown at 2003 AFCEE Technology Transfer Workshop, San Antonio, Texas

In Situ Remediation of DNAPL Compounds in Low Permeability Media Fate/ Transport, In Situ Control Technologies, and Risk Reduction
1996. D.D. Gates; N.E. Korte; R.L. Siegrist. See Chapter 4, In Situ Chemical Degradation of DNAPLs in Contaminated Soils and Sediments. ORNL/TM-13305, NTIS: DE97050722, pp. 4.1-4.25.

The specific processes discussed in this chapter are: in situ chemical oxidation using either hydrogen peroxide or potassium permanganate and in situ dechlorination of halogenated hydrocarbons using zero-valence base metals such as iron. The report is available through the DOE Information Bridge.

Technology Evaluation Report: In Situ Chemical Treatment
1999

This report, compiled by the Ground-Water Remediation Technologies Center (GWRTAC) provides a review of in situ chemical treatment technologies. Information was gathered primarily from peer-reviewed papers and publications and, in some instances, from personal communication with involved parties

Treatment Technologies for Site Cleanup: Annual Status Report (ASR), Twelfth Edition
EPA 542-R-07-012, 2007

ASR Remediation Database

View/Download Previous Editions

The Twelfth Edition of this report, published by the EPA Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation (OSRTI) in September 2007, documents treatment technology applications at more than 1,900 soil and groundwater cleanup projects at National Priorities List (NPL) sites. The status of more than 1,200 projects included in the ASR Eleventh Edition is updated, and information about 192 new projects derived from Records of Decision (ROD) signed from 2002 through 2005 is added. The report also includes a special section about on-site containment remedies. The ASR is based on the analysis of nearly 3,000 RODs signed since 1982 at 1,536 NPL sites. The online version includes new downloadable spreadsheets with the data for several of the key tables and figures in the report. Specific information about each technology application included in the ASR Twelfth Edition is available in the ASR Remediation Database.