All statements of fact, opinion, or analysis expressed in this book are those of the authors. They do not necessarily reflect official positions of the Central Intelligence Agency or any other US government entity, past or present. Nothing in the contents should be construed as asserting or implying US government endorsement of the authors’ factual statements and interpretations.

The Center for the Study of Intelligence

The Center for the Study of Intelligence (CSI) was founded in 1974 in response to Director of Central Intelligence James Schlesinger’s desire to create within CIA an organization that could “think through the functions of intelligence and bring the best intellects available to bear on intelligence problems.” The Center, comprising professional historians and experienced practitioners, attempts to document lessons learned from past operations, explore the needs and expectations of intelligence consumers, and stimulate serious debate on current and future intelligence challenges.

To support these activities, CSI publishes Studies in Intelligence and books and monographs addressing historical, operational, doctrinal, and theoretical aspects of the intelligence profession. It also administers the CIA Museum and maintains the Agency’s Historical Intelligence Collection.

Center for the Study of Intelligence
Central Intelligence Agency
Washington, DC 20505

Government Printing Office (GPO)
Superintendent of Documents
P.O. Box 391954
Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954
Phone: (202) 512-1800
E-mail: orders@gpo.gov

ISBN: 1-929667-13-2