faqs
Some answers to your frequently asked questions..
Ecological Landscaping
ECOLOGICAL LANDSCAPING IS A METHOD of designing,building, and maintaining landscapes that considers the ecology of a site 
and creates gardens that enhance the surrounding environment for the benefit of humans and all other life in the ecosystem. When the earth is disturbed during the construction of buildings, homes, driveways, and roadways, the land is forever altered. Although the natural landscape can never be restored completely, with thoughtful attention to the site, ecological landscapers can create outdoor spaces that are practical, healthy, and aesthetically pleasing. Ecological landscaping strives to balance the building site with the natural environment. It draws upon the wisdom
of natural systems.
By studying the inter-relationships between living things, non-living things, and the environment, ecological landscapers can create a landscaped community that will conserve natural resources, preserve biodiversity, and protect the environment.With proper design and implementation, a healthy pattern begins to form with each component in the landscape; people, animals, plants, water, soil, insects, and wildlife, all interacting in a sustainable way.
Conservation is an important part of ecological landscaping.The objectives of an ecological landscaper are to reduce water consumption, preserve water quality, prevent soil erosion, protect biodiversity, diminish the use of toxic pesticides, and minimize the use of non-renewable resources. By striving toward these goals, the ecological landscaper can create gardens that are both environmentally responsible and enjoyable to experience.
How To Choose an Ecological Landscaper
ECOLOGICAL LANDSCAPERS ARE PROFESSIONALS who have an
understanding of natural systems — geology, climate, soils, plants, and ecology.
They incorporate this knowledge with landscape design, construction, and
maintenance to make ecologically-sound decisions for your property.An
ecological landscaper differs from a conventional landscaper through the
approach, techniques, and products used while managing the soil, plant life, and
landscape.They strive to create gardens in an environmentally responsible way
with a goal to improve and enhance the site conditions for both humans and
wildlife alike.
An ecological landscaper begins with a study of the entire site…
PLANT INVENTORY — Cataloging the plants that exist on the site
SITE LOCATION — Hardiness zone, topography, microclimate, exposure
to wind and sun, and availability of water
SOIL SAMPLES — pH test, soil composition, texture, moisture retention,
and fertility
SITE HISTORY — Recurring problems in the landscape, wet areas, stressed
plants, erosion Ecological landscapers use data from their site analysis to provide a design that is appropriate for the site.They will build healthy soil and choose plants that will grow and thrive, selecting for disease resistance, drought or wet tolerance, and non-invasiveness.
To minimize the use of toxic chemicals, an ecological landscaper will proactively
monitor plant material and soils for key pests and diseases that arise in stressed
situations. Problems are addressed on a case-by-case basis using the solution with
the least environmental impact.
Listen for these terms when interviewing a landscaper…
Soil tests
Site analysis
Integrated pest management
Compost as soil amendment
Endophytically enhanced grass seed
Mulches of leaf mold or compost
Low impact solutions
Least toxic pesticides
Products used by an ecological landscape professional…
Insecticidal soap
Horticultural oil
NEEM
Bt
Compost tea
Beneficial nematodes
Low nitrogen fertilizer
Carpenter Ants…
The InvasIon of The Home S natchers
Bruce Wenning
Many kinds of pests find their way into your home. Some you can tolerate, others you can’t. Carpenter ants and carpenter bees are insects that want to move in with you. When they invade your space, the damage can be extensive and costly.
Ants are the most recognized insects on earth, with many subfamilies,
genera and species worldwide. They are in the Order Hymenoptera (bees, ants,
wasps, sawflies and parasitic wasps). They have three distinct body regions;
head, thorax, and abdomen, and their antennae, which are usually elbowed
(bent), function as chemical receptors. Ants nest in colonies and cooperate
in raising their young, finding food and defending the colony. They exhibit a caste system comprised of a queen, males and workers. The division of labor in the colony is an integral condition of group living. Queens fly to mate with males, and once mated, a queen will remove her wings and remain dedicated to egg laying for the colony. Males have wings and die soon after mating with the queen. Workers, as their name implies, do most of the colony’s work; they are sterile wingless females. Large colonies can have over 3,000 worker ants.
There are many ant species found
throughout the United States. The most destructive Eastern species is Camponotus pennsylvanicus, the black carpenter ant, which is common in New England. These ants are attracted to damp wood caused by leaking roofs, wood in contact with soil, leaking plumbing fixtures, insulation, blocked gutters, poorly ventilated attics and crawl spaces, and other wooden structures supports, walls, pillars, siding, joists, sills) that are rotted or waterdamaged. When Carpenter ants invade a home or other wooden structure and establish a colony with a queen, it is usually bad news. Carpenter ants can be found around the periphery of your home in moist foundation mulches, piles of damp leaves and branches and woodpiles. The best approach to the carpenter ant problem is preventive: eliminate damp habitats around the exterior of your home (as well as inside). Carpenter ants are frequently confused with termites, which are also wood-destroying insects. Termites are soft-bodied and usually white or cream colored; they are sometimes called, erroneously, “white ants” although they are more closely related to cockroaches than to ants. Carpenter ants, in contrast, are hard-bodied and black or dark brown in color.
Termites (which are in the small order Isoptera, meaning equal wings) have fore and hind wings that are nearly equal in size and which fold at rest close to the body. Carpenter ants, whose fore wings are larger than their hind wings, usually extend or hold their wings above their body at rest. Termites do not have a “waist” (constriction between the thorax and abdomen), whereas carpenter ants do have this constriction. Termites have beadlike antennae while carpenter ants have their antennae in segments resembling a short “arm” and “elbow.” Unlike termites, carpenter ants do not eat or digest wood, but instead excavate mostly moist and soft wood (and sometimes dry wood) and deposit the resulting “sawdust” outside their colony, while keeping their galleries clean. Wood digesting termites, on the other hand, line their galleries with moist soil. Carpenter ants are both predators and scavengers, feeding on live and dead insects, plant sap of certain plants, aphid and sap sucking insect honey dew, and various food scraps.
Another type of wood-destroying insect, sometimes mistaken for bumble bees, are carpenter bees, also in the order Hymenoptera (like carpenter ants). They differ from bumble bees in their body markings. Carpenter bees have black abdomens while bumble bees have yellow abdominal markings. Carpenter bees tend to fly and hover high up against buildings and windowsills to excavate their galleries in dry wood. Females have a stinger but rarely sting. Males do not have a stinger and are harmless to humans. The US has seven species of carpenter bees. The most destructive to homes and other wooden structures is the Eastern species, Xylocopa virginica. They can cause significant damage by boring into and excavating wood year after year. You may see this species flying near windowsills, eaves, wooden siding, fence posts, railings, and other very dry wooden structures. An infestation is first detected by finding large amounts of sawdust below half-inch diameter entrance holes in wood. Applying linseed oil to dry wood can reduce the attractiveness of such wood to these bees. Carpenter ants, carpenter bees, and termites utilize trees and other woody plants and materials as part of their life cycle. Each is important in its respective niche, but when they invade our domain they become pests. Homeowners who find it necessary to control or eradicate them should consult a certified pest control company and request that they deal with the problem in the most environmentally benign way possible.
For more information see Arnold Mallis, Handbook of Pest Control; Hansen & Klotz, Carpenter Ants of the United States and Canada, and www.ceinfo.unh.edu
Bruce Wenning is a horticulturist working at Land Sakes in Weston, Mass. and serves on the Board of Directors of the Ecological Landscaping Association. This article originally appeared in The Newton TAB in 2006.