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Journal of Virology, September 2000, p. 8502-8512, Vol. 74, No. 18
Department of Virology and Molecular Biology,
St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
381051; M. P. Chumakov Institute of
Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, 142 782 Moscow,2 and Shemyakin Institute of
Bioorganic Chemistry, 117871 Moscow,3
Russia; Influenza Branch, Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 303334;
Department of Virology and WHO National Influenza Centre,
Instituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome 00161, Italy5; Department of Pathology,
University of Tennessee at Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee
381636; and Department of
Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University
of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 537067
Received 24 February 2000/Accepted 20 June 2000
Interspecies transmission of influenza A viruses circulating in
wild aquatic birds occasionally results in influenza outbreaks in
mammals, including humans. To identify early changes in the receptor
binding properties of the avian virus hemagglutinin (HA) after
interspecies transmission and to determine the amino acid substitutions
responsible for these alterations, we studied the HAs of the initial
isolates from the human pandemics of 1957 (H2N2) and 1968 (H3N2), the
European swine epizootic of 1979 (H1N1), and the seal epizootic of 1992 (H3N3), all of which were caused by the introduction of avian virus HAs
into these species. The viruses were assayed for their ability to bind
the synthetic sialylglycopolymers 3'SL-PAA and 6'SLN-PAA, which
contained, respectively, 3'-sialyllactose (the receptor determinant
preferentially recognized by avian influenza viruses) and
6'-sialyl(N-acetyllactosamine) (the receptor determinant for human viruses). Avian and seal viruses bound 6'SLN-PAA very weakly,
whereas the earliest available human and swine epidemic viruses bound
this polymer with a higher affinity. For the H2 and H3 strains, a
single mutation, 226QL, increased binding to 6'SLN-PAA, while among
H1 swine viruses, the 190ED and 225GE mutations in the HA
appeared important for the increased affinity of the viruses for
6'SLN-PAA. Amino acid substitutions at positions 190 and 225 with
respect to the avian virus consensus sequence are also present in H1
human viruses, including those that circulated in 1918, suggesting that
substitutions at these positions are important for the generation of H1
human pandemic strains. These results show that the receptor-binding
specificity of the HA is altered early after the transmission of an
avian virus to humans and pigs and, therefore, may be a prerequisite
for the highly effective replication and spread which characterize
epidemic strains.
0022-538X/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
Early Alterations of the Receptor-Binding Properties of H1, H2,
and H3 Avian Influenza Virus Hemagglutinins after Their
Introduction into Mammals
*
Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of
Virology and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 North Lauderdale, Memphis, TN 38105-2794. Phone: (901) 495-3412. Fax: (901) 523-2622. E-mail:
Mikhail.Matrosovich{at}stjude.org.
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