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Host Species Barriers to Influenza Virus Infections
Thijs Kuiken,1*Edward C. Holmes,2John McCauley,3Guus F. Rimmelzwaan,1Catherine S. Williams,2Bryan T. Grenfell2,4
Most emerging infectious diseases in humans originate from animalreservoirs; to contain and eradicate these diseases we needto understand how and why some pathogens become capable of crossinghost species barriers. Influenza virus illustrates the interactionof factors that limit the transmission and subsequent establishmentof an infection in a novel host species. Influenza species barrierscan be categorized into virus-host interactions occurring withinindividuals and host-host interactions, either within or betweenspecies, that affect transmission between individuals. Viralevolution can help surmount species barriers, principally byaffecting virus-host interactions; however, evolving the capabilityfor sustained transmission in a new host species representsa major adaptive challenge because the number of mutations requiredis often large.
1 Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, Netherlands. 2 Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. 3 Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN, UK. 4 Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: t.kuiken{at}erasmusmc.nl
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