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HIALEAH QSyllabus0SYLCT-A#o P['Cn&P#B  f CHURCH OF THE LUKUMI BABALU AYE, INC.,  J Iet al. v. CITY OF HIALEAH *i/SYLCT-B;- #o P['Cn&P#  fdf < certiorari to the united states court of appeals for Kthe eleventh circuit  uB *cSYLCT-C86 #[ P['CdP# df  No. 91!948. Argued November 4, 1992"Decided June 11, 1993 UbSYLCT-D#[ P['CdP#d  uBi *+,  d -, , +Petitioner church and its congregants practice the Santeria religion, which employs animal sacrifice as one of its principal forms of devotion. The animals are killed by cutting their carotid arteries and are cooked and eaten following all Santeria rituals except healing and death rites. After the church leased land in respondent city and announced plans to establish a house of worship and other facilities there, the city council held an emergency public session and passed,  uBj among other enactments, Resolution 8766, which noted city residents' ``concern'' over religious practices inconsistent with public morals, peace, or safety, and declared the city's ``commitment'' to prohibiting such practices; Ordinance 8740, which incorporates the Florida animal cruelty laws and broadly punishes ``[w]hoever ... unnecessarily or cruelly ... kills any animal,'' and has been interpreted to reach killings for religious reasons; Ordinance 8752, which defines ``sacrifice'' as ``to unnecessarily kill ... an animal in a ... ritual ... not for the primary purpose of food consumption,'' and prohibits the ``possess[ion], sacrifice, or slaughter'' of an animal if it is killed in ``any type of ritual'' and there is an intent to use it for food, but exempts ``any licensed [food] establishment'' if the killing is otherwise permitted by law; Ordinance 8771, which prohibits the sacrifice of animals, and defines ``sacrifice'' in the same manner as Ordinance 8752; and Ordinance 8772, which defines ``slaughter'' as ``the killing of animals for food'' and prohibits slaughter outside of areas zoned for slaughterhouses, but includes an exemption for ``small numbers of hogs and/or cattle'' when exempted by state law. Petitioners filed this suit under 42 U.S.C. 1983, alleging violations  uB of their rights under, inter alia, the Free Exercise Clause of the First"1!"(( Amendment. Although acknowledging that the foregoing ordinances are not religiously neutral, the District Court ruled for the city, concluding, among other things, that compelling governmental interests in preventing public health risks and cruelty to animals fully justified the absolute prohibition on ritual sacrifice accomplished by the ordinances, and that an exception to that prohibition for religious conduct would unduly interfere with fulfillment of the governmental interest because any more narrow restrictions would be unenforceable as a result of the Santeria religion's secret nature. The Court of Appeals affirmed.Ƭ  uB& \SYLCT-E , , ( (  &*  -( ( +Held:ĠThe judgment is reversed.ư m*SYLCT-G ( ( , ,  *  -, , +936 F.2d 586, reversed.Ƭ  uB 7SYLCT-F , , ,  T T 0Justice Kennedy delivered the opinion of the Court with respect to Parts I, II!A!1, II!A!3, II!B, III, and IV, concluding that the laws in question were enacted contrary to free exercise principles, and they are void. Pp.8!18, 20!26.  T T 0(a)Under the Free Exercise Clause, a law that burdens religious practice need not be justified by a compelling governmental interest if  uB2 it is neutral and of general applicability. Employment Div., Dept. of  uB Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith, 494 U.S. 872. However, where such a law is not neutral or not of general application, it must undergo the most rigorous of scrutiny: It must be justified by a compelling governmental interest and must be narrowly tailored to advance that interest. Neutrality and general applicability are interrelated, and failure to satisfy one requirement is a likely indication that the other has not been satisfied. Pp.8!9. T T 0(b)The ordinances' texts and operation demonstrate that they are not neutral, but have as their object the suppression of Santeria's central element, animal sacrifice. That this religious exercise has been targeted is evidenced by Resolution 8766's statements of ``concern'' and ``commitment,'' and by the use of the words ``sacrifice'' and ``ritual'' in Ordinances 8740, 8752, and 8771. Moreover, the latter ordinances' various prohibitions, definitions, and exemptions demonstrate that they were ``gerrymandered'' with care to proscribe religious killings of animals by Santeria church members but to exclude almost all other animal killings. They also suppress much more religious conduct than is necessary to achieve their stated ends. The legitimate governmental interests in protecting the public health and preventing cruelty to animals could be addressed by restrictions stopping far short of a flat prohibition of all Santeria sacrificial practice, such as general regulations on the disposal of organic garbage, on the care of animals regardless of why they are kept, or on methods of slaughter. Although Ordinance 8772 appears to apply toZ"D   substantial nonreligious conduct and not to be overbroad, it must also be invalidated because it functions in tandem with the other ordinances to suppress Santeria religious worship. Pp.11!18. T T 0(c)Each of the ordinances pursues the city's governmental interests only against conduct motivated by religious belief and  uB thereby violates the requirement that laws burdening religious practice must be of general applicability. Ordinances 8740, 8752, and 8771 are substantially underinclusive with regard to the city's interest in preventing cruelty to animals, since they are drafted with care to forbid few animal killings but those occasioned by religious sacrifice, while many types of animal deaths or kills for nonreligious reasons are either not prohibited or approved by express provision. The city's assertions that it is ``selfevident'' that killing for food is ``important,'' that the eradication of insects and pests is ``obviously justified,'' and that euthanasia of excess animals ``makes sense'' do not explain why religion alone must bear the burden of the ordinances. These ordinances are also substantially underinclusive with regard to the city's public health interests in preventing the disposal of animal carcasses in open public places and the consumption of uninspected meat, since neither interest is pursued by respondent with regard to conduct that is not motivated by religious conviction. Ordinance 8772 is underinclusive on its face, since it does not regulate nonreligious slaughter for food in like manner, and respondent has not explained why the commercial slaughter of ``small numbers'' of cattle and hogs does not implicate its professed desire to prevent cruelty to animals and preserve the public health. Pp.21!24. T T 0(d)The ordinances cannot withstand the strict scrutiny that is  uB required upon their failure to meet the Smith standard. They are not narrowly tailored to accomplish the asserted governmental interests. All four are overbroad or underinclusive in substantial respects because the proffered objectives are not pursued with respect to analogous nonreligious conduct and those interests could be achieved by narrower ordinances that burdened religion to a far lesser degree. Moreover, where, as here, government restricts only conduct protected by the First Amendment and fails to enact feasible measures to restrict other conduct producing substantial harm or alleged harm of the same sort, the governmental interests given in justification of the restriction cannot be regarded as compelling. Pp.24!26.  uB cSYLCT-H , ( (    -Kennedy, J., delivered the opinion of the Court with respect to Parts  uB I, III, and IV, in which Rehnquist, C.J., and White, Stevens, Scalia,  uB Souter, and Thomas, JJ., joined, the opinion of the Court with respect"    uB to Part II!B, in which Rehnquist, C.J., and White, Stevens, Scalia,  uB and Thomas, JJ., joined, the opinion of the Court with respect to Parts  uBn II!A!1 and II!A!3, in which Rehnquist, C.J., and Stevens, Scalia,  uB% and Thomas, JJ., joined, and an opinion with respect to Part II!A!2, in  uB which Stevens, J., joined. Scalia, J., filed an opinion concurring in  uB part and concurring in the judgment, in which Rehnquist, C.J., joined.  uBJ Souter, J., filed an opinion concurring in part and concurring in the  uB judgment. Blackmun, J., filed an opinion concurring in the judgment,  uB in which O'Connor, J., joined.