|
|
Letter
First European Case of Serotype
A MATa Cryptococcus neoformans Infection
M. A. Viviani,* R. Nikolova,† M.C. Esposto,* G. Prinz,† and M. Cogliati*
*Institute of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Università degli Studi
di Milano, Milan, Italy; and †St. Laszlo Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
Suggested citation
for this article:
Viviani MA, Nikolova R, Esposto MC, Prinz G, Cogliati M. First European
case of serotype a MATa Cryptococcus neoformans
infection. Emerg Infect Dis [serial online] 2003 Sept [date cited].
Available from: URL: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol9no9/02-0770.htm
To the Editor: Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic
fungus that causes meningoencephalitis, primarily in immunocompromised
patients. However, C. neoformans can also cause illness in apparently
normal hosts. The yeast is a heterothallic basidiomycete with two mating
types, MATa and MAT
identified in all the four serotypes, A, B, C, and D. However, the mating
type a of serotype A is a rare and recent finding. One strain
was isolated from a Tanzanian AIDS patient and a second from the Italian
environment; the first was mating defective (1,2). We
report the isolation of a serotype A MATa strain
of clinical origin that was characterized by mating at high frequency
under standard laboratory conditions.
In August 1998, a 45-year-old Hungarian man was admitted to the Laszlo
Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Budapest because of septic fever.
The patient had a history of hematologic malignancy (Hodgkin disease),
which was diagnosed in 1991. He had received several courses of chemotherapy
and radiation. After 4 years when his cancer was in remission, in September
1995, the disease recurred (stage IVa) for which he received several more
courses of chemotherapy, according to protocols BEAM (carmustine, etoposide,
cytarabine, melphalan) and CEP (lomustine, etoposide, prednimustine).
In February 1998, another relapse was diagnosed and the patient was given
chemotherapy, according to protocol COPP (cyclophosphamide, vincristine,
prednisolone, procarbazine) four times. In April 1998, he was hospitalized
with herpes zoster infection and treated with acyclovir. At the last admission,
in August 1998, he was pancytopenic and had septic fever. Salmonella
enteritidis was cultured from his blood. The salmonella septicemia
was successfully treated with ceftriaxone. As palliative treatment, he
received 4x10 mg vinblastine for his residual disease. On September 30,
he became febrile again. Cryptococcus neoformans was isolated from
his blood, although cerebrospinal fluid culture and serologic tests were
negative. On the right fossa cubitalis, cellulitis and a tender mass were
present, although he did not have a history of recent central line or
cytostatic treatment on this side. Cryptococcus neoformans was
isolated from the sample taken from the mass. Antifungal treatment was
started with 600 mg fluconazole per day and continued with amphotericin
B, 1 mg/kg/day. The patient died 6 weeks after the isolation of Cryptococcus,
probably because of his uncontrolled Hodgkin disease. As far as the physician
was aware, the patient had not visited other countries.
The strain, isolated from the patient’s blood during the European Confederation
of Medical Mycology Cryptococcosis Survey, was sent for typing to the
European Convenor. The isolate, IUM 99-3617, was identified as serotype
A using Crypto Check serotyping kit from Iatron Laboratories (Tokyo, Japan)
and genotyped as VN6 by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (3)
by using the primers previously described (4,5). The
fungus was shown to be haploid by cytofluorimetric analysis (6).
The strain’s fertility was investigated, according to Kwon-Chung (7),
by crossing the isolate with reference serotype A strains H99 (MAT)
and IUM 96-2828 (MATa), and with serotype D congenic
strains JEC20 (MATa) and JEC21 (MAT).
When cocultured with MAT
strains (H99 and JEC21), IUM 99-3617 produced abundant basidiospores.
On the contrary, the strain did not mate with JEC20 (MATa
D) or with IUM 96-2828 (MATa A).
The genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of the fungus were then
compared with those of serotype A (MATa and MAT)
reference strains. The mating type was analyzed by using PCR amplification
of MFa, MF
genes, and STE20a- and STE20-specific
genes for serotype A and serotype D. PCR reaction was performed as previously
reported (4). The amplification product showed that IUM
99-3617, like IUM 96-2828, contains only serotype A STE20a
and MFa genes.
To further confirm that IUM 99-3617 was MATa in
mating type, MFa and STE 20a
genes were sequenced by an ABI PRISM 310 automatic sequencer using Big
Dye Terminator (Applied Biosystems, Monza, Italy) and the primers, forward
and reverse strands previously reported (4). The sequences
were then aligned with the reported sequences of IUM 96-2828 (2,8),
the Tanzanian isolate 295.1 (1), H 99, and the congenic
JEC 20 and JEC 21 strains. The IUM 99-3617 sequences were found to be
identical to those of IUM 96-2828 and of the Tanzanian isolate 295.1.
The MFaA and the STE20aA sequence
of IUM 99-3617 have been submitted to GenBank database (available from:
URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BankIt/)
under accession number AY182035 and AY182036, respectively.
Virulence studies in the mouse model demonstrate that, like IUM 96-2828,
the strain is significantly less virulent than H99. The latter strain
caused 100% deaths day 29, while IUM 99-3617 took until day 60 to kill
60% of mice (unpub. data). No difference was observed among the three
serotype A strains when virulence factors such as capsule, melanin, phospholipase
activity, and ability to grow at 37°C were tested.
The MATa of C. neoformans serotype A was long regarded
as extinct or as existing in an undiscovered ecologic niche until the
recent finding of the clinical and the environmental isolate (1,2).
The existence of MATa in nature is also supported by recent
studies designed to established the origin of the serotype AD strains
(4,5). These studies demonstrated that AD strains were
diploid or aneuploid hybrids derived from a fusion of serotype A and D
parents and that several of them were harboring a serotype A MATa
locus. These hybrid strains have been found fairly often in Europe (9,10).
The finding of this isolate provides evidence of the pathogenic role
of this rare mating type, emphasizes the critical function of molecular
genetic tools in the characterization of C. neoformans populations,
and represents an advance in knowledge of this fungal species whose genome
is undergoing identification by a worldwide research team.
References
- Lengeler KB, Wang P, Cox GM, Perfect JR, Heitman J.
Identification
of the MATa mating-type locus of Cryptococcus neoformans
reveals a serotype A MATa strain thought to have been extinct.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000;97:14455–60.
- Viviani MA, Esposto MC, Cogliati, M, Montagna MT, Wickes, BL. Isolation
of a Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A MATa strain from
the Italian environment. Med Mycol 2001;39:383–6.
- Cogliati M, Allaria M, Liberi G, Tortorano AM, Viviani MA. Sequence
analysis and ploidy determination of Cryptococcus neoformans
var. neoformans. J Mycol Med 2000;10:171–6.
- Cogliati M, Esposto MC, Clarke DL, Wickes BL, Viviani MA. Origin
of Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans diploid strains.
J Clin Microbiol 2001;39:3889–94.
- Lengeler KB, Cox GM, Heitman J. Serotype
AD strains of Cryptococcus neoformans are diploid or aneuploid
and are heterozygous at the mating-type locus. Infect Immun 2001;69:115–22.
- Tanaka R, Taguchi H, Takeo K, Miyaji M, Nishimura K. Determination
of ploidy in Cryptococcus neoformans by flow cytometry. J
Med Vet Mycol 1996;34:299–301.
- Kwon Chung JK. Mating procedures in Cryptococcus neoformans
(Filobasidiella neoformans). In: Maresca B, Kobayashi GS, editors.
Molecular biology of pathogenic fungi. A laboratory manual. New York:
Telos Press; 1994. p. 341–4.
- Keller SM, Viviani MA, Esposto, MC, Cogliati, M, and Wickes, BL. Molecular
and genetic characterization of a serotype A MATa Cryptococcus neoformans
isolate. Microbiology 2003;149:131–42.
- Federazione Italiana di Micopatologia Umama ed Animale Cryptococcosis
Network. European
Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM) prospective survey of cryptococcosis.
Report from Italy. Med Mycol 2002;40:507–17.
- Viviani MA, Swinne D, Kouzmanov A, Dromer F, Tintelnot K, Lemmer K,
et al. Survey of cryptococcosis in Europe. The ECMM working group report.
Rev Iberoam Micol 2000;17:S115.
|
