Manihot esculenta

Distribution Map: Based on vouchered plant specimens only. View county names and source herbaria by placing the mouse cursor over a particular county.

Family:	EUPHORBIACEAE
Species:	Manihot esculenta Crantz
Common Name:	TAPIOCA
Plant Notes:	**
Status:	Not Native
Specimen:	View specimen details in the USF Herbarium Specimen Database

** Not applicable or data not available.

Classification

Family	EUPHORBIACEAE
Genus	Manihot
Species	Manihot esculenta Crantz - TAPIOCA

Citation

Citation	MANIHOT ESCULENTA Crantz, Inst. Rei Herb. 1: 167. 1766.
Basionym:	Jatropha manihot Linnaeus 1753
Type:	Without data (lectotype: Merian, Diss. Generat. Metamorph. Insect. Surinam. f. 4, 5. 1726). Lectotypified by D. J. Rogers & Appan, Fl. Neotrop. 13: 29. 1973.

** Not applicable or data not available.

Source

County	Herbaria	Literature Citation (If Applicable)
Martin	USF
Miami-Dade	FTG
Monroe Keys	NY

Synonyms

– Denotes synonyms that are applicable to the state. Show these synonyms only

Synonym	Full Citation	Basionym	Type
Janipha manihot	Janipha manihot (Linnaeus) Kunth, in Humboldt et al., Nov. Gen. Sp. 2: 108. 1817.	BASIONYM: Jatropha manihot Linnaeus 1753.
Jatropha glauca	Jatropha glauca Salisbury, Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 389. 1796, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Jatropha manihot Linnaeus 1753.
Jatropha manihot	Jatropha manihot Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1007. 1753.		TYPE: Without data (lectotype: Merian, Diss. Generat. Metamorph. Insect. Surinam. f. 4, 5. 1726). Lectotypified by D. J. Rogers & Appan, Fl. Neotrop. 13: 29. 1973.
Manihot edule	Manihot edule A. Richard, in Sagra, Hist. Fis. Cuba, Bot. 11: 208. 1850, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Manihot esculenta Crantz 1766; Jatropha manihot Linnaeus 1753.
Manihot manihot	Manihot manihot (Linnaeus) Cockerell, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 19: 95. 1892, nom. inadmiss.	BASIONYM: Manihot esculenta Crantz 1766; Jatropha manihot Linnaeus 1753.
Manihot utilissima	Manihot utilissima Pohl, Pl. Bras. Icon. Descr. 1: 32. 1826, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Manihot esculenta Crantz 1766, Jatropha manihot Linnaeus 1753.

Listed Status: Florida

Listed Status:	(Florida):Source - Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Chapter 5B-40, Florida Administrative Code. 1998, amended.
Endangered:	A species of plants native to the state that are in imminent danger of extinction within the state, the survival of which is unlikely if the causes of a decline in the number of plants continue, and includes all species determined to be endangered or threatened pursuant to the Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Threatened:	Listed as Threatened Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Defined as species of plants native to the state that are in rapid decline in the number of plants within the state, but which have not so decreased in such number as to cause them to be endangered.

Listed Status: US

Listed Status: US	(U.S.) Source - List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants under the provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Endangered:	Any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.
Threatened:	Any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

WAP: Wetland AssessmentProcedure

Wetland Assessment Procedure (WAP): Source - Southwest Florida Water Management District, Wetland Assessment Procedure Instruction Manual for Isolated Wetlands (March 2005).

AD:	Adaptive Species. Plant species designated as FAC or Upland by DEP, but commonly seen in the transition zone in limited numbers.
D:	Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the deep zone, and designated either FAC or OBL by DEP.
OD:	Outer Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the outer deep zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
T:	Transition Species. Plant species commonly found in the transition zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
U:	Upland Species. Plant species that are not expected to be seen in wetlands.

ANY - WAP critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with WAP designations
No - Show results without WAP designations

EPPC: Exotic Pest Plant Council

EPPC:

Source - Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council's 2007 List of Florida's Most Invasive Species

Category I - Species that are invading and disrupting native plant communities in Florida. This definition does not rely on the economic severity or geographic range of the problem, but on the documented ecological damage caused.

Category II - Species that have shown a potential to disrupt native plant communities. These species may become ranked as Category I, but have not yet demonstrated disruption of natural Florida communities.

DEP: Department of Environmental Protection

Wetland Status, Department of Environmental Regulation (DEP): Source - Delineation of the Landward Extent of Wetlands and Surface Waters, Chapter 62-340, Florida Administrative Code. 1994.

OBL:	Obligate wetland. Occurs almost always under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands, but occasionally found in non-wetlands
FAC:	Facultative. equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands.

NWI: National list of vascular plant species that occur in wetlands

Wetland Status (NWI): Source - National list of vascular plant species that occur in wetlands. US Fish & Wildlife Service Biological Report 88(24). National Wetlands Inventory, US Fish & Wildlife Service. 1988.

OBL:	Obligate Wetland. Occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in non-wetlands.
FAC:	Facultative. Equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands (estimated probability 34%-66%).
FACU:	Facultative Upland. Usually occurs in non-wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in wetlands (estimated probability 1%-33%).

A positive (+) or negative (-) sign is used with the Facultative indicator category to more specifically define the regional frequency of occurrence in wetlands. The positive sign indicates a frequency toward the higher end of the category (more frequently found in wetlands), and a negative sign indicates a frequency toward the lower end of the category (less frequently found in wetlands).

Persisting

Identifying species that appear as waifs or only periodically appear in the flora for a few seasons.

Any - Persisting critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with a Persisting value of Y
No - Show results without Persisting value of N

Duration

Annual:	Plants that perform their entire lifecycle within a single growing season. All roots, stems, and leaves die at the end of the growing season. Over wintering seeds allow the next generation to appear.
Biennial:	A plant that is typically vegetative its first year and blooms the following season. Once it has bloomed and set seed, the plant dies. Garlic mustard is an example of a biennial.
Perennial:	These plants live for three or more seasons. Many perennials may not be mature enough to bloom during its first year. Perennial wildflowers re-grow each season from overwinter root material.

Category

Vascular:	Any of various plants that have the vascular tissues xylem and phloem. The vascular plants include all seed-bearing plants (the gymnosperms and angiosperms) and the pteridophytes (including the ferns, lycophytes, and horsetails). Also called tracheophyte.
Bryophyte:	A large group of seedless green plants including the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Bryophytes lack the specialized tissues xylem and phloem that circulate water and dissolved nutrients in the vascular plants. Bryophytes generally live on land but are mostly found in moist environments, for they have free-swimming sperm that require water for transport. In contrast to the vascular plants, the gametophyte (haploid) generation of bryophytes constitutes the larger plant form, while the small sporophyte (diploid) generation grows on or within the gametophyte and depends upon it for nutrition.
Lichen:	The mutualistic symbiotic association of a fungus with an alga or a cyanobacterium, or both. The fungal component of a lichen absorbs water and nutrients from the surroundings and provides a suitable environment for the alga or cyanobacterium. These live protected among the dense fungal hyphae and produce carbohydrates for the fungus by photosynthesis. Owing to this partnership, lichens can thrive in harsh environments such as mountaintops and polar regions. The more familiar lichens grow slowly as crusty patches, but lichens are found in a variety of forms, such as the tall, plantlike reindeer moss. The association between the different organisms in a lichen is so close that lichens are routinely referred to as a single organism, and scientists classify lichens using the name of the fungal component.

(Definitions from: American Heritage Science Dictionary)

Growth Habit

Intro paragraph to be provided by New York.

Vine:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Shrub:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Tree:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Et cetera:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.

State Rank

This numeric rank provides the relative rarity for each species based on a scale from 1 (very rare) to 5 (common). These ranks carry no legal status.

S1 - Typically 5 or fewer occurrences, very few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or some factor of its biology making it especially vulnerable in New York State.
S2 - Typically 6 to 20 occurrences, few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or factors demonstr¬ably making it very vulnerable in New York State.
S3 - Typically 21 to 100 occurrences, limited acreage, or miles of stream in New York State.
S4 - Apparently secure in New York State.
S5 - Demonstrably secure in New York State.
SE - State exotic or non-native
SH - Historically known from New York State, but not seen in the past 15 years.
SNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. This is mainly those species which are now excluded from flora for various reasons.
SNR - Not yet ranked
SX - Apparently extirpated from New York State.

Global Rank

Each species’ global rank is determined by NatureServe. These ranks carry no legal weight. The global rank reflects the species worldwide rarity.

G1 - Critically imperiled globally because of extreme rarity (5 or fewer occurrences), or very few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or especially vulnerable to extinction because of some factor of its biology.
G2 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G3 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G4 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G5 - Demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery.
GH - Historically known, with the expectation that it might be rediscovered.
GNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. NatureServe does not typically rank hybrid species.
GNR - Not yet ranked.
GX - Species believed to be extinct.

Filter by County - Counties to Include - ANY versus ALL

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed leo lacus, condimentum a, sagittis at, suscipit in, massa. Duis dictum est id justo auctor luctus. Donec purus. Sed leo augue, fermentum vitae, ultricies a, volutpat id, nunc. Nunc leo. Pellentesque scelerisque iaculis purus. Quisque nisl mauris, euismod id, consectetur sit amet, venenatis vel, dolor. Ut tristique mi sit amet tellus. Maecenas metus mi, tincidunt sed, vestibulum at, aliquet consectetur, augue. Vestibulum pede lorem, viverra consequat, tempor eget.

Any - Etiam nibh. Duis tempor porta pede. Mauris aliquet gravida justo. Nulla ut lectus. Cras metus urna, fermentum sit amet, sagittis et, feugiat facilisis, nunc. Suspendisse id nulla.
All - Nunc a odio. Pellentesque volutpat dolor a dolor. Nulla consectetur gravida erat. Nam libero. Nam lobortis placerat est. Duis sapien. Nulla tincidunt urna et leo. Nulla facilisi. Integer sed elit. Praesent commodo dapibus leo. Curabitur sit amet erat ut dolor scelerisque iaculis.

Filter by County - Counties to Exclude - ANY versus ALL

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed leo lacus, condimentum a, sagittis at, suscipit in, massa.

Any - Nam lobortis placerat est. Duis sapien. Nulla tincidunt urna et leo. Nulla facilisi. Integer sed elit. Praesent commodo dapibus leo. Curabitur sit amet erat ut dolor scelerisque iaculis.
All - Cras metus urna, fermentum sit amet, sagittis et, feugiat facilisis, nunc. Suspendisse id nulla.

Associated Ecological Communities

View a List of All Ecological Communities

For more information, contact: Dr. Richard Wunderlin or Dr. Bruce Hansen

Web Development: | The Florida Center for Community Design + Research

A member of the University of South Florida family of PlantAtlas.org websites

Citation Information:

Wunderlin, R. P., and B. F. Hansen. 2008. Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants (http://www.plantatlas.usf.edu/).[S. M. Landry and K. N. Campbell (application development), Florida Center for Community Design and Research.] Institute for Systematic Botany, University of South Florida, Tampa.

Search Help

Select the criterion by which you wish to search (Scientific name, Genus, Family, etc.) and enter that information into the provided field.

Hint: Correct spelling is necessary for desired results, but because this function is a string search the full name need not be entered. Any correct part of a taxon name can be entered and a choice of the correct one made from the small list of resulting matches.

For example, matching the full name exactly in a Scientific Name search for Piptochaetium avenacioides may be difficult, but strings of either tium aven or avenaci or m avenac or pipto will all result in very small lists of matches. The intended name can then be chosen from any of those lists. Usually, the last letter (or two) of a given genus, a space, and the first few correct letters of the specific epithet will provide a sufficiently short list containing the desired taxon.

A similar example in a Common Name search is Virginia snakeroot. Searching using "snake root" will yield no results due to the extra space, but searching "snake" will generate a short list of plants with the word "snake" in the common name. Furthermore, a search of "Virginia snake" or even "nia snak" yields one result: Virginia snakeroot.

If, after following the above advice, then difficulties are still encountered please use the "browse" feature.

Definition: Vouchered Specimen

A voucher specimen is a pressed and thoroughly dried plant sample deposited in a herbarium, and is intended to be a permanent record supporting research purposes. A voucher may be a record of a plant's occurrence in a particular area, or a specific example of a plant used in a scientific investigation.

Proper vouchers display all the necessary attributes for complete identification of the plant, and are to be accompanied by accurate locality, habitat, collection time, and collector data.

Only plant populations vouchered by specimens deposited in Index Herbariorum http://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/IndexHerbariorum.asp recognized herbaria are represented on this map.

Manihot esculenta

Related Links

Classification

Citation

Source

Synonyms